Chemical compound
Zirconium tungstate
(
Zr
W
O
4
) is the zirconium salt of
tungstic acid
and has unusual properties. The phase formed at ambient pressure by reaction of
ZrO
2
and
WO
3
is a
metastable
cubic phase
, which has
negative thermal expansion
characteristics, namely it shrinks over a wide range of temperatures when heated.
[2]
In contrast to most other ceramics exhibiting negative CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion), the CTE of ZrW
2
O
8
is isotropic and has a large negative magnitude (average CTE of -7.2x10
?6
K
?1
) over a wide range of temperature (-273 °C to 777 °C).
[3]
A number of other
phases
are formed at high pressures.
Cubic phase
[
edit
]
Cubic
zirconium tungstate (alpha-ZrW
2
O
8
), one of the several known
phases
of zirconium tungstate (ZrW
2
O
8
) is perhaps one of the most studied materials to exhibit
negative thermal expansion
. It has been shown to contract continuously over a previously unprecedented
temperature
range of 0.3 to 1050 K (at higher temperatures the material decomposes). Since the structure is cubic, as described below, the thermal contraction is isotropic - equal in all directions. There is much ongoing research attempting to elucidate why the material exhibits such dramatic negative thermal expansion.
[
citation needed
]
This phase is
thermodynamically
unstable
at
room temperature
with respect to the binary
oxides
ZrO
2
and
WO
3
, but may be
synthesised
by heating
stoichiometric
quantities of these oxides together and then quenching the material by rapidly cooling it from approximately 900 °C to room temperature.
The structure of cubic zirconium tungstate consists of corner-sharing ZrO
6
octahedral
and WO
4
tetrahedral
structural units. Its unusual expansion properties are thought to be due to vibrational modes known as
Rigid Unit Modes
(RUMs), which involve the coupled rotation of the polyhedral units that make up the structure, and lead to contraction.
Detailed crystal structure
[
edit
]
An image of the crystal structure of cubic ZrW
2
O
8
, showing the corner-sharing octahedral (ZrO
6
, in green) and tetrahedral (WO
4
, in red) structural units. An incomplete unit cell is shown so that the positioning of the W
2
O
8
unit along the body diagonal of the unit cell may be seen.
The arrangement of the groups in the structure of cubic ZrW
2
O
8
is analogous to the simple
NaCl structure
, with ZrO
6
octahedra at the Na sites, and W
2
O
8
groups at the Cl sites. The unit cell consists of 44 atoms aligned in a primitive cubic
Bravais lattice
, with unit cell length 9.15462
Angstroms
.
The ZrO
6
octahedra
are only slightly distorted from a regular conformation, and all oxygen sites in a given octahedron are related by symmetry. The W
2
O
8
unit is made up of two crystallographically distinct WO
4
tetrahedra, which are not formally
bonded
to each other. These two types of tetrahedra differ with respect to the W-O bond lengths and angles. The WO
4
tetrahedra are distorted from a regular shape since one oxygen is unconstrained (an atom that is bonded only to the central
tungsten
(W) atom), and the three other oxygens are each bonded to a zirconium atom (
i.e.
the
corner-sharing
of polyhedra).
The structure has
P2
1
3
space group symmetry
at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, a centre of inversion is introduced by the disordering of the orientation of tungstate groups, and the space group above the
phase transition
temperature (~180C) is
Pa
.
Octahedra and tetrahedra are linked together by sharing an oxygen atom. In the image, note the corner-touching between octahedra and tetrahedra; these are the location of the shared
oxygen
. The vertices of the tetrahedra and octahedra represent the oxygen, which are spread about the central
zirconium
and
tungsten
. Geometrically, the two shapes can "pivot" around these corner-sharing oxygens, without a distortion of the polyhedra themselves. This pivoting is what is thought to lead to the
negative thermal expansion
, as in certain low frequency
normal modes
this leads to the contracting 'RUMs' mentioned above.
High pressure forms
[
edit
]
At
high pressure
, zirconium tungstate undergoes a series of
phase transitions
, first to an
amorphous
phase, and then to a
U
3
O
8
-type phase, in which the zirconium and tungsten atoms are disordered.
Zirconium tungstate-copper system
[4]
[
edit
]
XRD Spectra from Verdon & Dunand (1997).
Proposed reaction mechanism in the HIP process of zirconium tungstate-copper system from Verdon & Dunand (1997).
Through hot-isostatically pressing (HIP) a ZrW
2
O
8
-Cu composite (system) can be realized. Work done by C. Verdon and D.C. Dunand in 1997 used similarly sized zirconium tungstate and copper powder in a low carbon steel can coated with Cu, and they were HIPed under 103MPa pressure for 3 hours at 600 °C. A control experiment was also conducted, with only a heat treatment (i.e., no pressing) for the same powder mixture also under 600 °C for 3 hours in a quartz tube gettered with titanium.
The results from X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the graph in Verdon & Dunand's paper shows expected products. (a) is from the as received zirconium tungstate powder, (b) is the result from the control experiment , and (c) is the ceramic product from the HIP process. Apparently there are new phases formed according to Spectrum (c) with no ZrW
2
O
8
left. While for the control experiment only partial amount of ZrW
2
O
8
was decomposed.
While complex oxides containing Cu, Zr, and W were believed to be created, selected area diffraction (SAD) of the ceramic product has proven the existence of Cu
2
O as precipitates after reaction. A model consisted of two concurrent processes were surmised (as presented): (b) the decomposition of the ceramic and loss of oxygen under low oxygen partial pressure at high temperature leads to Cu
2
O formation; (c) copper diffuses into the ceramic and forms new oxides that absorb some oxygen upon cooling.
Since only very few oxides, those of noble metals which are very expensive, are less stable than Cu
2
O and Cu
2
O was believed to be more stable than ZrW
2
O
8
, kinetic control of the reaction must be taken into account. For example, reducing reaction time and temperature helps alleviate the residual stress caused by different phases of the ceramic during reaction, which could lead to a delamination of the ceramic particles from the matrix and an increase in the CTE.
References
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
|
|---|
| Zr(II)
| |
|---|
| Zr(III)
| |
|---|
| Zr(IV)
| | Acids and complexes
| |
|---|
| Organozirconium(IV)
| |
|---|
|
|---|