Empress of Austria from 1916 to 1918
Zita of Bourbon-Parma
(
Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese
; 9 May 1892 ? 14 March 1989) was the wife of
Charles I
, the last monarch of
Austria-Hungary
. As such, she was the last
Empress of Austria
and
Queen of Hungary
, in addition to
other titles
. She was declared
Servant of God
by
Pope Benedict XVI
.
Born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed
Robert I, Duke of Parma
, and his second wife,
Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal
, Zita married the then Archduke Charles of Austria in 1911. Charles became
heir presumptive
to the Emperor
Franz Joseph I of Austria
in 1914 after the
assassination
of his uncle
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
, and acceded to the throne in 1916 after the elderly emperor's death.
After the end of
World War I
in 1918, the
Habsburgs
were deposed and the former empire became home to the states of
Austria
,
Hungary
, and
Czechoslovakia
, while other parts were annexed to or joined the
Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
, Italy, Romania, and a reconstituted independent Poland. Charles and Zita left for exile in Switzerland and, after the failure of attempts to restore royal rule in Hungary, were subsequently removed from that country by the Allies to
Madeira
, where Charles died in 1922. After her husband's death, Zita and her son
Otto
served as symbols of unity for the exiled dynasty. A devout Catholic, she raised a large family after being widowed at the age of 29; she never remarried.
Early life
[
edit
]
Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma was born at the Villa Pianore in the Italian Province of
Lucca
, 9 May 1892.
[1]
: 1
The unusual name
Zita
was given to her after
Zita
, a popular Italian
saint
who had lived in
Tuscany
in the 13th century.
[2]
: 16
She was the third daughter and fifth child of the deposed
Robert I, Duke of Parma
, and his second wife,
Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal
, a daughter of King
Miguel of Portugal
and his wife
Adelaide of Lowenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
. Zita's father had lost his throne as a result of the movement for
Italian unification
in 1859 when he was still a child.
[1]
: 1
He fathered twelve children during his first marriage to
Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies
(six of whom were mentally disabled, and three of whom died young).
[1]
: 1
Duke Robert became a widower in 1882, and two years later he married Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal.
[1]
: 1
The second marriage produced a further twelve children. Zita was the 17th among Duke Robert's 24 children. Robert moved his large family between Villa Pianore (a large property located between
Pietrasanta
and
Viareggio
) and his Schwarzau Castle in lower Austria.
[3]
: 5?6
It was mainly in these two residences that Zita spent her formative years. The family spent most of the year in Austria, moving to Pianore in the winter and returning in the summer.
[1]
: 2
To move between them, they took a special train with sixteen coaches to accommodate the family and their belongings.
[3]
: 7
Zita and her siblings were raised to speak Italian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and English.
[1]
: 2
She recalled:
We grew up internationally. My father thought of himself first and foremost as a Frenchman, and spent a few weeks every year with the elder children at
Chambord
, his main property on the
Loire
. I once asked him how we should describe ourselves. He replied, "We are French princes who reigned in Italy." In fact, of the twenty-four children only three including me, were actually born in Italy.
[1]
: 2
At the age of ten, Zita was sent to a boarding school at Zanberg in
Upper Bavaria
, where there was a strict regime of study and religious instruction.
[1]
: 3
She was summoned home in the autumn of 1907 at the death of her father. Her
maternal grandmother
sent Zita and her sister Francesca to a
convent
on the
Isle of Wight
to complete their education.
[2]
: 19
Brought up as devout Catholics, the Parma children regularly undertook good works for the poor. In Schwarzau the family turned surplus cloth into clothes. Zita and Francesca personally distributed food, clothing, and medicines to the needy in Pianore.
[3]
: 7?8
Three of Zita's sisters became
nuns
and, for a time, she considered following the same path.
[2]
: 20
Zita went through a period of poor health and was sent for the traditional cure at a European
spa
for two years.
[3]
: 15
Marriage
[
edit
]
In the close vicinity of Schwarzau castle was the
Villa Wartholz
, residence of
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria
, Zita's maternal aunt.
[1]
: 3
She was the stepmother of
Archduke Otto
, who died in 1906, and the step-grandmother of
Archduke Charles of Austria-Este
, at that time second-in-line to the Austrian throne. The two daughters of Archduchess Maria Theresa were Zita's first cousins and Charles' half-aunts. They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his
Dragoon
regiment was stationed at
Brandys nad Labem
, from where he visited his aunt at
Franti?kovy Lazn?
