Territory of Canada
Territory in Canada
Yukon
|
---|
|
|
|
Coordinates:
63°N
135°W
/
63°N 135°W
/
63; -135
[1]
|
Country
| Canada
|
---|
Before confederation
| District of Yukon
|
---|
Confederation
| June 13, 1898 (9th)
|
---|
Capital
(and largest city)
| Whitehorse
|
---|
Largest metro
| Whitehorse
|
---|
|
? Type
| Parliamentary system
|
---|
?
Commissioner
| Adeline Webber
|
---|
? Premier
| Ranj Pillai
|
---|
Legislature
| Yukon Legislative Assembly
|
---|
Federal representation
| Parliament of Canada
|
---|
House seats
| 1 of 338 (0.3%)
|
---|
Senate seats
| 1 of 105
(1%)
|
---|
|
|
? Total
| 482,443 km
2
(186,272 sq mi)
|
---|
? Land
| 474,391 km
2
(183,163 sq mi)
|
---|
? Water
| 8,052 km
2
(3,109 sq mi) 1.7%
|
---|
? Rank
| 9th
|
---|
| 4.8% of Canada
|
---|
|
? Total
| 40,232
[2]
|
---|
? Estimate
(Q1 2024)
| 45,387
[3]
|
---|
? Rank
| 12th
|
---|
? Density
| 0.08/km
2
(0.2/sq mi)
|
---|
Demonyms
| Yukoner
FR
:
Yukonnais(e)
|
---|
Official languages
| |
---|
|
|
? Rank
| 13th
|
---|
? Total (2017)
| C$3.089 billion
[5]
|
---|
? Per capita
| C$75,141 (3rd)
|
---|
|
? HDI (2021)
| 0.930
[6]
?
Very high
(
4th
)
|
---|
Time zone
| UTC?07:00
|
---|
Canadian postal abbr.
| YT
|
---|
Postal code prefix
| |
---|
ISO 3166 code
| CA-YT
|
---|
Flower
| Fireweed
|
---|
Tree
| Subalpine fir
[7]
|
---|
Bird
| Common raven
|
---|
Rankings include all
provinces and territories
|
Yukon
(formerly called the
Yukon Territory
and referred to as
the Yukon
)
[8]
is the smallest and westernmost of
Canada's three territories
. It is the third-least populated province or territory in Canada, with a population of 45,148 as of 2023. However,
Whitehorse
, the territorial capital, is the largest settlement in any of the three territories.
[9]
Yukon was
split from the Northwest Territories
in 1898 as the
Yukon Territory
. The federal government's
Yukon Act
, which received royal assent on March 27, 2002, established "Yukon" as the territory's official name, although
Yukon Territory
remains in popular usage.
Canada Post
uses the territory's internationally approved postal abbreviation of
YT
.
[10]
[8]
In 2021, territorial government policy was changed so that "
The
Yukon" would be recommended for use in official territorial government materials.
[11]
Although officially bilingual (English and French), the Yukon government recognizes
First Nations
languages.
At 5,959 m (19,551 ft), Yukon's
Mount Logan
, in
Kluane National Park and Reserve
, is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest on the North American continent (after
Denali
in the
U.S. state
of
Alaska
). Most of the Yukon has a
subarctic climate
, characterized by long, cold winters and brief, warm summers. The coastal area along the
Arctic Ocean
has a
tundra climate
.
Notable rivers include the
Yukon
,
Pelly
,
Stewart
,
Peel
,
White
,
Liard
, and
Tatshenshini
.
Etymology
[
edit
]
The territory is named after the
Yukon River
, the longest river in the Yukon. The name itself is from a
contraction
of the words in the
Gwich'in
phrase
ch?? g??? han
, which means "white water river" and refers to "the pale colour" of
glacial runoff
in the Yukon River.
[12]
[13]
Historically, the name of the Yukon Territory has been abbreviated to "The Yukon" in informal speech. In 2003, the territorial government announced that the territory should be referred to as "Yukon", but the change in name sparked discussion amongst Yukoners. In the 2021 election, the leader of the
Yukon NDP
,
Kate White
, campaigned on returning to using "The Yukon". Following the election, the
Yukon Party
government announced that "The Yukon" would again be used by the government.
