Search service for journal articles
Semantic Scholar
is a research tool for scientific literature powered by
artificial intelligence
. It is developed at the
Allen Institute for AI
and was publicly released in November 2015.
[2]
Semantic Scholar uses modern techniques in
natural language processing
to support the research process, for example by providing automatically generated summaries of scholarly papers.
[3]
The Semantic Scholar team is actively researching the use of artificial intelligence in
natural language processing
,
machine learning
,
human?computer interaction
, and
information retrieval
.
[4]
Semantic Scholar began as a database for the topics of
computer science
,
geoscience
, and
neuroscience
.
[5]
In 2017, the system began including
biomedical literature
in its corpus.
[5]
As of September 2022
[update]
, it includes over 200 million publications from all fields of science.
[6]
Technology
[
edit
]
Semantic Scholar provides a one-sentence summary of
scientific literature
. One of its aims was to address the challenge of reading numerous titles and lengthy abstracts on mobile devices.
[7]
It also seeks to ensure that the three million scientific papers published yearly reach readers, since it is estimated that only half of this literature is ever read.
[8]
Artificial intelligence is used to capture the essence of a paper, generating it through an "abstractive" technique.
[3]
The project uses a combination of
machine learning
,
natural language processing
, and
machine vision
to add a layer of
semantic analysis
to the traditional methods of
citation analysis
, and to extract relevant figures,
tables
, entities, and venues from papers.
[9]
[10]
Another key AI-powered feature is Research Feeds, an adaptive research recommender that uses AI to quickly learn what papers users care about reading and recommends the latest research to help scholars stay up to date. It uses a state-of-the-art paper embedding model trained using contrastive learning to find papers similar to those in each Library folder.
[11]
Semantic Scholar also offers Semantic Reader, an augmented reader with the potential to revolutionize scientific reading by making it more accessible and richly contextual.
[12]
Semantic Reader provides in-line citation cards that allow users to see citations with TLDR summaries as they read and skimming highlights that capture key points of a paper so users can digest faster.
In contrast with
Google Scholar
and
PubMed
, Semantic Scholar is designed to highlight the most important and influential elements of a paper.
[13]
The AI technology is designed to identify hidden connections and links between research topics.
[14]
Like the previously cited search engines, Semantic Scholar also exploits graph structures, which include the
Microsoft Academic Knowledge Graph
, Springer Nature's
SciGraph
, and the Semantic Scholar Corpus.
[15]
Semantic Scholar Identifier
[
edit
]
Each paper hosted by Semantic Scholar is assigned a unique
identifier
called the Semantic Scholar Corpus ID (abbreviated S2CID). The following entry is an example:
Liu, Ying; Gayle, Albert A; Wilder-Smith, Annelies; Rocklov, Joacim (March 2020). "The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus".
Journal of Travel Medicine
.
27
(2).
doi
:
10.1093/jtm/taaa021
.
PMID
32052846
.
S2CID
211099356
.
Indexing
[
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]
Semantic Scholar is free to use and unlike similar search engines (i.e.
Google Scholar
) does not search for material that is behind a
paywall
.
[5]
[
citation needed
]
One study compared the index scope of Semantic Scholar to Google Scholar, and found that for the papers cited by secondary studies in computer science, the two indices had comparable coverage, each only missing a handful of the papers.
[16]
Number of users and publications
[
edit
]
As of January 2018, following a 2017 project that added biomedical papers and topic summaries, the Semantic Scholar corpus included more than 40 million papers from
computer science
and
biomedicine
.
[17]
In March 2018, Doug Raymond, who developed
machine learning
initiatives for the
Amazon Alexa
platform, was hired to lead the Semantic Scholar project.
[18]
As of August 2019
[update]
, the number of included papers metadata (not the actual PDFs) had grown to more than 173 million
[19]
after the addition of the
Microsoft Academic Graph
records.
[20]
In 2020, a partnership between Semantic Scholar and the
University of Chicago Press Journals
made all articles published under the University of Chicago Press available in the Semantic Scholar corpus.
[21]
At the end of 2020, Semantic Scholar had indexed 190 million papers.
[22]
In 2020, Semantic Scholar reached seven million users per month.
[7]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Jones, Nicola (2015).
"Artificial-intelligence institute launches free science search engine"
.
Nature
.
doi
:
10.1038/nature.2015.18703
.
ISSN
1476-4687
.
S2CID
182440976
.
- ^
Eunjung Cha, Ariana (3 November 2015).
"Paul Allen's AI research group unveils program that aims to shake up how we search scientific knowledge. Give it a try"
.