.
[1]
: 5
It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted.
[1]
: 5
Charles was under pressure to marry (
Franz Ferdinand
, his uncle and first-in-line, had married
morganatically
, and his children were excluded from the throne) and Zita had a suitably royal genealogy.
[3]
: 16
Zita later recalled:
We were of course glad to meet again and became close friends. On my side feelings developed gradually over the next two years. He seemed to have made his mind up much more quickly, however, and became even more keen when, in the autumn of 1910, rumours spread about that I had got engaged to a distant Spanish relative,
Don Jaime, the Duke of Madrid
. On hearing this, the Archduke came down post haste from his regiment at Brandys and sought out his grandmother,
Archduchess Maria Theresa
, who was also my aunt and the natural confidante in such matters. He asked if the rumor was true and when told it was not, he replied, "Well, I had better hurry in any case or she will get engaged to someone else."
[1]
: 8
Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore and asked for Zita's hand and, on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court.
[1]
: 8
Zita in later years recalled that after her engagement she had expressed to Charles her worries about the fate of the Austrian Empire and the challenges of the monarchy.
[1]
: 8
Charles and Zita were married at the Schwarzau castle on 21 October 1911. Charles's great-uncle, the 81-year-old
Emperor Franz Joseph I
, attended the wedding. He was relieved to see an heir make a suitable marriage, and was in good spirits, even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast.
[3]
: 19
Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son, and
Otto
was born on 20 November 1912. Seven more children followed in the next decade.
Wife of the heir to Austrian throne
[
edit
]
At this time, Archduke Charles was in his twenties and did not expect to become emperor for some time, especially while Franz Ferdinand remained in good health. This changed on 28 June 1914 when the heir and his wife
Sophie
were
assassinated
in
Sarajevo
by
Bosnian Serb
nationalists. Charles and Zita received the news by telegram that day. She said of her husband, "Though it was a beautiful day, I saw his face go white in the sun."
[3]
: 30
In the
war
that followed, Charles was promoted to
General
in the
Austro-Hungarian army
, taking command of the 20th Corps for an offensive in
Tyrol
.
[3]
: 36
The war was personally difficult for Zita, as several of her brothers fought on opposing sides in the conflict (
Prince Felix
and
Prince Rene
had joined the Austrian army, while
Prince Sixtus
and
Prince Xavier
lived in France before the war and enlisted in the
Belgian army
.)
[3]
: 33
Also her country of birth,
Italy
, joined the war against Austria in 1915, and so rumours of the 'Italian' Zita began to be muttered. Even as late as 1917, the German ambassador in Vienna,
Count Botho von Wedel-Jarlsberg
, would write to
Berlin
saying "The Empress is descended from an Italian princely house... People do not entirely trust the Italian and her brood of relatives."
[3]
: 36
At Franz Joseph's request, Zita and her children left their residence at
Schloss Hetzendorf
and moved into a suite of rooms at
Schonbrunn Palace
. Here, Zita spent many hours with the old Emperor on both formal and informal occasions, where
Franz Joseph
confided in her his fears for the future.
[3]
: 39
Emperor Franz Joseph died of
bronchitis
and
pneumonia
at the age of 86 on 21 November 1916. "I remember the dear plump figure of
Prince Lobkowitz
going up to my husband," Zita later recounted, "and, with tears in his eyes, making the sign of the cross on Charles's forehead. As he did so he said, 'May God bless Your Majesty.' It was the first time we had heard the Imperial title used to us."
[3]
: 41
Empress and queen
[
edit
]
Charles and Zita were crowned in
Budapest
on 30 December 1916. Following the
coronation
there was a banquet, but after that the festivities ended, as the emperor and empress thought it wrong to have prolonged celebrations during a time of war.
[3]
: 55
At the beginning of the reign, Charles was more often than not away from Vienna, so he had a telephone line installed from
Baden
(where Charles's military headquarters were located) to the
Hofburg
. He called Zita several times a day whenever they were separated.
[3]
: 60
Zita had some influence on her husband and would discreetly attend audiences with the Prime Minister or military briefings,
[3]
: 50
and she had a special interest in social policy. However, military matters were the sole domain of Charles. Energetic and strong-willed, Zita accompanied her husband to the provinces and to the front, as well as occupying herself with charitable works and hospital visits to the war-wounded.
