????????

?????? ???????
?? ?????????? ????????? ????
????????? 92 U
Two hands in brown gloves holding a blotched gray disk with a number 2068 hand-written on it
????????
???? ‎/ j ???r e? n i ? m /‎ ​ ( ewr- AY -nee-?m )
???? silvery gray metallic; corrodes to a spalling black oxide coat in air
??? ???? ????????? ( A r? ????????? ) ??????? ?? (?) [?]
???????? ?? ???? ??????
Element 1: هیدروژن (H), Other non-metal
Element 2: هلیوم (He), Noble gas
Element 3: لیتیم (Li), Alkali metal
Element 4: برلیم (Be), Alkaline earth metal
Element 5: بور (B), Metalloid
Element 6: کربن (C), Other non-metal
Element 7: نیتروژن (N), Halogen
Element 8: اکسیژن (O), Halogen
Element 9: فلوئور (F), Halogen
Element 10: نئون (Ne), Noble gas
Element 11: سدیم (Na), Alkali metal
Element 12: منیزیم (Mg), Alkaline earth metal
Element 13: آلومینیم (Al), Other metal
Element 14: سیلسیم (Si), Metalloid
Element 15: فسفر (P), Other non-metal
Element 16: گوگرد (S), Other non-metal
Element 17: کلر (Cl), Halogen
Element 18: آرگون (Ar), Noble gas
Element 19: پتاسیم (K), Alkali metal
Element 20: کلسیم (Ca), Alkaline earth metal
Element 21: اسکاندیم (Sc), Transition metal
Element 22: تیتانیم (Ti), Transition metal
Element 23: وانادیم (V), Transition metal
Element 24: کروم (Cr), Transition metal
Element 25: منگنز (Mn), Transition metal
Element 26: آهن (Fe), Transition metal
Element 27: کبالت (Co), Transition metal
Element 28: نیکل (Ni), Transition metal
Element 29: مس (Cu), Transition metal
Element 30: روی (Zn), Other metal
Element 31: گالیم (Ga), Other metal
Element 32: ژرمانیم (Ge), Metalloid
Element 33: آرسنیک (As), Metalloid
Element 34: سلنیم (Se), Other non-metal
Element 35: برم (Br), Halogen
Element 36: کریپتون (Kr), Noble gas
Element 37: روبیدیم (Rb), Alkali metal
Element 38: استرانسیم (Sr), Alkaline earth metal
Element 39: ایتریم (Y), Transition metal
Element 40: زیرکونیم (Zr), Transition metal
Element 41: نیوبیم (Nb), Transition metal
Element 42: مولیبدن (Mo), Transition metal
Element 43: تکنسیم (Tc), Transition metal
Element 44: روتنیم (Ru), Transition metal
Element 45: رودیم (Rh), Transition metal
Element 46: پالادیم (Pd), Transition metal
Element 47: نقره (Ag), Transition metal
Element 48: کادمیم (Cd), Other metal
Element 49: ایندیم (In), Other metal
Element 50: قلع (Sn), Other metal
Element 51: آنتیموان (Sb), Metalloid
Element 52: تلوریم (Te), Metalloid
Element 53: ید (I), Halogen
Element 54: زنون (Xe), Noble gas
Element 55: سزیم (Cs), Alkali metal
Element 56: باریم (Ba), Alkaline earth metal
Element 57: لانتان (La), Lanthanoid
Element 58: سریم (Ce), Lanthanoid
Element 59: پرازئودیمیم (Pr), Lanthanoid
Element 60: نئودیمیم (Nd), Lanthanoid
Element 61: پرومتیم (Pm), Lanthanoid
Element 62: ساماریم (Sm), Lanthanoid
Element 63: اروپیم (Eu), Lanthanoid
Element 64: گادولینیم (Gd), Lanthanoid
Element 65: تربیم (Tb), Lanthanoid
Element 66: دیسپروزیم (Dy), Lanthanoid
Element 67: هولمیم (Ho), Lanthanoid
Element 68: اربیم (Er), Lanthanoid
Element 69: تولیم (Tm), Lanthanoid
Element 70: ایتربیم (Yb), Lanthanoid
Element 71: لوتتیم (Lu), Lanthanoid
Element 72: هافنیم (Hf), Transition metal
Element 73: تانتال (Ta), Transition metal
Element 74: تنگستن (W), Transition metal
Element 75: رنیم (Re), Transition metal
Element 76: اوسمیم (Os), Transition metal
Element 77: ایریدیم (Ir), Transition metal
