????? ??????

????? ?????? (Normative Ethics) ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ???? "??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????" ?????????. ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ^[?]

????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???. ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????. ^[?]

???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????.

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↑ ^??? ^??? ≪Normative ethics≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? .

??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????.

[princeton-1] ??? ^??? ≪Normative ethics≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? .

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? ? ? ????? ?????
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????? ??????	?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? Particularism ????? ??????? Role ethics ???????? ????? ?????????
????? ???????	????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? Ethics of terraforming Ethics of uncertain sentience
????????	??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? Ethical non-naturalism Ethical subjectivism Ideal observer theory ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???-??????????? ??????????? Expressivism Quasi-realism ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? Value monism ? Value pluralism ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????
?????? ( ????? )	????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? Norm ????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?????? Trust ???? ????? ??????
????????? ?????	Casuistry ????? ????? ????? ?????? Ethics in religion ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? History of ethics ????????? ????? ?????? Jewish ethics ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? Population ethics ????? ??????? ????? ????????
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