[1]
: 21
Sixtus affair
[
edit
]
By the spring of 1917, the War was dragging on towards its fourth year, and Zita's brother
Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma
, a serving officer in the Belgian Army, was a main mover behind a plan for Austria-Hungary to make a separate peace with France. Charles initiated contact with Sixtus through contacts in neutral Switzerland, and Zita wrote a letter inviting him to Vienna. Zita's mother, Maria Antonia, delivered the letter in person.
[3]
: 66
Sixtus arrived with conditions for talks which had been agreed with the French ? the restoration to France of
Alsace-Lorraine
(annexed by Germany after the
Franco-Prussian War
in 1870); restoration of the independence of Belgium; independence for the kingdom of Serbia; and the handover of
Constantinople
to Russia.
[3]
: 61
Charles agreed, in principle, to the first three points and wrote a letter to Sixtus dated 25 March 1917 which sent "the secret and unofficial message" to the President of France that "I will use all means and all my personal influence".
[3]
: 72
This attempt at dynastic diplomacy eventually foundered. Germany refused to negotiate over Alsace-Lorraine,
[3]
: 73
and, seeing a Russian collapse on the horizon, was loath to give up the war.
[3]
: 78
Sixtus continued his efforts, even meeting
David Lloyd George
in London about Italy's territorial demands on Austria in the
1915 Treaty of London
,
[3]
: 76
but the Prime Minister could not persuade his generals that Britain should make peace with Austria.
[3]
: 78
Zita managed a personal achievement during this time by stopping the German plans to send airplanes to bomb the home of the
King
and
Queen
of Belgium on their
name days
.
[3]
: 74
In April 1918, after the German-Russian
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
, Austrian Foreign Minister
Count Ottokar Czernin
made a speech attacking incoming French Prime Minister
Georges Clemenceau
as being the main obstacle to a peace favouring the
Central Powers
.
[3]
: 92?93
Clemenceau was incensed and, after seeing Emperor Charles's letter of 24 March 1917, had it published.
[3]
: 95
For a while, the life of Sixtus appeared to be in danger, and there were even fears that Germany might occupy Austria. Czernin persuaded Charles to send a 'Word of Honour' to Austria's allies saying that Sixtus had not been authorised to show the letter to the French Government, that Belgium had not been mentioned, and that Clemenceau had lied about the mentioning of Alsace.
[3]
: 99
Czernin had actually been in contact with the German Embassy throughout the whole crisis and attempted to persuade the Emperor to step down because of the Affair. After failing to do so, Czernin resigned as Foreign Minister.
[3]
: 102
End of Empire
[
edit
]
By this time, the war was closing in on the embattled Emperor. A Union of Czech Deputies had already sworn an oath to a new Czechoslovak state independent of the
Habsburg Empire
on 13 April 1918, the prestige of the
German Army
had taken a severe blow at the
Battle of Amiens
, and, on 25 September 1918, Zita's brother-in-law
King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria
broke away from his allies in the
Central Powers
and sued for peace independently. Zita was with Charles when he received the telegram announcing
Bulgaria
's collapse. She remembered it "made it even more urgent to start peace talks with the
Western Powers
while there was still something to talk about."
[3]
: 111
On 16 October, the Emperor issued a "People's Manifesto" proposing the empire be restructured on federal lines with each nationality gaining its own state. Instead, each nation broke away and the empire effectively dissolved.
[3]
: 113?115
Leaving behind their children at
Godoll?
, Charles and Zita travelled to the Schonbrunn Palace. By this time ministers had been appointed by the new state of "German-Austria", and by 11 November, together with the Emperor's spokesmen, they prepared a manifesto for Charles to sign.
[3]
: 121?130
Zita, at first glance, mistook it for an abdication and made her famous statement:
A sovereign can never abdicate. He can be deposed... All right. That is force. But abdicate ? never, never, never! I would rather fall here at your side. Then there would be Otto. And even if all of us here were killed, there would still be other Habsburgs!
[3]
: 130
Charles gave his permission for the document to be published, and he, his family and the remnants of his Court departed for the Royal shooting lodge at
Eckartsau
, close to the borders with
Hungary
and
Slovakia
.
[3]
: 132
The
Republic of German-Austria
was proclaimed the next day.
