Kunstmuru kulgvaates
Kunstmuru
on sunteetilistest kiududest valmistatud
kate
, mis naeb valja nagu naturaalne
muru
ja mida kasutatakse spordivaljakutel, erahoovides ja mujal, kus varem kasutati looduslikku muru. See ei vaja
niisutamist
ega niitmist. Sisestaadionid voivad seda vajada, kuna loodusliku muru
fotosunteesiks
puudub paikesevalgus. Puudusteks on regulaarne puhastusvajadus ja suurenenud tervise- ja keskkonnaprobleemid, mis kaasnevad selle valmistamiseks kasutatava nafta ja murgiste kemikaalidega.
Kunstmuru ettevotet reklaamiv vastava kattega auto
Kunstmuru paigaldamine
Lapsed kunstmurul jalgpalli mangimas. Suurendatult on naha ohku paiskunud granuleeritud kummi osakesed
David Chaney
, kes kolis 1960. aastal USA
Pohja-Carolina
osariigis asuvasse
Raleigh
'sse ja tootas hiljem
Pohja-Carolina osariigi ulikooli
tekstiilikolled?i dekaanina, juhtis Research Triangle Parki teadlaste meeskonda, mis loi esimese ariliselt eduka kunstmuru. Selle saavutuse tottu kuulutas valjaanne
Sports Illustrated
Chaney meheks, kes "vastutab siseruumides korgliiga pesapalli ja miljonite porimattide eest".
Kunstmuru paigaldati esmakordselt 1964. aastal
Rhode Islandil
Providence'is
asuva Moses Browni kooli puhkealale.
[1]
Materjal sai laiemalt tuntuks 1966. aastal, kui
AstroTurf
paigaldati
Astrodome
'i valjakule
Houstonis
Texases
.
[1]
Kunstmuru kasutamine levis USA-s ja
Kanadas
laiemalt 1970. aastate alguses, seda paigaldati nii sise- kui ka valisstaadionitele, mida kasutati
pesapalli
ja
Ameerika jalgpalli
mangimiseks. Uleriigiliselt on USA-s paigaldatud ule 11 000 kunstmuru manguvaljaku.
[2]
Toostuskontserni Synthetic Turf Council andmetel paigaldati ainuuksi USA-s 2013. aastal ule 1200 kunstmuru katte.
[2]
Mones kunstmurus kasutatakse taidist, naiteks
raniliiva
, kuid palju kasutatakse granuleeritud
kummi
. Purustatud kummi saab valmistada taaskasutatud autorehvidest ja see voib sisaldada
raskmetalle
,
PFAS
-kemikaale ja muid
keskkonnaohtlikke
ning organismide
sisenorenaarmete talitlust hairivaid
kemikaale. Samuti lagunevad kunstmuru
sunteetilised
kiud. Seega
leostuvad
kunstmuru kemikaalid keskkonda ning kunstmuru on
mikroplasti-
ja kummisaaste allikas
ohus
,
magevees
,
merevees
ja
pinnases
.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Norras, Rootsis ja teistes kohtades on kunstmurust parinevad kummigraanulid suuruselt teine
mikroplasti
allikas keskkonnas parast
rehvi-
ja
teekulumisosakesi
, mis moodustavad suure osa peenest teeprahist.
[10]
[11]
[12]
Juba 2007. aastal pakkus lobiruhm Environment and Human Health, Inc. valja keelu purustatud rehvide kasutamisele spordi- ja manguvaljakutel, lahtudes terviseprobleemidest;
[13]
2022. aasta septembris tegi
Euroopa Komisjon
ettepaneku eelnou piirata plastgraanulite kasutamist spordivaljakute taidisena.
[14]
Voimalust, et kunstmurus sisalduvad
kantserogeensed
ained voivad suurendada inimese vahiriski (
kunstmuruvahi hupotees
), uuriti 21. sajandi esimestel kumnenditel, 2020. aasta paiku leiti, et seos vahiriskiga on vaike.
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
Kuid mured on laienenud ka teistele inimeste terviseriskidele, nagu
endokriinsusteemi haired
, mis voivad mojutada varajase
teismelise
tervist,
rasvumist
ja laste
tahelepanuvoimet
.
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
Samuti on naidatud voimalikku kahju
kalade
[23]
ja
vihmausside
[24]
populatsioonidele.
New Jersey
keskkonnakaitse osakonna uuringus analuusiti viiel kunstmuruvaljakul fuusilise tegevuse tagajarjel ohku keerutatud tolmus leiduvaid
pliid
ja muid metalle. Tulemused viitavad sellele, et isegi madal aktiivsus valjakul voib pohjustada neid kemikaale sisaldavate tahkete osakeste sattumist ohku, kus neid sisse hingatakse ja see voib olla kahjulik. Autorid vaidavad, et kuna lastele pole ohutu ukski plii kogus, siis "ainult pohjalik valjakute testimine voib anda kindluse, et plii voi muud metallid, mida kasutatakse nende ehitamisel ja hooldamisel, ei ohusta nendel valjakutel tervist".