[14]
Geography
[
edit
]
The territory is the approximate shape of a
right triangle
, bordering the U.S. state of Alaska to the west and northwest for 1,210 kilometres (752 mi) mostly along
longitude 141° W
, the
Northwest Territories
to the east and
British Columbia
to the south mostly along
latitude 60° N
.
[15]
Its northern coast is on the
Beaufort Sea
. Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the
divide
between the Yukon Basin and the
Mackenzie River
drainage basin
to the east in the Mackenzie mountains.
Most of the territory is in the watershed of its namesake, the Yukon River. The southern Yukon is dotted with a large number of large, long and narrow glacier-fed alpine lakes, most of which flow into the Yukon River system. The larger lakes include
Teslin Lake
,
Atlin Lake
,
Tagish Lake
,
Marsh Lake
,
Lake Laberge
,
Kusawa Lake
and
Kluane Lake
.
Bennett Lake
on the
Klondike Gold Rush
trail is a lake flowing into Nares Lake, with the greater part of its area within Yukon. Other watersheds in the territory include the Mackenzie River, the
Peel Watershed
and the
Alsek
?
Tatshenshini
, and a number of rivers flowing directly into the Beaufort Sea. The two main Yukon rivers flowing into the Mackenzie in the Northwest Territories are the
Liard River
in the southeast and the
Peel River
and its tributaries in the northeast.
Canada's highest point, Mount Logan (5,959 m or 19,551 ft), is in the territory's southwest. Mount Logan and a large part of the Yukon's southwest are in
Kluane National Park and Reserve
, a UNESCO
World Heritage Site
. Other national parks include
Ivvavik National Park
and
Vuntut National Park
in the north. A second UNESCO World Heritage Site,
Tr'ondek-Klondike World Heritage Site
, was designated in 2023.
Notable widespread tree species within the Yukon are the
black spruce
and
white spruce
. Many trees are stunted because of the short growing season and severe climate.
[16]
Climate
[
edit
]
While the average winter temperature in the Yukon is mild by Canadian arctic standards, no other place in North America gets as cold as the Yukon during extreme cold snaps. The temperature has dropped down to ?60 °C (?76 °F) three times, 1947, 1952, and 1968. The most extreme cold snap occurred in February 1947 when the abandoned town of
Snag
dropped down to ?63.0 °C (?81.4 °F).
[17]
Unlike most of Canada where the most extreme heat waves occur in July, August, and even September, the Yukon's extreme heat tends to occur in June and even May. The Yukon has recorded 36 °C (97 °F) three times. The first time was in June 1969 when
Mayo
recorded a temperature of 36.1 °C (97 °F). 14 years later this record was almost beaten when
Forty Mile
recorded 36 °C (97 °F) in May 1983. The old record was finally broken 21 years later in June 2004 when the Mayo Road weather station, located just northwest of
Whitehorse
, recorded a temperature of 36.5 °C (97.7 °F).
[18]
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Yukon
[18]
[19]
City
|
July average high
|
July average low
|
January average high
|
January average low
|
Whitehorse
|
21 °C (70 °F)
|
8 °C (46 °F)
|
?11 °C (12 °F)
|
?19 °C (?2 °F)
|
Dawson City
|
23 °C (73 °F)
|
8 °C (46 °F)
|
?22 °C (?8 °F)
|
?30 °C (?22 °F)
|
Old Crow
|
20 °C (68 °F)
|
9 °C (48 °F)
|
?25 °C (?13 °F)
|
?34 °C (?29 °F)
|
History
[
edit
]
Long before the arrival of Europeans, the central and southern Yukon was populated by First Nations people, and the area escaped
glaciation
. Sites of
archeological
significance in the Yukon hold some of the earliest evidence of the presence of human habitation in North America.
[20]
The sites safeguard the history of the first people and the earliest First Nations of the Yukon.
[20]
The
volcanic
eruption of
Mount Churchill
in approximately 800 AD in what is now the U.S. state of Alaska blanketed the southern Yukon with a layer of
ash
which can still be seen along the
Klondike Highway
, and which forms part of the oral tradition of First Nations peoples in the Yukon and further south in Canada.