Exile
[
edit
]
After a difficult few months at Eckartsau, the Imperial Family received aid from an unexpected source. Prince Sixtus had met
King George V
and appealed to him to help the Habsburgs. George was reportedly moved by the request, it being only months since his imperial relatives in Russia had been
executed by revolutionaries
, and promised "We will immediately do what is necessary."
[3]
: 137
Several British Army officers were sent to help Charles, most notably Lieutenant-Colonel
Edward Lisle Strutt
, who was a grandson of
Lord Belper
and a former student at the
University of Innsbruck
.
[3]
: 139
On 19 March 1919, orders were received from the War Office to "get the Emperor out of Austria without delay". With some difficulty, Strutt managed to arrange a train to Switzerland, enabling the Emperor to leave the country with dignity without having to abdicate. Charles, Zita, their children and their household left Eckartsau on 24 March escorted by a detachment of British soldiers from the
Honourable Artillery Company
under the command of Strutt.
[3]
: 141?146
Hungary and exile in Madeira
[
edit
]
The family's first home in exile was Wartegg Castle in
Rorschach
, Switzerland, a property owned by the
Bourbon-Parmas
. However, the Swiss authorities, worried about the implication of the Habsburgs living near the Austrian border, compelled them to move to the western part of the country. The next month, therefore, found them moving to Villa
Prangins
, near
Lake Geneva
, where they resumed a quiet family life.
[2]
: 20
This abruptly ended in March 1920 when, after a period of instability in Hungary,
Miklos Horthy
was elected
regent
. Charles was still technically King (as Charles IV) but Horthy sent an emissary to Prangins advising him not to go to Hungary until the situation had calmed.
[3]
: 153?156
After the
Trianon Treaty
Horthy's ambition soon grew. Charles became concerned and requested the help of Colonel Strutt to get him into Hungary.
[3]
: 153?156
Charles twice attempted to regain control, once in March 1921 and again in October 1921. Both attempts failed, despite Zita's staunch support (she insisted on travelling with him on the final dramatic train journey to
Budapest
).
[3]
: 192
Charles and Zita temporarily resided at
Tata Castle
, the home of
Count Esterhazy
,
[3]
: 195
until a suitable permanent exile could be found.
Malta
was mooted as a possibility, but was declined by
Lord Curzon
, and French territory was ruled out given the possibility of Zita's brothers intriguing on Charles's behalf.
[3]
: 199
Eventually, the Portuguese island of
Madeira
was chosen. On 31 October 1921, the former Imperial couple were taken by rail from
Tihany
to
Baja
, where the
Royal Navy
monitor
HMS
Glowworm
was waiting. They finally arrived at
Funchal
on 19 November.
[3]
: 200?207
Their children were being looked after at Wartegg Castle in Switzerland by Charles's step-grandmother
Maria Theresa
, although Zita managed to see them in
Zurich
when her son Robert needed an operation for
appendicitis
.
[3]
: 210?211
The children joined their parents in Madeira in February 1922.
[4]
Death of Charles
[
edit
]
Charles had been in poor health for some time. After going shopping on a chilly day in Funchal to buy toys for Carl Ludwig, he was struck by an attack of
bronchitis
. This rapidly worsened into
pneumonia
, not helped by the inadequate medical care available. Several of the children and staff were also ill, and Zita (at the time eight months pregnant) helped nurse them all. Charles weakened and died on 1 April, his last words to his wife being "I love you so much."
[3]
: 214?215
Charles was 34 years old. After his funeral, a witness said of Zita "This woman really is to be admired. She did not, for one second, lose her composure... she greeted the people on all sides and then spoke to those who had helped out with the funeral. They were all under her charm."
[3]
: 216
Zita wore mourning black in Charles's memory throughout sixty-seven years of widowhood.
[2]
: 151
Widowhood
[
edit
]
After Charles's death, the former Austrian imperial family were soon to move again.
Alfonso XIII of Spain
had approached the British Foreign Office via his ambassador in London, and they agreed to allow Zita and her seven (soon to be eight) children to relocate to Spain. Alfonso duly sent the warship
Infanta Isabel
to Funchal and this took them to
Cadiz
. They were then escorted to the
Pardo Palace
in Madrid, where shortly after her arrival Zita gave birth to
Archduchess Elisabeth
.
[5]
: 274
Alfonso XIII offered his exiled Habsburg relatives the use of Palacio Uribarren at
Lekeitio
on the
Bay of Biscay
. This appealed to Zita, who did not want to be a heavy burden to the state that harboured her.