Element 78: پلاتین (Pt), Transition metal
Element 79: طلا (Au), Transition metal
Element 80: جیوه (Hg), Other metal
Element 81: تالیم (Tl), Other metal
Element 82: سرب (Pb), Other metal
Element 83: بیسموت (Bi), Other metal
Element 84: پولونیم (Po), Other metal
Element 85: آستاتین (At), Metalloid
Element 86: رادون (Rn), Noble gas
Element 87: فرانسیم (Fr), Alkali metal
Element 88: رادیم (Ra), Alkaline earth metal
Element 89: آکتینیم (Ac), Actinoid
Element 90: توریم (Th), Actinoid
Element 91: پروتاکتینیم (Pa), Actinoid
Element 92: اورانیم (U), Actinoid
Element 93: نپتونیم (Np), Actinoid
Element 94: پلوتونیم (Pu), Actinoid
Element 95: امریسیم (Am), Actinoid
Element 96: کوریم (Cm), Actinoid
Element 97: برکلیم (Bk), Actinoid
Element 98: کالیفرنیم (Cf), Actinoid
Element 99: اینشتینیم (Es), Actinoid
Element 100: فرمیم (Fm), Actinoid
Element 101: مندلیفیم (Md), Actinoid
Element 102: نوبلیم (No), Actinoid
Element 103: لارنسیم (Lr), Actinoid
Element 104: رادرفوردیم (Rf), Transition metal
Element 105: دوبنیم (Db), Transition metal
Element 106: سیبورگیم (Sg), Transition metal
Element 107: بوهریم (Bh), Transition metal
Element 108: هاسیم (Hs), Transition metal
Element 109: مایتنریم (Mt)
Element 110: دارمشتادیم (Ds)
Element 111: رونتگنیم (Rg)
Element 112: کوپرنیسیم (Cn), Other metal
Element 113: نیهونیم (Nh)
Element 114: فلروویم (Fl)
Element 115: مسکوویم (Mc)
Element 116: لیورموریم (Lv)
Element 117: تنسین (Ts)
Element 118: اوگانسون (Og)
 ????????
↑
U
↓
(Uqh)
??????????? ← ???????? → ????????
??? ???? ( Z ) 92
???? n/a
???? ???? ?
???? ????-f
???? Actinide
????? ???????? [ Rn ] 5f 3 6d 1 7s 2
?, ?, ??, ??, ??, ?, ?
????????? ??????
??? ??  STP ????
???? ??? 1405.3  K ​(1132.2 °C, ​2070 °F)
???? ??? 4404 K ​(4131 °C, ​7468 °F)
????? (near  r.t. ) 19.1 g/cm 3
?? ???? ???? (at  m.p. ) 17.3 g/cm 3
????? ?????? 9.14  kJ/mol
??????? ????? 417.1 kJ/mol
????? ?????? ???? 27.665 J/(mol·K)
???? ????
???? (Pa) ? ?? ??? ? K ?? K ??? K
?? ???? (K) 2325 2564 2859 3234 3727 4402
????????? ????
??? ?????? +1, +2, +3, [?] +4, +5, +6 (a weakly basic ?????)
????????????? ????? ????????: 1.38
????? ????
???? ???? empirical: 156  pm
???? ????????? pm 196±7
???? ?????????? 186 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
?? ??? ???? ????????
???? ????? ??
?????? ????? ​ ?????? ????? ?????????
Orthorhombic crystal structure for اورانیوم
???? ??? thin rod 3155 m/s (at 20 °C)
?????? ?????? 13.9 μm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
???????? ?????? 27.5 W/(m·K)
????? ???????? 0.280 μΩ·m (at 0 °C)
????? ???????? ???????????
???? ???? 208 GPa
???? ???? 111 GPa
???? ???? 100 GPa
???? ?????? 0.23
???? ????? 1960?2500 MPa
???? ????? 2350?3850 MPa
????? ??? ???????? 7440-61-1
???????
???????? after planet ??????? ? itself named after Greek god of the sky ??????? (??????)
??? ?????? ??????? ??????? (1789)
????? ??? Eugene-Melchior Peligot (1841)
??????????? ????????
??????? ??????? ???????? ( t ?/? ) ???? ??????? ?????
232 U ??????? ??????? ?????? 68.9 y ????? ??? ?? ??? ?
?????? ???? 228 Th
233 U ??????? ??????? ????? 1.592×10 5 y SF ?
α 229 Th
234 U 0.005% 2.455×10 5 y SF ?
α 230 Th
235 U 0.720% 7.04×10 8 y SF ?
α 231 Th
236 U trace 2.342×10 7 y SF ?
α 232 Th
238 U 99.274% 4.468×10 9 y α 4.270 234 Th
SF 205.87 ?
β ? β ? ? 238 Pu
| ?????