Coastal and inland First Nations had extensive trading networks. European incursions into the area began early in the 19th century with the
fur trade
, followed by
missionaries
. By the 1870s and 1880s, gold miners began to arrive. This drove a population increase that justified the establishment of a police force, just in time for the start of the
Klondike Gold Rush
in 1897. The increased population coming with the gold rush led to the separation of the Yukon district from the Northwest Territories and the formation of the separate Yukon Territory in 1898.
Demographics
[
edit
]
The
2021 census
reported a Yukon population of 40,232.
[21]
With a land area of 474,712.64 km
2
(183,287.57 sq mi), it had a population density of
0.1/km
2
(0.2/sq mi) in 2011, the highest among all the Canadian territories.
[22]
Statistics Canada has estimated Yukon's 2023 Q4 population to be 45,148,
[23]
an increase of 17.5% from the 2016 census. This is the largest percentage increase for any Canadian province or territory.
Unlike in other Canadian
provinces and territories
,
Statistics Canada
uses the entire territory as a single at-large census division.
Ethnicity
[
edit
]
| This section's
factual accuracy
may be compromised due to out-of-date information
.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
April 2017
)
|
According to the
2016 Canada Census
the majority of the territory's population was of European descent, although it has a significant population of
First Nations
communities across the territory. The 2011 National Household Survey examined the Yukon's ethnocultural diversity and immigration. At that time, 87.7% of residents were Canadian-born and 24.2% were of Indigenous origin. The most common countries of birth for immigrants were the United Kingdom (15.9%), the Philippines (15.0%), and the United States (13.2%). Among very recent immigrants (between 2006 and 2011) living in the Yukon, 63.5% were born in Asia.
[24]
Visible minority and indigenous identity (2016):
[25]
[26]
Other Indigenous responses (0.8%)
As of the 2016 census, the top ten ancestries in the Yukon were:
[27]
Rank
|
Ethnic group
|
Population (2016)
|
Percentage
|
1
|
English
|
9,680
|
27.57%
|
2
|
Aboriginal
|
8,665
|
24.68%
|
3
|
Canadian
|
8,640
|
24.61%
|
4
|
Scottish
|
8,295
|
23.63%
|
5
|
Irish
|
6,930
|
19.74%
|
6
|
German
|
5,575
|
15.88%
|
7
|
French
|
5,040
|
14.35%
|
8
|
Ukrainian
|
2,200
|
6.27%
|
9
|
Dutch
|
1,760
|
5.01%
|
10
|
Norwegian
|
1,380
|
3.93%
|
Language
[
edit
]
The most commonly reported mother tongue among the 33,145 single responses to the
2011 Canadian census
was English at 28,065 (
85%).
[28]
The second-most common was 1,455 (
4%) for French.
[28]
Among 510 multiple respondents, 140 of them (
27%) reported a mother tongue of both English and French, while 335 (
66%) reported English and a "
non-official
language" and 20 (
4%) reported French and a "
non-official
language".
[28]
The Yukon's
Language Act
"recognises the significance" of the territory's aboriginal languages in the Yukon, and permits their use in Legislative Assembly proceedings, although only English and French are available for laws and court proceedings.
[29]
|
Mother tongue, 2011 census
[28]
|
Rank
|
Language
|
Population
|
Percent
|
1.
|
English
|
28,065
|
82.9%
|
2.
|
French
|
1,455
|
4.3%
|
3.
|
German
|
805
|
2.4%
|
4.
|
Tagalog
|
425
|
1.3%
|
5.
|
Kaska
|
265
|
0.8%
|
6.
|
Northern Tutchone
|
200
|
0.6%
|
7.
|
Spanish
|
180
|
0.5%
|
8.
|
Southern Tutchone
|
140
|
0.4%
|
9.
|
Dutch
|
130
|
0.4%
|
10.
|
Chinese
|
130
|
0.4%
|
|
Religion
[
edit
]
The
2021 Canadian census
reported that 59.7% of Yukoners reported having no religious affiliation, the
highest percentage in Canada
. The most frequently reported religious affiliation was Christianity, reported by 35.0% of residents, followed by Sikhism at 1.0%.