[25]
Aastatel 2014?2021
Hispaanias
voetud proovide pohjal leiti, et
Barcelonat
umbritsevast merest leitud plastist ligi 15% parineb kunstmurust.
Kunstmuru valjakuserva kogunenud plastpuru
- ↑
1,0
1,1
Dave Brady, "It's All So Artificial: The Uncommon Ground",
Petersen's 12th Pro Football Annual, 1972.
Los Angeles: Petersen Publishing Co., 1972; pp. 62?65.
- ↑
2,0
2,1
Weeks, Jennifer (2015).
"Turf Wars"
.
Distillations Magazine
.
1
(3): 34?37.
Originaali
arhiivikoopia seisuga 21. marts 2018
. Vaadatud 22. martsil 2018
.
- ↑
Lerner, Sharon (8. oktoober 2019).
"Toxic PFAS Chemicals Found in Artificial Turf"
.
The Intercept
. Vaadatud 4. jaanuaril 2020
.
- ↑
Celeiro, Maria; Armada, Daniel; Ratola, Nuno; Dagnac, Thierry; de Boer, Jacob; Llompart, Maria (1. mai 2021).
"Evaluation of chemicals of environmental concern in crumb rubber and water leachates from several types of synthetic turf football pitches"
.
Chemosphere
(inglise).
270
: 128610.
Bibcode
:
2021Chmsp.270l8610C
.
DOI
:
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128610
.
ISSN
0045-6535
.
PMID
33121811
.
- ↑
Chiba, Rihito; Fujinuma, Ryosuke; Yoshitomi, Tomoyasu; Shimizu, Yasuo; Kobayashi, Makito (24. jaanuar 2023).
"Ingestion of rubber tips of artificial turf fields by goldfish"
.
Scientific Reports
(inglise).
13
(1): 1344.
Bibcode
:
2023NatSR..13.1344C
.
DOI
:
10.1038/s41598-023-28672-3
.
ISSN
2045-2322
.
PMC
9873930
.
PMID
36693897
.
- ↑
"Microplastic Pollution from Artificial Grass ? A Field Guide"
. KIMO. 27. veebruar 2017.
Originaali
arhiivikoopia seisuga 19. aprill 2017
. Vaadatud 19. aprillil 2017
.
- ↑
"Artificial Turf. Why it is not the answer"
. SELVA.
Originaali
arhiivikoopia seisuga 3. august 2016
. Vaadatud 19. aprillil 2017
.
- ↑
"Microplastics in agricultural soils: A reason to worry?"
. Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA). 3. veebruar 2017.
Originaali
arhiivikoopia seisuga 19. aprill 2017
. Vaadatud 19. aprillil 2017
.
Microplastics are increasingly seen as an environmental problem of global proportions. While the focus to date has been on microplastics in the ocean and their effects on marine life, microplastics in soils have largely been overlooked. Researchers are concerned about the lack of knowledge regarding potential consequences of microplastics in agricultural landscapes from application of sewage sludge.
- ↑
"Environmental and health impacts of artificial turf: a review"
(PDF)
.
Environ Sci Technol
.
48
(4): 2114?29. 2014.
DOI
:
10.1021/es4044193
.
PMID
24467230
.
The major concerns stem from the infill material that is typically derived from scrap tires. Tire rubber crumb contains a range of organic contaminants and heavy metals that can volatilize into the air and/or leach into the percolating rainwater, thereby posing a potential risk to the environment and human health.
- ↑
Kole, Pieter Jan; Lohr, Ansje J.; Van Belleghem, Frank; Ragas, Ad; Kole, Pieter Jan; Lohr, Ansje J.; Van Belleghem, Frank G. A. J.; Ragas, Ad M. J. (20. oktoober 2017).
"Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment"
.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
(inglise).
14
(10): 1265.
DOI
:
10.3390/ijerph14101265
.
PMC
5664766
.
PMID
29053641
.
- ↑
Bø, S M; Bohne, R A; Aas, B; Hansen, L M (1. november 2020).
"Material flow analysis for Norway's artificial turfs"
.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
.
588
(4): 042068.
Bibcode
:
2020E&ES..588d2068B
.
DOI
:
10.1088/1755-1315/588/4/042068
.
ISSN
1755-1307
.
- ↑
"Tire wear foremost source of microplastics"
. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute. 29. marts 2016.
