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Endangered language family of Amazon Basin
Zaparoan
(also
Saparoan
,
Zaparo
,
Zaparoano
,
Zaparoana
) is an
endangered
language family
of
Peru
and
Ecuador
with fewer than 100 speakers. Zaparoan speakers seem to have been very numerous before the arrival of the Europeans. However, their groups have been decimated by imported diseases and warfare, and only a handful of them have survived.
Languages
[
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]
There were 39 Zaparoan-speaking tribes at the beginning of the 20th century,
[1]
every one of them presumably using its own distinctive language or dialect. Most of them have become extinct before being recorded, however, and we have information only about nine of them.
- Zaparoan
- Zaparo group
- Zaparo?Conambo
- Arabela?Andoa
- Iquito?Cahuarano
- Unclassified
Aushiri and Omurano are included by Stark (1985). Aushiri is generally accepted as Zaparoan, but Omurano remains unclassified in other descriptions.
Mason (1950)
[
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]
Internal classification of the Zaparoan languages by
Mason
(1950):
[2]
- Zaparoan
- Coronado group
- Coronado (Ipapiza, Hichachapa, Kilinina)
- Tarokeo
- Chudavina (?)
- Miscuara (?)
- Oa (Oaki, Deguaca, Santa Rosina)
- Andoa group
- Andoa
- Gae (Siaviri)
- Semigae
- Aracohor
- Mocosiohor
- Usicohor
- Ichocomohor
- Itoromohor
- Maithiore
- Comacor (?)
- Iquito (Amacacora, Kiturran, Puca-Uma)
- Iquito
- Maracana (Cawarano ?)
- Auve
- Asaruntoa (?)
- Zaparo group
- Muegano
- Curaray
- Matagen
- Yasuni
- Manta
- Nushino
- Rotuno
- Supinu
Genetic relations
[
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]
The relationship of Zaparoan languages with other language families of the area is uncertain. It is generally considered isolated. Links with other languages or families have been proposed but none has been widely accepted so far.
- Payne (1984) and Kaufman (1994) suggest a relationship with the
Yaguan
family in a
Saparo?Yawan
stock, contrary to Greenberg's (1987) classification.
- Swadesh
(1954) also groups Zaparoan with Yaguan within his
Zaparo?Peba
phylum.
- Greenberg (1987) places Zaparoan together with the
Cahuapanan
family into a
Kahuapana?Zaparo
grouping within his larger
Andean
phylum, but this is generally rejected by historical linguists.
- Kaufman (1994) notes that Tovar (1984) includes the
unclassified
Taushiro
under Zaparoan following the tentative opinion of
SSILA
.
- Stark (1985) includes the extinct
Omurano
under Zaparoan. Gordon (2005) follows Stark.
- Mason (1950: 236?238) groups
Bora?Witoto
,
Tupian
, and Zaparoan together as part of a proposed
Macro-Tupi-Guaranian
family.
[2]
Language contact
[
edit
]
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the
Omurano
,
Arawakan
,
Quechuan
, and
Peba-Yagua
language families due to contact.
[3]
Family features
[
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]
Pronouns
[
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]
Zaparoan languages distinguishes between
inclusive and exclusive we
and consider the first person singular as the default person. A rare feature is the existence of two sets of personal pronouns with different syntactic values according to the nature of the sentence. Active pronouns are subject in independent clauses and object in dependent ones, while passive pronouns are subject in independent clauses and passive in dependent ones :
Thus
- (
Arabela
)
Cuno maaji
cua
masuu-nuju-quiaa na mashaca
cua
ratu-nu-ra. (this woman is always inviting me to drink masato
[4]
where
cua
is object in the main clause and subject in the subordinate one.