???????? (?? ??????? : Uranium ) ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? U ???. ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???????? ???? ???????-??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???. ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????-??? (????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????) ? ????????-??? (????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????) ?????. ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???. ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???. ???????? ??????? ????? ? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? (ppm) ?? ???? ?????? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????. [?]

?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????-??? (??????? ??????????????? ????) ? ????????-??? (??????? ????????????? ????) ? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????-??? (??????? ????????????? ????) ???? ??????. [?] ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????????-??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????????-??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????. [?]

?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ????????-??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???. ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???. ????? ?????? ????????-??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????-??? ?????????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????. ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????-??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???. ????????-??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???. ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????. [?] ???????? ???????? ( ??? U) ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? [a] ? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.

??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???. ?????-???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??. ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ? ?????????-??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ??. [?] ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???. ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? (TWh) ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????????. (?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ? ???????). [?]

??????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ??? ?? ??? [ ?????? ]

??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????????. ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ? ???? ??.??. ????? [b] ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? [c] ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??. ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? [d] ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? (?? ?????? ?? ??????)? ???? ? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????.

??? [ ?????? ]

?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????

??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? (???????? ???? ?????????? (Na ? U ? O ? ·?H ? O)) ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??. [?] ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? (?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???) [?] [??] ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? (???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? )? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????. [??]

?? ??? ????? ?????-???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ? [e] ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???. [?] [??]

????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???. [??] ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? (K ? UO ? (SO ? ) ? ) ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. [??] ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???.

?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? [f] ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????. ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????. [??] [??] [??]

??????? ????? [ ?????? ]

?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ( ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???) ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ????? ???. ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???. ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?/? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????-??? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ??. ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????????-???? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???. ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????-??? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ? ????? ????????-???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????-? ???? ???. [??] ???? ????? ?? ?? ????????-??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??. ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???. [??]

??????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????: ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? (?? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???? ???) ?? ????????? ?? ?? ????????-??? ???? ??? ???. ??? ≪??????≫ ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??. ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ???. (?? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ???? ???)

???????? [ ?????? ]

?????? ?????? ????-?? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? (??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????) ? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???. ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??. ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? (?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??-? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???. ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???. ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??.

????? ????? ????? ????? [ ?????? ]

?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ? ????????-??? ?? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??.

?????? ? ????? ??? ??? [ ?????? ]

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??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? (U3O8) ? UO2 ?????. ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? (?????? ?????) ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?? ???? ????? UO2 ?? ????? ?? U3O8 ????? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????.

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?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???? (UF6) ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? 235 UF6 ? 238 UF6 ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???. [??] ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????. ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? - ??? ??????? ??? ? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? (?? ???? ?? ????????-??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????????-??? ???? ??????). [??] ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????-??? ? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????????-??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ????????-??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???. [?] ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? (AVLIS) ?????? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????. [??] ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???. [??]

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238
92 U + n → 239
92 U + γ β ? → 239
93 Np β ? → 239
94 Pu

??? (? ????? ???) ?? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ?? ??????? [j] ??????? ?????. [??]

??? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? [k] ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????. [??] ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ????? ???.

???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? (?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? )? [??] ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? [??] ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? [??] ? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ??????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?????. ??????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? [l] ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ? ?????????????? ??????? ???????.

??? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??. ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????-??? (???? × ??? ???)? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ? ?? ???? ??????????? ????????-?????? ??????????? ????????-??? ? ??????????? ????????-????????? ????? ???????. ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. [??]

??????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????.

????? ? ??????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? (???????)