[5]
: 289
For the next six years Zita settled in Lekeitio, where she got on with the job of raising and educating her children.
[3]
: 219?220
They lived with straitened finances, mainly living on income from private property in Austria, income from a vineyard in Johannisberg in the Rhine Valley, and voluntary collections. Other members of the exiled Habsburg dynasty, however, claimed much of this money, and there were regular petitions for help from former Imperial officials.
[3]
: 223?224
Move to Belgium
[
edit
]
By 1929, several of the children were approaching the age to attend university and the family moved to a castle in the Belgian village of
Steenokkerzeel
near Brussels, where they were closer to several members of their family.
[3]
: 231
Zita continued her political lobbying on behalf of the Habsburg family, even sounding out links with
Mussolini
's Italy.
[3]
: 233?236
There was even a possibility of a Habsburg restoration under the Austrian Chancellors
Engelbert Dollfuss
and
Kurt Schuschnigg
, with Crown Prince Otto visiting Austria numerous times. These overtures were abruptly ended by the
annexation
of Austria by
Nazi Germany
in 1938.
[3]
: 240?265
As exiles, the Habsburg family took the lead in
resisting
the Nazis in Austria, but this foundered because of opposition between
monarchists
and
socialists
.
[3]
: 268?269
Flight to North America
[
edit
]
With the Nazi invasion of Belgium on 10 May 1940, Zita and her family became war refugees. They narrowly missed being killed by a direct hit on the castle by German bombers and fled to Prince Xavier's castle at Bostz in France.
[3]
: 271?272
The Habsburgs then fled to the Spanish border, reaching it on 18 May. On June 12 the Portuguese ruler Antonio Salazar issued instructions to the Portuguese consulates in France to provide
Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal
Duchess of Parma with Portuguese passports. With these Portuguese passports the family could get visas without creating problems for the neutrality of the Portuguese Government. This way the daughter of Maria Antonia, Zita of Bourbon-Parma, and her son Otto von Habsburg got their visas because they were descendants of a Portuguese citizen.
[6]
They moved on to Portugal and resided in Cascais. Not long after, the archduke was informed by Salazar that Hitler had demanded his extradition. The demand would be refused, the Portuguese ruler told him but hinted that his safety was precarious. On 9 July the United States government granted the family visas. After a perilous journey they arrived in New York City on 27 July, having family in
Long Island
and
Newark, New Jersey
;
[3]
: 277
at one point, Zita and several of her children lived, as long-term house-guests, in
Tuxedo Park, New York
.
The Austrian imperial refugees eventually settled in
Quebec
, which had the advantage of being French-speaking (the younger children were not yet fluent in English)
[3]
: 283
and continued their studies in French at
Universite Laval
.
[7]
As they were cut off from all European funds, finances were more stretched than ever. At one stage, Zita was reduced to making salad and
spinach
dishes from
dandelion
leaves.
[3]
: 284
However, all her sons were active in the war effort. Otto promoted the dynasty's role in a post-war Europe and met regularly with
Franklin Roosevelt
;
[3]
: 270?271
Robert was the Habsburg representative in London;
[3]
: 285
Carl Ludwig and Felix joined the
United States Army
, serving with several American-raised relatives of the Mauerer line;
[3]
: 290
Rudolf smuggled himself into Austria in the final days of the war to help organise the resistance.
[3]
: 307
In 1945 Empress Zita celebrated her birthday on the first day of peace, 9 May. She was to spend the next two years touring the United States and Canada to raise funds for war-ravaged Austria and Hungary.
[2]
: 157
Later life
[
edit
]
After a period of rest and recovery, Zita found herself regularly going back to Europe for the weddings of her children. She decided to move back to the continent full-time in 1952 to Luxembourg to look after her aging mother. Maria Antonia died at the age of 96 in 1959. The bishop of
Chur
proposed to Zita that she move into a residence that he administered (formerly a castle of the
Counts de Salis
) at
Zizers
,
Graubunden
in Switzerland. As the castle had enough space for visits from her large family and a nearby chapel (a necessity for the devoutly-Catholic Zita), she accepted with ease.
[3]
: 316
Zita occupied herself in her final years with her family. Although the restrictions on the Habsburgs entering Austria had been lifted, that applied only to those born after 10 April 1919. That meant that Zita could not attend the funeral of her daughter Adelheid in 1972, which was painful for her.