[31]
Economy
[
edit
]
The Yukon's major industry is mining (lead,
zinc
, silver, gold,
asbestos
and copper). The federal government acquired the land from the
Hudson's Bay Company
in 1870 and split it from the
Northwest Territories
in 1898 to fill the need for local government created by the population influx of the gold rush. Thousands of these prospectors moved to the territory, ushering a period of Yukon history recorded by authors such as
Robert W. Service
and
Jack London
. The memory of this period and the early days of the
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
, as well as the territory's scenic wonders and outdoor recreation opportunities, makes tourism the second most important industry in the territory.
Manufacturing, including furniture, clothing, and handicrafts, follows in importance, along with
hydroelectricity
. The traditional industries of
trapping
and fishing have declined. As of 2012, the government sector directly employs approximately 6,300 out of a labour force of 20,800, on a population of 27,500.
[33]
[34]
On May 1, 2015, the Yukon modified its Business Corporations Act,
[35]
[36]
[37]
in an effort to attract more benefits and participants to its economy. One amendment to the BCA lets a proxy be given for voting purposes. Another change will allow directors to pursue business opportunities declined by the corporation, a practice off-limits in most other jurisdictions due to the inherent potential for conflicts of interest.
[38]
One of the changes will allow a corporation to serve as a director of a subsidiary registered in Yukon.
[39]
The legislation also allows companies to add provisions in their articles of incorporation giving directors blanket approval to sell off all of the company's assets without requiring a shareholder vote.
[39]
If provided for by a unanimous shareholders agreement, a corporation is not required to have directors at all.
[40]
There is increased flexibility regarding the location of corporate records offices, including the ability to maintain a records office outside of the Yukon so long as it is accessible by electronic means.
[40]
Tourism
[
edit
]
The Yukon's tourism motto is "Larger than life".
[41]
The Yukon's tourism industry relies heavily on Yukon's natural environment, and there are many organized
outfitters
and
guides
available for activities such as
hunting
,
angling
,
canoeing
/
kayaking
,
hiking
,
skiing
,
snowboarding
,
ice climbing
, and
dog sledding
. These activities are offered both in an organized setting or in the
backcountry
, which is accessible by air or
snowmobile
. The Yukon's festivals and sporting events include the
Adaka Cultural Festival
,
Yukon International Storytelling Festival
, and the
Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous
. The Yukon's latitude enables the view of
aurora borealis
.
The Yukon Government maintains a series of territorial parks,
[42]
including parks such as
Herschel Island
Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park,
[43]
Tombstone Territorial Park,
[44]
Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park,
[45]
and Coal River Springs Territorial Park.
[46]
Parks Canada
, a federal agency of the
Government of Canada
, also maintains three
national parks and reserves
within the territory:
Kluane National Park and Reserve
,
Ivvavik National Park
, and
Vuntut National Park
.
The Yukon is also home to twelve
National Historic Sites of Canada
. The sites are also administered by
Parks Canada
, with five of the twelve sites being located within national parks. The territory is host to
a number of museums
, including the
Copperbelt Railway & Mining Museum
, the
SS
Klondike
boat museum, the
Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre
in Whitehorse; as well as the
Keno City Mining Museum
in
Keno City
. The territory also holds a number of enterprises that allows tourists to experience pre-colonial and modern cultures of Yukon's First Nations and Inuit.
[47]
Culture
[
edit
]
The Yukon has a wide array of cultural and sporting events that attract artists, local residents, and tourists. Annual events include the
Adaka Cultural Festival
,
Dawson City Music Festival
,
Yukon International Storytelling Festival
,
Yukon Quest
dog sled race,
Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous
, as well as Klondike Gold Rush memorials
[48]
[49]
and the Northern Lights Centre.
[50]
[51]
The Yukon's Aboriginal culture is also strongly reflected in such areas as winter sports, as in the
Yukon Quest
sled dog race. The modern comic-book character
Yukon Jack
depicts a heroic aboriginal persona. Similarly, the territorial government also recognizes that First Nations and Inuit languages plays a part in cultural heritage of the territory; these languages include
Tlingit
, and the less common
Tahltan
, as well as seven Athapaskan languages,
Upper Tanana
,
Gwich'in
,
Han
,
Northern Tutchone
,
Southern Tutchone
,
Kaska
, and
Tagish
, some of which are rare.