??????? [ ?????? ]

????????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ Kinetic energy penetrator
  2. ↑ R. T. Gunther
  3. ↑ Posillipo
  4. ↑ Habsburg
  5. ↑ Conservatoire national des arts et metiers
  6. ↑ Ferrouranium
  7. ↑ Depleted Uranium
  8. ↑ candu
  9. ↑ megnox
  10. ↑ fiestaware
  11. ↑ pitchblende
  12. ↑ stains

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

  1. ↑ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . ???? ??? ? ???????(?????) . 88 (3): 265?91. doi : 10.1515/pac-2015-0305 .
  2. ↑ Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. ISBN   978-9048131464 .
  3. ↑ "Uranium" . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 22 April 2017 .
  4. ↑ Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): Uranium Isotopes , Wikidata   Q91488549
  5. ↑ "WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes" . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, US . Archived from the original on 27 April 2007.
  6. ↑ ??? ??? ??? ??? ( Emsley 2001 ? ?. 479).
  7. ↑ "U.S. to pump money into nuke stockpile, increase security," RIA Novosti 18 February 2010
  8. ↑ https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/19/11/pris.pdf
  9. ↑ ??? ??? ??? ( Emsley 2001 ? ?. 477).
  10. ↑ Klaproth, M. H. (1789). "Chemische Untersuchung des Uranits, einer neuentdeckten metallischen Substanz". Chemische Annalen . 2 : 387?403.
  11. ↑ "Uranium" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2020 .
  12. ↑ Peligot, E. -M. (1842). "Recherches Sur L'Uranium" . Annales de chimie et de physique . 5 (5): 5?47.
  13. ↑ ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ColumbiaEncy ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  14. ↑ ???? ???? ???? ( Emsley 2001 ? ?. 478).
  15. ↑ "The Electric Journal" . Westinghouse Club. 10 April 1920 – via Google Books.
  16. ↑ Gillett, Horace Wadsworth; Mack, Edward Lawrence (10 April 1917). "Preparation of ferro-uranium" . Govt. print. off. – via Google Books.
  17. ↑ Mines, United States Bureau of (10 April 1917). "Technical Paper - Bureau of Mines" . The Bureau – via Google Books.
  18. ↑ ≪Chicago Pile One≫ . large.stanford.edu . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  19. ↑ Walsh, J. (1981-06-19). "A Manhattan project postscript" . Science (New York, N.Y.) . 212 (4501): 1369?1371. doi : 10.1126/science.212.4501.1369 . ISSN   0036-8075 . PMID   17746246 .
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  34. ↑ "Kazakistan uranyum uretimini artıracak" . Zaman.com.tr (?? ???? ?????????). Zaman Gazetesi. 28 ????? 2008. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2008 .
  35. ↑ "Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia" . New York Times . 16 March 1968 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 .
  36. ↑ "Lack of fuel may limit U.S. nuclear power expansion" . Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 21 March 2007 . Retrieved 29 March 2007 .
  37. ↑ Deffeyes, Kenneth S. & MacGregor, Ian D. (January 1980). "World Uranium Resources". Scientific American . 242:1 (1): 66. Bibcode : 1980SciAm.242a..66D . doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican0180-66 . OSTI   6665051 .
  38. ↑ Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The N UBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" , Nuclear Physics A , 729 : 3?128, Bibcode : 2003NuPhA.729....3A , doi : 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
  39. ↑ ( Seaborg 1968 ? ?. 777).
  40. ↑ ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? LANL ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  41. ↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? EncyChem773 ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  42. ↑ "Uranium Enrichment" . Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 24 January 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2007 .
  43. ↑ ???? ???? Diehl, Peter. "Depleted Uranium: a by-product of the Nuclear Chain" . Laka Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 .
  44. ↑ Duarte, F. J. ; Hillman, L. W., eds. (1990). Dye Laser Principles . Academic. p. 413. ISBN   978-0-12-222700-4 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2010.
  45. ↑ ???? ???? ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? SciTechEncy ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  46. ↑ "Development of DU Munitions" . Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II) . Gulflink, official website of Force Health Protection & Readiness. 2000.
  47. ↑ ???? ??????: ???? ??????:????? <ref> ? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? EncyIntel ???? ???? ???. (????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.).
  48. ↑ ( Emsley 2001 ? ?. 480).
  49. ↑ "Nuclear Weapon Design" . Federation of American Scientists. 1998. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 .
  50. ↑ "Statement regarding the Good Morning America broadcast," The Homer Laughlin China Co. ??????????? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine , 16 March 2011, accessed 25 March 2012.
  51. ↑ "Dial R for radioactive ? 12 July 1997 ? New Scientist" . Newscientist.com . Retrieved 12 September 2008 .
  52. ↑ "EPA Facts about Uranium" (PDF) . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 20 September 2014 .
  53. ↑ "Uranium Containing Dentures (ca. 1960s, 1970s)" . Health Physics Historical Instrumentation Museum Collection . Oak Ridge Associated Universities . 1999 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 .

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