[3]
: 320
She also involved herself in the efforts to have her deceased husband, the "Peace Emperor"
canonised
. In 1982, the restrictions were eased, and she returned to Austria after being absent for six decades. Over the next few years, the Empress made several visits to her former Austrian homeland and even appeared on Austrian television.
[3]
: 322?323
In a series of interviews with the Viennese
tabloid
newspaper
Kronen Zeitung
, Zita expressed her belief that the deaths of
Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria
and his mistress
Baroness Mary Vetsera
,
at Mayerling
, in 1889, were not a double suicide but rather murder by French or Austrian agents.
[3]
: 320
Death
[
edit
]
After a memorable 90th birthday, at which she was surrounded by her now vast family, Zita's habitually-robust health began to fail. She developed inoperable
cataracts
in both eyes.
[3]
: 326
Her last major family gathering took place at Zizers, in 1987, when her children and grandchildren joined in celebrating her 95th birthday.
[1]
: 24
While visiting her daughter, in summer 1988, she developed pneumonia and spent most of the autumn and winter bedridden. Finally, she called Otto in early March 1989 and told him she was dying. He and the rest of the family travelled to her bedside and took turns keeping her company until she died in the early hours of 14 March 1989.
[3]
: 327?328
She was 96 years old,
[8]
and was the last surviving child of Robert, Duke of Parma from both his marriages.
Her funeral was held in Vienna on 1 April. The government allowed it to take place on Austrian soil if the cost was borne by the Habsburgs themselves.
[3]
: 329
Zita's body was carried to the
Imperial Crypt
under Capuchin Church
[8]
[9]
in the same funeral coach she had walked behind during the funeral of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916. It was attended by over 200 members of the Habsburg and Bourbon-Parma families, and the service had 6,000 attendees including leading politicians, state officials and international representatives, including a representative of Pope
John Paul II
.
[3]
: 329
Following an ancient custom, the Empress had asked that her heart, which was placed in an urn, stay behind at
Muri Abbey
, in Switzerland, where the Emperor's heart had rested for decades. In doing so, Zita assured herself that in death, she and her husband would remain by each other's side.
[1]
: 38
When the procession of mourners arrived at the gates of the Imperial Crypt, the herald who knocked on the door during the traditional "admission ceremony" introduced her as
Zita, Her Majesty the Empress and Queen
.
[4]
[10]
Cause of beatification and canonization
[
edit
]
Zita of Austria-Hungary
|
---|
Empress Zita of Austria painted by Theodor Mayerhofer, circa 1917.
|
Venerated in
| Catholic Church
|
---|
Feast
| 21 October
|
---|
On 10 December 2009, Mgr Yves Le Saux,
Bishop of Le Mans
, France, opened the diocesan process for the
beatification
of Zita.
[11]
Zita was in the habit of spending several months each year in the diocese of Le Mans at
St. Cecilia's Abbey, Solesmes
, where three of her sisters were nuns.
[12]
The actor is the French Association pour la Beatification de l'Imperatrice Zita.
[13]
The
postulator
for the cause is Alexander Leonhardt. Vice postulator for Hungary is Catholic theologian
Norbert Nagy
. The judge of the tribunal is Bruno Bonnet. The
promoter of justice
is Francois Scrive.
[11]
With the opening of her cause, the late Empress has been named
Servant of God
.
[14]
[15]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
[
edit
]
Titles and styles
[
edit
]
- 9 May 1892 ? 21 October 1911:
Her Royal Highness
Zita, Royal Princess of Bourbon, Princess of Parma
[16]
- 21 October 1911 ? 28 June 1914:
Her Imperial and Royal Highness
Archduchess Zita, Archduchess Karl of Austria, Princess of Parma
- 28 June 1914 ? 21 November 1916:
Her Imperial and Royal Highness
The Archduchess of Austria-Este
[17]
- 21 November 1916 ? 3 April 1919:
Her Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty
The Empress of Austria, Apostolic Queen of Hungary and Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia
[18]
Honours
[
edit
]
-
Austria-Hungary:
[19]
-
SMOM: Bailiff Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint John
[19]
Children
[
edit
]
Charles and Zita had eight children and thirty three grandchildren:
Name
|
Birth
|
Death
|
Notes
|
Crown Prince
Otto von Habsburg
|
20 November 1912
|
4 July 2011
|
married (1951)
Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen
(6 January 1925 ? 3 February 2010) and had seven children, twenty-two grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren.