Originaali
arhiivikoopia seisuga 19. aprill 2017
. Vaadatud 19. aprillil 2017
.
researchers have ranked the sources of microplastic particles by size. The amount of microplastic particles emitted by traffic is estimated to 13 500 tonnes per year. Artificial turf ranks as the second largest source of emissions and is responsible for approximately 2300-3900 tonnes per year.
- ↑
David R. Brown, Sc.D. (2007).
"Artificial Turf"
(PDF)
. Environment & Human Health, Inc.
Originaali
(PDF)
arhiivikoopia seisuga 10. aprill 2008
. Vaadatud 21. detsembril 2007
.
- ↑
"COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) …/… of XXX amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards synthetic polymer microparticles"
.
The European Commission
(inglise). 23. september 2022
. Vaadatud 16. veebruaril 2023
.
- ↑
"Granules and mulches on sports pitches and playgrounds - ECHA"
.
echa.europa.eu
(Briti inglise)
. Vaadatud 1. juulil 2023
.
- ↑
Pronk, Marja E. J.; Woutersen, Marjolijn; Herremans, Joke M. M. (mai 2020).
"Synthetic turf pitches with rubber granulate infill: are there health risks for people playing sports on such pitches?"
.
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
(inglise).
30
(3): 567?584.
DOI
:
10.1038/s41370-018-0106-1
.
ISSN
1559-064X
.
PMC
7181390
.
PMID
30568187
.
- ↑
Schneider, Klaus; Bierwisch, Anne; Kaiser, Eva (20. mai 2020).
"ERASSTRI - European risk assessment study on synthetic turf rubber infill ? Part 3: Exposure and risk characterisation"
.
Science of the Total Environment
(inglise).
718
: 137721.
Bibcode
:
2020ScTEn.718m7721S
.
DOI
:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137721
.
ISSN
0048-9697
.
PMID
32173010
.
- ↑
Perkins, Alaina N.; Inayat-Hussain, Salmaan H.; Deziel, Nicole C.; Johnson, Caroline H.; Ferguson, Stephen S.; Garcia-Milian, Rolando; Thompson, David C.; Vasiliou, Vasilis (1. veebruar 2019).
"Evaluation of potential carcinogenicity of organic chemicals in synthetic turf crumb rubber"
.
Environmental Research
(inglise).
169
: 163?172.
DOI
:
10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.018
.
ISSN
0013-9351
.
- ↑
Armada, Daniel; Llompart, Maria; Celeiro, Maria; Garcia-Castro, Pablo; Ratola, Nuno; Dagnac, Thierry; de Boer, Jacob (15. marts 2022).
"Global evaluation of the chemical hazard of recycled tire crumb rubber employed on worldwide synthetic turf football pitches"
.
Science of the Total Environment
(inglise).
812
: 152542.
Bibcode
:
2022ScTEn.812o2542A
.
DOI
:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152542
.
ISSN
0048-9697
.
PMID
34952075
.
- ↑
Colon, I (2000).
"Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development"
.
Environmental Health Perspectives
.
108
(9): 895?900.
DOI
:
10.1289/ehp.108-2556932
.
PMC
2556932
.
PMID
11017896
.
- ↑
Newbold, RR (2009).
"Environmental estrogens and obesity"
.
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
.
304
(1?2): 84?89.
DOI
:
10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.024
.
PMC
2682588
.
PMID
19433252
.
- ↑
Grun, F. (2009).
"Endocrine disruptors as obesogens"
.
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
.
304
(1?2): 19?29.
DOI
:
10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.018
.
PMC
2713042
.
PMID
19433244
.
- ↑
Chiba, Rihito; Fujinuma, Ryosuke; Yoshitomi, Tomoyasu; Shimizu, Yasuo; Kobayashi, Makito (24. jaanuar 2023).
"Ingestion of rubber tips of artificial turf fields by goldfish"
.
Scientific Reports
(inglise).
13
(1): 1344.
Bibcode
:
2023NatSR..13.1344C
.
DOI
:
10.1038/s41598-023-28672-3
.
ISSN
2045-2322
.
PMC
9873930
.
PMID
36693897
.
- ↑
Pochron, Sharon T.; Fiorenza, Andrew; Sperl, Cassandra; Ledda, Brianne; Lawrence Patterson, Charles; Tucker, Clara C.; Tucker, Wade; Ho, Yuwan Lisa; Panico, Nicholas (aprill 2017).
"The response of earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ) and soil microbes to the crumb rubber material used in artificial turf fields"
.
Chemosphere
(inglise).
173
: 557?562.
Bibcode
:
2017Chmsp.173..557P
.
DOI
:
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.091
.
PMID
28142114
.
- ↑
Shalat SL. An evaluation of potential exposures to lead and other metals as the result of aerosolized particulate matter from artificial turf playing fields. 2011. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.
http://www.nj.gov/dep/dsr/publications/artificial-turf-report.pdf