Kulles

Kulles on kahepaikse vastne . Kullesed elavad vees, neil on sabad ja kehasisesed lopused . Arengu kaigus kasvavad kullestele ka kopsud ja jalad , mis voimaldavad taiskasvanud kahepaiksetel elada vaheldumisi vees ja kuival maal.

Fossiilid [ muuda | muuda lahteteksti ]

Vaatamata nende pehmekoelistele kehadele ja mineraliseeritud osade puudumisele on fossiliseeritud kulleseid leitud ulemistest Miotseeni kihtidest. ^[1] Hea kvaliteediga sailmed on sailinud biokiledena. Robustsemad kehaosad (loualuud ja kondid) aga susinikkiledena. ^[2] Hispaaniast leitud miotseeniaegsetest sailmetest on aju kattev kude sailinud kaltsiumkarbonaadis ja narvijatked kaltsiumfosfaadis. Teised kehaosad on sailinud orgaaniliste jaakidena ja bakteriaalsete biokiledena, koos ladestunud orgaanilise materjaliga seedetraktis. ^[1]

Inimkasutus [ muuda | muuda lahteteksti ]

Moned kullesed on soodavad. Liigi Oreolalax rhodostigmatus kullesed on upris suured, pikemad kui 10 cm, ^[3] ning neid kogutakse toiduks Hiinas. ^[4] Indias suuakse liigi Clinotarsus curtipes kulleseid ^[5] ning Peruus kasutatakse liigi Telmatobius mayoloi kulleseid toiduks ja meditsiinis. ^[6]

Viited [ muuda | muuda lahteteksti ]

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcala, L.; Anadon, P.; Penalver-Molla, E. (2009). "Exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene of Libros, Spain: ecomorphological reconstruction and the impact of ontogeny upon taphonomy". Lethaia 43 (3): 290?306.doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00192.x
↑ McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcala, L.; Anadon, P.; Penalver-Molla, E. (2006). Taphonomy of exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene Libros fauna, Spain: Ontogeny, ecology and mass mortality (PDF). The Palaeontological Association 50th Annual Meeting. The Palaeontological Association
↑ Li, Cheng; Xian-Guang Guo; Yue-Zhao Wang (2011). "Tadpole types of Chinese megophryid frogs (Anura: Megophryidae) and implications for larval evolution". Current Zoology 57 (1): 93?100.
↑ Fei Liang, Wu Guanfu (2004). " Oreolalax rhodostigmatus ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 . International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
↑ Biju, S.D.; Dutta, Sushil and Inger, Robert (2004). " Clinotarsus curtipes ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
↑ Javier Icochea, Edgar Lehr (2004). " Telmatobius mayoloi ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 . International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 23 October 2013.

[:0-1] 1,0 ^1,1 McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcala, L.; Anadon, P.; Penalver-Molla, E. (2009). "Exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene of Libros, Spain: ecomorphological reconstruction and the impact of ontogeny upon taphonomy". Lethaia 43 (3): 290?306.doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00192.x

[2] McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcala, L.; Anadon, P.; Penalver-Molla, E. (2006). Taphonomy of exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene Libros fauna, Spain: Ontogeny, ecology and mass mortality (PDF). The Palaeontological Association 50th Annual Meeting. The Palaeontological Association

[3] Li, Cheng; Xian-Guang Guo; Yue-Zhao Wang (2011). "Tadpole types of Chinese megophryid frogs (Anura: Megophryidae) and implications for larval evolution". Current Zoology 57 (1): 93?100.

[4] Fei Liang, Wu Guanfu (2004). " Oreolalax rhodostigmatus ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 . International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 22 October 2013.

[5] Biju, S.D.; Dutta, Sushil and Inger, Robert (2004). " Clinotarsus curtipes ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 4 May 2014.

[6] Javier Icochea, Edgar Lehr (2004). " Telmatobius mayoloi ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 . International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 23 October 2013.

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