|
Archduchess
Adelheid
|
3 January 1914
|
2 October 1971
|
never married, no issue
|
Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este
|
8 February 1915
|
7 February 1996
|
married (1953)
Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta
(7 April 1930 - 10 January 2022) and had five children, nineteen grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.
|
Archduke Felix of Austria
|
31 May 1916
|
6 September 2011
|
married (1952) Princess Anna Eugenie von Arenberg (5 July 1925 - 9 June 1997) and had seven children and twenty-two grandchildren.
|
Archduke
Carl Ludwig
|
10 March 1918
|
11 December 2007
|
married (1950)
Princess Yolanda of Ligne
(6 May 1923 – 13 September 2023) and had four children, nineteen grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren.
|
Archduke
Rudolf
|
5 September 1919
|
15 May 2010
|
married (1953) Countess Xenia Tschernyschev-Besobrasoff (11 June 1929 - 20 September 1968) and had four children, thirteen grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Married (secondly) (1971) Princess Anna Gabriele of Wrede (born 11 September 1940) and had one daughter and three grandsons.
|
Archduchess
Charlotte
|
1 March 1921
|
23 July 1989
|
married (1956)
Duke Georg of Mecklenburg
(5 October [
O.S.
22 September] 1899 ? 6 July 1963).
|
Archduchess
Elisabeth
|
31 May 1922
|
6 January 1993
|
married (1949) Prince Heinrich of
Liechtenstein
(5 August 1916 ? 17 April 1991) and had five children, seven grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.
|
Ancestry
[
edit
]
Ancestors of Zita of Bourbon-Parma
|
---|
|
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
Beeche.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Bogle.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
ay
az
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
bh
bi
bj
bk
bl
bm
bn
Brook-Shepherd.
- ^
a
b
Howe, Malcolm (2020).
"Zita, the last Empress of Austria, grand-daughter of a King of Portugal"
.
British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report
.
47
. Retrieved
5 January
2022
.
- ^
a
b
Harding.
- ^
Madeira, Lina A. (2013).
O Mecanismo de (Des)Promocoes do MNE: O Caso Paradigmatico de Aristides de Sousa Mendes
(PhD). Coimbra University. p. 458.
- ^
Bernier Arcand, Philippe, ≪ Les Bourbon-Parme dans les institutions d’enseignement du Quebec ≫,
Histoire Quebec
, 202, p. 24-28 (
lire en ligne
[archive])
- ^
a
b
"Hapsburg Grandeur Is Dusted Off for Burial of 'Our Sister the Empress Zita'
"
.
New York Times
. 2 April 1989.
Archived
from the original on 19 December 2017
. Retrieved
21 July
2007
.
Old Vienna dusted off its imperial finery today to lay to rest Austria's last Empress, paying a regal tribute to a woman who remained quietly true to her lost crown and to the late Emperor through seven decades of exile. For the first time since the 600-year Austro-Hungarian monarchy was dissolved in 1919, the ornate black imperial catafalque ? borrowed from the Museum at Schonbrunn Palace ?rolled past the old palaces and baroque temples of central Vienna to the Imperial burial vault. There, under the Capuchin Church, Zita, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, was laid to rest among the richly-decorated caskets of the Habsburgs.
- ^
Der Spiegel magazine, no.13, 27 March 1989
- ^
"DerStandard.at"
.
Archived
from the original on 7 May 2020
. Retrieved
10 July
2011
.
- ^
a
b
Ouverture du Proces de Beatification de l'Imperatrice Zita
Archived
10 July 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"Gregor Kollmorgen, "Cause of Beatification of Empress Zita Opened"
"
.
Archived
from the original on 28 December 2017
. Retrieved
15 December
2009
.
- ^
"associationimperatricezita.com"
.
Archived
from the original on 11 November 2021
. Retrieved
11 November
2021
.
- ^
Stevens, Beverly (28 February 2014),
"Zita, Catholic Empress in Exile, Servant of God"
,
REGINA Magazine
,
archived
from the original on 8 February 2021
, retrieved
7 February
2021
- ^
"Association pour la beatification de l'Imperatrice Zita ? Home"
.
Archived
from the original on 11 February 2021
. Retrieved
7 February
2021
.
- ^
"ONB-ALEX - Staatshandbuch"
.
alex.onb.ac.at
. Retrieved
28 October
2023
.