[52]
Arts
[
edit
]
Notable Yukon artists include
Jim Robb
and
Ted Harrison
, whose paintings have become iconic for their depictions of historic and contemporary life and culture in the Yukon.
[53]
With the
Klondike Gold Rush
, a number of
folk
songs from the Yukon became popular, including "Rush to the Klondike" (1897, written by W. T. Diefenbaker), "The Klondike Gold Rush", "I've Got the Klondike Fever" (1898), and "La Chanson du Klondyke".
A notable cultural and tourist feature is the legacy of the
Klondike Gold Rush
(1897?1899), which inspired contemporary writers of the time such as
Jack London
,
Robert W. Service
, and
Jules Verne
, and which continues to inspire films and games, such as Mae West's
Klondike Annie
and
The Yukon Trail
(see
Cultural legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush
)
.
Government
[
edit
]
Yukon Legislature
[
edit
]
Executive power in the Yukon is formally vested in the
Territorial Commissioner
,
[54]
who plays an analogous role to that of a provincial
lieutenant governor
. As guarantor of
responsible government
in the territory, the Commissioner generally acts on the advice of the
Premier of Yukon
, who commands the confidence of the elected
Legislative Assembly
. Unlike lieutenant governors, commissioners are not direct representatives of the
King
but are instead appointed by the federal government.
The Yukon has numerous political parties and candidates who stand for election to the 19 seats in the
Yukon Legislative Assembly
. Those elected to the legislature are known as
members of the Legislative Assembly
and may use the post nominal letters "MLA". The three parties presently represented are the centre-leaning
Yukon Liberal Party
(8 seats) ? who currently form government, the centre-right leaning
Yukon Party
(8), and the centre-left leaning
Yukon New Democratic Party
(3).
[55]
The 10th and current
premier of Yukon
is
Ranj Pillai
, who represents the electoral district of Porter Creek South as its MLA. Pillai took office on January 14, 2023. After the
2021 Yukon general election
, the Liberals were reduced to a
minority government
, though they were able to continue governing due to a formal agreement with the NDP.
[56]
Local government
[
edit
]
The vast majority of the Yukon's land mass is
unorganized
, with no defined municipal or otherwise supralocal level of government like in other parts of Canada.
For most individuals in the Yukon, though, local level governance is provided by
municipalities
. The Yukon's eight
municipalities
cover only
0.2% of the territory's land mass
[a]
but are home to
80.9% of its population.
[58]
[59]
[60]
Municipal governments are created by the Yukon Government in accordance with the
Municipal Act
of 2001.
[61]
Municipal governments provide "jurisdiction services, facilities, or things that a local government considers necessary or desirable for all or part of its community".
[61]
Classifications of municipalities under the
Municipal Act
include
cities
and
towns
.
[61]
Whitehorse
is the capital of the Yukon and its only city. The remaining seven municipalities are towns, of which four were villages that were continued as towns upon adoption of the 2001
Municipal Act
.
[61]
The usage is somewhat confusing: according to the Municipal Act of 2001 villages are legally given the status of towns, but may call themselves villages in English. In French they are called villages, and the French word ville, which means town, is not used for them. Instead larger settlements are called ville and even bigger ones grande ville, apart from Dawson which is called a cite, and in English is also called a city.
Keno City
, though unincorporated, also bears city in its name.
History
[
edit
]
In the 19th century, the Yukon was a segment of
North-Western Territory
that was administered by the
Hudson's Bay Company
, and then of the Northwest Territories administered by the federal Canadian government. It only obtained a recognizable local government in 1895 when it became a separate
district of the Northwest Territories
.
[62]
In 1898, it was made a separate territory with its own commissioner and an appointed Territorial Council.
[63]
Prior to 1979, the territory was administered by the
commissioner
who was appointed by the federal
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development
. The commissioner had a role in appointing the territory's
Executive Council
, served as chair, and had a day-to-day role in governing the territory. The elected
Territorial Council
had a purely advisory role. In 1979, a significant degree of power was
devolved
from the commissioner and the federal government to the territorial legislature which, in that year, adopted a party system of
responsible government
. This change was accomplished through a letter from
Jake Epp
, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, rather than through formal legislation.