- (
Zaparo
)
/
t?a
na
it?kwaha/
(you will fall) cp
/tajkwa
ko
pani
t?a
t?a
ta
ikwano/
(I don't want to go with you)
[5]
Personal pronouns in Zaparoan languages
|
Zaparo
|
Arabela
|
Iquito
|
Conambo
|
1st
person
|
singular
|
ko / kwi / k-
|
janiya / -nijia / cua
cuo- / cu- / qui
|
cu / qui / quiija
|
kwi?ia / ku
|
plural
|
excl
|
kana /ka?no
|
canaa
|
cana / canaaja
|
|
incl
|
pa /p-
|
pajaniya / paa / pa / po-
pue- / -pue
|
p'++ja
|
|
2nd
person
|
singular
|
t?a / t?- / k-/ ki
|
quiajaniya / quiaa / quia / quio-
-quia / cero
|
quia / quiaaja
|
kyaχa
|
plural
|
kina / ki?no
|
niajaniya / niaa / nia / nio-
|
|
|
3rd
person
|
singular
|
naw / no / n-?
|
nojuaja / na / ne- / no-
-Vri / -quinio
|
anuu / anuuja
|
|
plural
|
na
|
nojori / na / no-
|
naa / nahuaaca
|
|
Numerals
[
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]
Gloss
|
Zaparoan languages
|
Zaparo
|
Andoa
|
Arabela
|
Iquito
|
1
|
nuquaqui
|
nikinjo
|
niquiriyatu
|
nuquiica
|
2
|
namisciniqui
|
ishki
|
caapiqui
|
cuumi
|
3
|
haimuckumarachi
|
kimsa
|
jiuujianaraca
|
s++saramaj+taami
|
4
|
ckaramaitacka
|
|
|
|
Vocabulary
[
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]
Loukotka
(1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Zaparoan language varieties.
[6]
gloss
|
Zaparo
|
Conambo
|
Andoa
|
Simigae
|
Chiripuno
|
Iquito
|
Cahuarano
|
one
|
nokoaki
|
nukaki
|
|
nikino
|
|
noki
|
nuki
|
two
|
namesaniki
|
tarkaningu
|
|
ishki
|
|
koːmi
|
komu
|
head
|
ku-anak
|
ku-anaka
|
pan-aka
|
p-anak
|
|
p-anak
|
pa-nak
|
eye
|
nu-namits
|
ku-iyamixa
|
pa-namix
|
henizy
|
namixia
|
pui-nami
|
poi-nami
|
woman
|
itumu
|
maxi
|
maxi
|
maxi
|
|
muesaxi
|
itemo
|
fire
|
unamisok
|
umani
|
omani
|
omani
|
|
inami
|
inami
|
sun
|
yanuk
|
yanakwa
|
apanamu
|
poanamu
|
pananu
|
nunami
|
nianami
|
star
|
narika
|
narexa
|
arixya
|
arishya
|
|
narexa
|
narexa
|
maize
|
sauk
|
|
tasauku
|
dzauku
|
sakoo
|
shakarok
|
shekarok
|
house
|
itu
|
ite
|
ki-t'a
|
dahapu
|
|
ita
|
ita
|
white
|
ushiksh
|
ushikya
|
ishi-sinwa
|
makushini
|
|
mosotin
|
musitena
|
Proto-language
[
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]
Proto-Zaparoan
|
---|
|
Reconstruction of
| Zaparoan languages
|
---|
Proto-Zaparoan reconstructions by de Carvalho (2013):
[7]
gloss
|
Proto-Zaparoan
|
‘bee, wasp’
|
*ahapaka
|
‘stick’
|
*amaka
|
‘to kill’
|
*amo
|
‘woman's sibling’
|
*ana-
|
‘cloud, smoke’
|
*anahaka
|
‘head’
|
*anaka
|
‘pain’
|
*anaw
|
‘to come’
|
*ani-
|
‘to cut down’
|
*anu-
|
‘to talk’
|
*ati-
|
‘to eat’
|
*atsa-
|
‘tooth’
|
*ika-
|
‘to go’
|
*ikwa-
|
‘foot’
|
*ino-
|
‘benefactive’
|
*-i?a
|
‘fat, large (for fruits)’
|
*i?isi
|
‘house’
|
*ita
|
‘urine’
|
*isa-
|
‘negative nominalization’
|
*-jaw
|
‘number suffix’
|
*-ka
|
‘hair; feather’
|
*kaha-
|
‘1st person, excl. plural’
|
*kana
|
‘to cut (hair)’
|
*k?-
|
‘raw’
|
*maha
|
‘to cook’
|
*mahi
|
‘to sleep’
|
*mak?-
|
‘guts’
|
*mara
|
‘to tie’
|
*maraw-
|
‘to escape, to flee’
|
*masi-
|
‘to do’
|
*mi-
|
‘rotten’
|
*moka
|
‘3rd person plural’
|
*na-
|
‘hill’
|
*naku-
|
‘blood’
|
*nana-ka
|
‘3rd person singular’
|
*naw-
|
‘masculine, singular’
|
*-nu
|
‘infinitive’
|
*-nu
|
‘to want/like; love’
|
*pani-
|
‘fish; stingray?’