The Washington Post
.
Archived
from the original on 6 November 2019
. Retrieved
November 3,
2015
.
- ^
a
b
Hao, Karen (November 18, 2020).
"An AI helps you summarize the latest in AI"
.
MIT Technology Review
. Retrieved
2021-02-16
.
- ^
"Semantic Scholar Research"
.
research.semanticscholar.org
. Retrieved
2021-11-22
.
- ^
a
b
c
Fricke, Suzanne (2018-01-12).
"Semantic Scholar"
.
Journal of the Medical Library Association
.
106
(1): 145?147.
doi
:
10.5195/jmla.2018.280
.
ISSN
1558-9439
.
PMC
5764585
.
S2CID
45802944
.
- ^
Matthews, David (1 September 2021).
"Drowning in the literature? These smart software tools can help"
.
Nature
. Retrieved
5 September
2022
.
...the publicly available corpus compiled by Semantic Scholar ? a tool set up in 2015 by the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Seattle, Washington ? amounting to around 200 million articles, including preprints.
- ^
a
b
Grad, Peter (November 24, 2020).
"AI tool summarizes lengthy papers in a sentence"
.
Tech Xplore
. Retrieved
2021-02-16
.
- ^
"Allen Institute's Semantic Scholar now searches across 175 million academic papers"
.
VentureBeat
. 2019-10-23
. Retrieved
2021-02-16
.
- ^
Bohannon, John (11 November 2016).
"A computer program just ranked the most influential brain scientists of the modern era"
.
Science
.
doi
:
10.1126/science.aal0371
.
Archived
from the original on 29 April 2020
. Retrieved
12 November
2016
.
- ^
Christopher Clark; Santosh Divvala (2016),
PDFFigures 2.0: Mining figures from research papers
, Proceedings of the 16th ACM/IEEE-CS on Joint Conference on Digital Libraries - JCDL '16,
Wikidata
Q108172042
- ^
"Semantic Scholar | Frequently Asked Questions"
.
Archived
from the original on July 15, 2023.
- ^
"Semantic Scholar | Semantic Reader"
.
Semantic Scholar
.
Archived
from the original on July 15, 2023.
- ^
"Semantic Scholar"
.
International Journal of Language and Literary Studies
. Retrieved
2021-11-09
.
- ^
Baykoucheva, Svetla (2021).
Driving Science Information Discovery in the Digital Age
. Chandos Publishing. p. 91.
ISBN
978-0-12-823724-3
.
- ^
Jose, Joemon M.; Yilmaz, Emine; Magalhaes, Joao; Castells, Pablo; Ferro, Nicola; Silva, Mario J.; Martins, Flavio (2020).
Advances in Information Retrieval: 42nd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2020, Lisbon, Portugal, April 14?17, 2020, Proceedings, Part I
. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. p. 254.
ISBN
978-3-030-45438-8
.
- ^
Hannousse, Abdelhakim (2021).
"Searching relevant papers for software engineering secondary studies: Semantic Scholar coverage and identification role"
.
IET Software
.
15
(1): 126?146.
doi
:
10.1049/sfw2.12011
.
ISSN
1751-8814
.
S2CID
234053002
.
- ^
"AI2 scales up Semantic Scholar search engine to encompass biomedical research"
.
GeekWire
. 2017-10-17.
Archived
from the original on 2018-01-19
. Retrieved
2018-01-18
.
- ^
"Tech Moves: Allen Instititue Hires Amazon Alexa Machine Learning Leader; Microsoft Chairman Takes on New Investor Role; and More"
. GeekWire. 2018-05-02.
Archived
from the original on 2018-05-10
. Retrieved
2018-05-09
.
- ^
"Semantic Scholar"
.
Semantic Scholar
.
Archived
from the original on 11 August 2019
. Retrieved
11 August
2019
.
- ^
"AI2 joins forces with Microsoft Research to upgrade search tools for scientific studies"
.
GeekWire
. 2018-12-05.
Archived
from the original on 2019-08-25
. Retrieved
2019-08-25
.
- ^
"The University of Chicago Press joins more than 500 publishers working with Semantic Scholar to improve search and discoverability"
.
RCNi Company Limited
. Retrieved
2021-11-22
.
- ^
Dunn, Adriana (December 14, 2020).
"Semantic Scholar Adds 25 Million Scientific Papers in 2020 Through New Publisher Partnerships"
(PDF)
.
Semantic Scholar
. Retrieved
November 22,
2021
.
External links
[
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]