In preparation for
responsible government
, political parties were organized and ran candidates to the
Yukon Legislative Assembly
for the first time in 1978. The
Progressive Conservatives
won these elections and formed the first party government of the Yukon in January 1979. The
Yukon New Democratic Party
(NDP) formed the government from 1985 to 1992 under
Tony Penikett
and again from 1996 under
Piers McDonald
until being defeated in 2000. The conservatives returned to power in 1992 under
John Ostashek
after having renamed themselves the
Yukon Party
. The
Liberal
government of
Pat Duncan
was defeated in elections in November 2002, with
Dennis Fentie
of the Yukon Party forming the government as
premier
.
The
Yukon Act
, passed on April 1, 2003, formalized the powers of the Yukon Government and devolved additional powers to the territorial government (e.g., control over land and natural resources). At that time, other than criminal prosecutions, the Yukon Government received most of the same powers as provincial governments, and the other two territories are looking to obtaining the same powers.
[
citation needed
]
Federal representation
[
edit
]
At the federal level, the Yukon is represented in the
Parliament of Canada
by one member of Parliament (MP) and one
senator
. MPs from Canadian territories are full and equal voting representatives and residents of the territory enjoy the same rights as other Canadian citizens. One Yukon MP,
Erik Nielsen
, served as
Deputy Prime Minister
under
Brian Mulroney
, while another,
Audrey McLaughlin
, was the leader of the federal
New Democratic Party
(NDP) from 1989 to 1995.
First Nations
[
edit
]
A substantial minority of the territory's population is
First Nations
. An
umbrella land claim agreement
representing 7,432 members of fourteen different First Nations was signed with the federal government in 1993. Eleven of the fourteen Yukon First Nations have negotiated and signed comprehensive land claim and self-government agreements. The fourteen First Nations speak eight different languages.
The territory once had an
Inuit
settlement, located on
Herschel Island
off the
Arctic Ocean
coast. This settlement was dismantled in 1987 and its inhabitants relocated to the neighbouring Northwest Territories. As a result of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, the island is now a territorial park and is known officially as Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park, Qikiqtaruk being the name of the island in
Inuvialuktun
.
|
|
Transportation
[
edit
]
Before modern forms of transportation, the rivers and mountain passes were the main transportation routes for the coastal
Tlingit people
trading with the Athabascans of the
Chilkoot Pass
and
Dalton Trail
, as well as the first Europeans.
Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport
serves as the air transport infrastructure hub, with scheduled direct flights to
Vancouver
,
Victoria
,
Kelowna
, Calgary,
Edmonton
,
Yellowknife
,
Inuvik
, Ottawa,
Dawson City
,
Old Crow
,
Juneau
and
Frankfurt
[78]
(pre-COVID). Whitehorse International Airport is also the headquarters and primary hub for
Air North
, Yukon's Airline. Every Yukon community is served by an
airport or community aerodrome
.
[
citation needed
]
The communities of Dawson City and Old Crow have regularly scheduled service through
Air North
. Air charter businesses exist primarily to serve the tourism and mining exploration industries.
[
citation needed
]
Rail
[
edit
]
The railway ceased operation in the 1980s with the first closure of the
Faro
mine. It is now run during the summer months for the tourism season, with operations between
Carcross
and Skagway, Alaska.
[
citation needed
]
[79]
The
Alaska-Alberta Railway Development Corporation
(A2A) is planning to construct a new railway line that would cross the Yukon, connecting Watson Lake and possibly Carmacks but not Whitehorse.
Roads
[
edit
]
Today, major land routes include the
Alaska Highway
, the
Klondike Highway
(between Skagway and Dawson City), the
Haines Highway
(between
Haines, Alaska
, and
Haines Junction
), and the
Dempster Highway
(linking
Inuvik
, Northwest Territories to the Klondike Highway, and the only road access route to the
Arctic Ocean
in Canada), all paved except for the Dempster. Other highways with less traffic include the
Robert Campbell Highway
linking
Carmacks
(on the Klondike Highway) to
Watson Lake
(Alaska Highway) via Faro and
Ross River
, and the
Silver Trail
linking the old silver mining communities of
Mayo
,
Elsa
, and
Keno City
to the Klondike Highway at the Stewart River bridge. Air travel is the only way to reach the far-north community of Old Crow.
