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Zoltan of Hungary

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Zoltan
Zoltan's statue in Solt (Hungary)
Grand Prince of the Hungarians
(uncertain)
Reign c. 907 ? c. 950 (uncertain)
Predecessor Arpad (?)
Successor Fajsz (?)
Born c. 880 or c. 903
Died c. 950
Spouse Menumorut 's unnamed daughter (uncertain)
Issue Taksony
Dynasty Arpad dynasty
Father Arpad
Religion Hungarian paganism

Zoltan [1] ( Hungarian pronunciation: [?zoltaːn] ; c. 880 or 903 ? c. 950), also Zolta , [1] [2] [3] [4] Zsolt , [1] [2] Solt [1] [2] or Zaltas [2] is mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum as the third Grand Prince of the Hungarians who succeeded his father Arpad around 907. Although modern historians tend to deny this report on his reign, because other chronicles do not list him among the Hungarian rulers, there is consensus that even if Zoltan never ascended the throne, all monarchs ruling in Hungary from the House of Arpad after around 955 were descended from him.

Life [ edit ]

Zoltan in the Gesta Hungarorum [ edit ]

Modern historians' main source of Zoltan's life is the Gesta Hungarorum , a late 12th-century chronicle whose writer is now known as Anonymus . [5] According to this source, Zoltan was the only son of Arpad, Grand Prince of the Hungarians. [5] In contrast, the nearly contemporary Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus writes that "Zaltas" [6] was Arpad's fourth son. [5] Zoltan's name seemingly derived from the Arabian sultan title with Turkic mediation, but modern scholars have not unanimously accepted this etymology. [5]

According to Anonymus, Zoltan was born after 903, during his father's second campaign against Menumorut . [3] The latter was one of the many local rulers who are solely mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum among the opponents of the Hungarians during their conquest of the Carpathian Basin . [7] In the Gesta Hungarorum 's narration, Menumorut was forced to surrender and to give his daughter in marriage to Zoltan [3] [8] in 904 or 905. [4] When Menumorut died, Zoltan inherited his father-in-law's duchy east of the river Tisza , which Anonymus claims was inhabited by "the peoples that are called Kozar ". [9] [10] Anonymus also states that Zoltan, still a minor, succeeded his father who died around 907. [5] Zoltan, in turn, later abdicated in favour of his son Taksony and died "in the third year of his son's reign". [11] [5]

And his son Zolta succeeded [Arpad] , who was similar to his father in character but dissimilar in appearance. Prince Zolta was a little lisping and pale, with soft, blonde hair, of middling stature; a warlike duke, brave in spirit, merciful to his subjects, sweet of speech, but covetous of power, whom all the leading men and warriors of Hungary loved marvelously. Some time later, when Zolta was thirteen, all the leading men of the realm by their common counsel and of their equal wish appointed rectors of the kingdom beneath the prince to mend through the guidance of customary law the conflicts and lawsuits of litigants.

?  Anonymus : Gesta Hungarorum [12]

Modern historians' views [ edit ]

Nowadays historians reject most details of Zoltan's life presented by Anonymus. For instance, the Hungarian historian Gyula Kristo says that Zoltan was born around 880 instead of around 903. [13] His Romanian colleague Alexandru Madgearu likewise writes that either Zoltan was born many years earlier than 903 or his marriage must have happened years after 904. [3]

Zoltan's father-in-law's identity is also debated. Medievalist Pal Engel says that Menumorut is one of the "imaginary figures" [7] invented by Anonymus in order to describe the conquering Hungarians' heroic wars against them. Historian Charles R. Bowlus writes that he was a Moravian ruler whose daughter's marriage with Zoltan symbolized the end of " Great Moravia ". [3] Medievalist Tudor S?l?gean also says that Menumorut was a real person, the ruler of a one-time duchy inhabited by Romanians , Slavs and many other peoples at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. [10]

Anonymus's statement that Zoltan succeeded his father as grand prince, or even the idea that Zoltan ever ruled the federation of the Hungarian tribes have also been challenged. For instance, historian Sandor L. Toth writes that Zoltan, being the youngest among Arpad's four sons, could hardly precede his elder brothers in the line of succession. [5] Kristo also says that other Hungarian chroniclers do not make mention of Zoltan's rule, implying that Anonymus only inserted Zoltan into the incompletely preserved list of the grand princes because he knew that all Hungarian monarchs from the House of Arpad descended from him. [13]

Family [ edit ]

The following is a family tree presenting Zoltan's closest-known relatives: [5] [14]

Almos
Arpad Menumorut *
Zoltan daughter
Taksony
Kings of Hungary **

*Whether Menumorut is an actual or an invented person is debated by modern scholars. [7] [10]
**All later grand princes and kings of Hungary (until 1301) descended from Taksony.

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ a b c d Kristo, Gyula ; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Arpad-haz uralkodoi [=Rulers of the House of Arpad] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Konyvek. ISBN   963-7930-97-3 .
  2. ^ a b c d "Zolta ? Magyar Katolikus Lexikon" .
  3. ^ a b c d e Madgearu 2005 , p. 26.
  4. ^ a b Bowlus 1994 , p. 254.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Toth 1994 , p. 741.
  6. ^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), p. 179.
  7. ^ a b c Engel 2001 , p. 11.
  8. ^ S?l?gean 2005 , p. 146.
  9. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Bela: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 11), p. 33.
  10. ^ a b c S?l?gean 2005 , p. 140.
  11. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Bela: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 57), p. 127.
  12. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Bela: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 53), p. 115.
  13. ^ a b Kristo & Makk 1996 , p. 21.
  14. ^ Kristo & Makk 1996 , p. Appendix 1.

Sources [ edit ]

Primary sources [ edit ]

  • Anonymus, Notary of King Bela: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and Laszlo Veszpremy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszpremy, Laszlo; Bak, Janos M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger ; CEU Press; ISBN   978-963-9776-95-1 .
  • Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN   0-88402-021-5 .

Secondary sources [ edit ]

  • Bowlus, Charles R. (1994). Franks, Moravians and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788?907 . University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN   0-8122-3276-3 .
  • Engel, Pal (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895?1526 . I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN   1-86064-061-3 .
  • Madgearu, Alexandru (2005). The Romanians in the Anonymus Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction . Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN   973-7784-01-4 .
  • S?l?gean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th?14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium . Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 133?207. ISBN   978-973-7784-12-4 .
  • Toth, Sandor Laszlo (1994). "Zaltas". In Kristo, Gyula; Engel, Pal; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar torteneti lexikon (9-14. szazad) [=Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th-14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akademiai Kiado. p. 741. ISBN   963-05-6722-9 .
Zoltan of Hungary
Born: c. 880 or 903   Died: c. 950
Regnal titles
Preceded by Grand Prince of the Hungarians (?)
c. 907 ? c. 950 		Succeeded by
Fajsz (?)
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