|
*sapi
|
‘to taste (food)’
|
*sani-
|
‘lice’
|
*sukana
|
‘bad’
|
*s?sa
|
‘to lick’
|
*tam?-
|
‘foreigner, stranger; to hate?’
|
*taw?-
|
‘to listen’
|
*tawhi-
|
‘feminine, singular’
|
*-tu
|
‘causative suffix’
|
*-t?
|
‘where’
|
*t?-
|
‘to rest; to be new’
|
*tsami-
|
‘rain’
|
*umaru
|
Citations
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]
- ^
La famille linguistique Zaparo, H. Beuchat and P. Rivet ? Journal de la societe des americanistes ? Annee 1908 lien Volume 5 pp. 235?249
- ^
a
b
Mason, John Alden
(1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.).
Handbook of South American Indians
. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office:
Smithsonian Institution
,
Bureau of American Ethnology
Bulletin 143. pp. 157?317.
- ^
Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016).
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguistico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
(Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasilia: University of Brasilia.
- ^
Rolland G. Rich (1999).
Dicconario Arabella?Castellano
. Instituto Linguistico de Verano, Peru.
- ^
M. Catherine Peeke (1991). "Bosquejo Gramatical del Zaparo".
Cuadernos Etnolinguisticos
. No. 14. Instituto Linguistico de Verano, Quito.
- ^
Loukotka, ?estmir
(1968).
Classification of South American Indian languages
. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^
de Carvalho, F. O. (2013). On Zaparoan as a valid genetic unity: Preliminary correspondences and the status of Omurano. In Revista Brasileira de Linguistica Antropologica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 91-116. Accessed from
DiACL
, 9 February 2020.
General and cited references
[
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]
- Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004).
The languages of the Andes
. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997).
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
. New York: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
0-19-509427-1
.
- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987).
Language in the Americas
. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). "Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more". In D. L. Payne (ed.),
Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages
(pp. 13?67). Austin: University of Texas Press.
ISBN
0-292-70414-3
.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). "The native languages of South America". In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (eds.),
Atlas of the World's Languages
(pp. 46?76). London: Routledge.
- Payne, Doris (1984). "Evidence for a Yaguan-Zaparoan Connection". In D. Derbyshire (ed.),
SIL working papers: University of North Dakota session
(Vol. 28; pp. 131?156).
- Stark, Louisa R. (1985). "Indigenous languages of lowland Ecuador: History and current status". In H. E. M. Klein & L. R. Stark (eds.),
South American Indian languages: Retrospect and prospect
(pp. 157?193). Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Suarez, Jorge. (1974). "South American Indian languages". In
Encyclopædia Britannica
(15th ed., Vol. 17, pp. 105?112).
- Swadesh, Morris. (1959).
Mapas de clasificacion linguistica de Mexico y las Americas
. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.
- Tovar, Antonio; & Larrucea de Tovar, Consuelo (1984).
Catalogo de las lenguas de America de Sur
(new edition). Madrid: Gredos.
External links
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]
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Language families
and isolates
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Proposed groupings
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Linguistic areas
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Countries
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Lists
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