Waterways
[
edit
]
From the Gold Rush until the 1950s, riverboats plied the Yukon River, mostly between Whitehorse and Dawson City, with some making their way further to Alaska and over to the
Bering Sea
, and other tributaries of the Yukon River such as the
Stewart River
. Most of the riverboats were owned by the British-Yukon Navigation Company, an arm of the
White Pass and Yukon Route
, which also operated a
narrow-gauge railway
between
Skagway, Alaska
, and Whitehorse.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Yukon"
.
Geographical Names Data Base
.
Natural Resources Canada
.
- ^
"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 and 2011 censuses"
.
Statistics Canada
. February 9, 2022
. Retrieved
February 10,
2022
.
- ^
"Population estimates, quarterly"
.
Statistics Canada
. September 27, 2023.
Archived
from the original on September 28, 2023
. Retrieved
September 28,
2023
.
- ^
"The Legal Context of Canada's Official Languages"
. University of Ottawa. Archived from
the original
on December 21, 2016
. Retrieved
October 7,
2016
.
- ^
"Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory (2017)"
. Statistics Canada. September 22, 2019
. Retrieved
September 22,
2019
.
- ^
"Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab"
.
globaldatalab.org
. Retrieved
May 18,
2022
.
- ^
"Government of Yukon: Emblems and Symbols"
. Archived from
the original
on February 12, 2012.
- ^
a
b
"Yukon Act, SC 2002, c 7"
. CanLII
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (February 8, 2017).
"Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census"
.
www12.statcan.gc.ca
. Retrieved
February 8,
2017
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
"Table 8 Abbreviations and codes for provinces and territories, 2011 Census"
. Statistics Canada. December 30, 2015
. Retrieved
January 9,
2016
.
- ^
"Back to 'the' Yukon: The big return of a 3-letter word"
. CBC. August 10, 2021
. Retrieved
November 3,
2021
.
- ^
"Dear Sir, I have great pleasure in informing you that I have at length after much trouble and difficulties, succeed[ed] in reaching the 'Youcon', or white water River, so named by the (
Gwich'in
) natives from the pale colour of its water. ..., I have the honour to Remain Your ob
t
Serv
t
,
John Bell
"
Hudson's Bay Company
Correspondence to
George Simpson
from John Bell (August 1, 1845),
HBC Archives
, D.5/14, fos. 212-215d, also quoted in,
Coates, Kenneth S. & Morrison, William R. (1988).
Land of the Midnight Sun: A History of the Yukon
. Hurtig Publishers. p. 21.
ISBN
0-88830-331-9
. Retrieved
October 16,
2017
.
- ^
In Gwich'in, adjectives, such as
choo
[big] and
g???
[white], follow the nouns that they modify. Thus,
white water
is
ch?? g???
[water white].
White water river
is
ch?? g??? han
[water white river].
Peter, Katherine (1979).
Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Tr'iłts???: Gwich'in Junior Dictionary
(PDF)
. Univ. of Alaska. pp. ii (?, ?, ? are nasalized a, i, u), xii (adjectives follow nouns), 19 (
nitsii
or
choo
[big]), 88 (
ocean
=
ch?? choo
[water big]), 105 (
han
[river]), 142 (
ch??
[water]), 144 (
g???
[white])
. Retrieved
October 16,
2017
.
- ^
"Back to 'the' Yukon: The big return of a 3-letter word",
CBC News
, August 10, 2021.
- ^
"Boundary Facts"
. International Boundary Commission. Archived from
the original
on June 11, 2011
. Retrieved
October 18,
2011
.
Length of boundary by province ? Yukon- 1,210 km or 752 miles
- ^
Carl Duncan, "
The Dempster: Highway to the Arctic
Archived
May 4, 2009, at the
Wayback Machine
" accessed 2009.10.22.
- ^
"Life at Minus 80: The Men of Snag"
. The Weather Doctor
. Retrieved
December 19,
2014
.
- ^
a
b
"National Climate Data and Information Archive"
. Environment Canada. October 31, 2011
. Retrieved
December 19,
2014
.