- ^
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Osterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
(1915), Genealogy p. 2
- ^
"ONB-ALEX - Staatshandbuch"
.
alex.onb.ac.at
. Retrieved
31 July
2023
.
- ^
a
b
"Genealogie des Allerhochsten Herrscherhauses"
,
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Osterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
, 1916, p. 3
- ^
a
b
"Ritter-Orden"
,
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Osterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
, 1916, pp.
251
,
262
- ^
a
b
Mateos Sainz de Medrano. Ricardo. "Changing Thrones: Duke Carlo II of Parma". Published in
Royalty History Digest
, Vol 3, N 1. July 1993, p. 99
- ^
Stubbs, Alan R. "Assassination in Parma: The Life and Death of Duke Carlo III".
Royalty Digest
.
- ^
a
b
c
John VI, King of Portugal
at the
Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^
"Portugal und Algarbien, Donna Adelheid Infantin von"
.
Hessian Biography
.
Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen
. 3 April 2017. Record #3713.
Archived
from the original on 8 May 2018
. Retrieved
7 May
2018
.
- ^
Chisholm, Hugh
, ed. (1911).
"Charles II. (Duke of Parma)"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^
Chisholm, Hugh
, ed. (1911).
"Berry, Charles Ferdinand"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^
Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchesse de Berry
at the
Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^
"Lowenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, Constantin Joseph Nikolaus Alfred Wneslaus Erbprinz zu"
.
Hessian Biography
.
Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen
. 27 June 2017. Record #3719.
Archived
from the original on 8 May 2018
. Retrieved
7 May
2018
.
- ^
"Lowenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, Marie Agnes Henriette Erbprinzessin zu"
.
Hessian Biography
.
Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen
. 9 September 2013. Record #3674.
Archived
from the original on 8 May 2018
. Retrieved
7 May
2018
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Beeche, Arturo & McIntosh, David. (2005).
Empress Zita of Austria, Queen of Hungary (1892?1989)
Eurohistory. ASIN: B000F1PHOI
- Bogle, James and Joanna. (1990).
A Heart for Europe: The Lives of Emperor Charles and Empress Zita of Austria-Hungary
, Fowler Wright, 1990,
ISBN
0-85244-173-8
- Brook-Shepherd, Gordon
. (1991).
The Last Empress: The Life and Times of Zita of Austria-Hungary 1893?1989
. Harper-Collins.
ISBN
0-00-215861-2
- Harding, Bertita. (1939).
Imperial Twilight: The Story of Karl and Zita of Hungary
. Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers. ASIN: B000J0DDQO
- (in German)
Bernhard A. Macek
:
Kaiser Karl I. Der letzte Kaiser Osterreichs. Ein biografischer Bilderbogen
, Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2012,
ISBN
978-3-9540-0076-0
- (in French) Debris, Cyrille. (2013).
Zita, Portrait intime d'une imperatrice
. Cerf, Paris, 2013,
ISBN
978-2-204-10085-4
External links
[
edit
]
Media related to
Zita of Bourbon-Parma
at Wikimedia Commons
Princesses of Parma by birth
|
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1st generation
| |
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2nd generation
| |
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3rd generation
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4th generation
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6th generation
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7th generation
| |
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8th generation
| |
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9th generation
| |
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10th generation
| |
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11th generation
| |
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13th generation
| |
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14th generation
| |
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15th generation
|
- Alicia, Duchess of Calabria
- Marie Francoise, Princess Edouard de Lobkowicz
- Princess Marie Therese
- Princess Marie des Neiges, Countess of Castillo de la Mota
- Princess Cecile Marie, Countess of Poblet
- Anne, Queen of Romania
- Diane, Princess Franz of Hohenzollern
- Elisabeth, Duchess of Hohenberg
*^
- Marie-Adelaide, Countess Henckel of Donnersmarck
*^
- Marie Gabrielle, Countess af Holstein-Ledreborg
*^
- Alix, Princess of Ligne
*^
|
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16th generation
| |
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Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.
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5th generation
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7th generation
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8th generation
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9th generation
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10th generation
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11th generation
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12th generation
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13th generation
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14th generation
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15th generation
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16th generation
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17th generation
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18th generation
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*also an infanta of Spain by marriage
; **
also a princess of Tuscany by marriage
; ^
also an archduchess of Austria in her own right
|
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