- ^
"Whitehorse ? Geography and Climate"
.
www.yukoncommunities.yk.ca
. Archived from
the original
on October 6, 2019
. Retrieved
October 6,
2019
.
- ^
a
b
Services, Cultural. Archaeology Program. Department of Tourism and Culture. [Online] March 8, 2011. [Cited: April 7, 2012.]
[1]
- ^
"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 and 2011 censuses"
.
Statistics Canada
. February 2, 2017
. Retrieved
April 30,
2017
.
- ^
"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Yukon)"
. Statistics Canada. January 13, 2014
. Retrieved
January 15,
2014
.
- ^
"Population estimates, quarterly"
.
Statistics Canada
. June 27, 2018
. Retrieved
January 12,
2021
.
- ^
"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, 2011 National Household Survey"
(PDF)
. Statistics Canada
. Retrieved
July 20,
2015
.
- ^
"Aboriginal Peoples Highlight Tables"
.
2016 Census
. Statistics Canada. 2019
. Retrieved
July 16,
2019
.
- ^
"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables"
.
2016 Census
. Statistics Canada. 2019
. Retrieved
July 16,
2019
.
- ^
Statistics Canada
(October 25, 2017).
"Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Yukon, 2016 Census ? 25% Sample data"
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Focus on Geography Series, 2011 Census, Yukon"
. Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012
. Retrieved
July 20,
2015
.
- ^
"Language Act, Statues of the Yukon (2002)"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
"Council of Yukon First Nations-Our Nations"
. July 14, 2002. Archived from
the original
on July 14, 2002.
- ^
"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Yukon"
.
Statistics Canada
. February 9, 2022
. Retrieved
November 20,
2022
.
- ^
"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Yukon"
.
Statistics Canada
. February 9, 2022
. Retrieved
November 20,
2022
.
- ^
"Archived ? Public sector employment, wages and salaries, seasonally unadjusted and adjusted"
.
Statistics Canada
. August 2012
. Retrieved
September 23,
2019
.
- ^
"Labour force characteristics by province, territory and economic region, annual (x 1,000)"
.
Statistics Canada
. January 28, 2015
. Retrieved
September 23,
2019
.
- ^
gov.yk.ca: "Business Corporations Act"
Archived
October 16, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
, May 1, 2015
- ^
gov.yk.ca: "O.I.C. 2015/06 Business Corporations Act"
Archived
October 9, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
, May 1, 2015
- ^
gov.yk.ca: "O.I.C. 2015/07 Societies Act"
Archived
October 9, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
, May 1, 2015
- ^
cbc.ca: "Go north, not west: Yukon lures businesses with new company rules"
, May 1, 2015
- ^
a
b
theglobeandmail.com: "Yukon's move to draw corporations worries shareholders coalition"
, June 18, 2015
- ^
a
b
deallawwire.com: "Changes of note to the Yukon Business Corporations Act"
Archived
September 23, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
, June 2, 2015
- ^
Travel Yukon
Archived
October 12, 2008, at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"Territorial Parks"
. Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca. Archived from
the original
on February 12, 2008
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
"Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park"
. Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca. Archived from
the original
on March 13, 2011
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
"Tombstone Territorial Park"
. Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca. Archived from
the original
on March 15, 2011
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
"Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park"
. Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca. Archived from
the original
on December 18, 2010
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
"Coal River Springs Territorial Park"
. Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca. Archived from
the original
on March 13, 2012
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
"Yukon First Nation Tourist Association"
. Yfnta.org. Archived from
the original
on May 24, 2011
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
"Dawson Music Festival"
. Dcmf.com
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
"Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre"
. Beringia.com
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
"Northern Lights Centre"
. Northernlightscentre.ca. Archived from
the original
on February 3, 2011
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
"Whitehorse fish ladder"
. Yukonenergy.ca. February 1, 2011. Archived from
the original
on September 3, 2010
. Retrieved
February 22,
2011
.
- ^
Yukon Territory History and Culture
Archived
September 7, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine
, Pinnacle Travel
- ^
Hocking, Anthony (1979).
The Yukon and Northwest Territories
. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. p. 29.
ISBN
978-0-07-082694-6
.
- ^
"About"
.
commissionerofyukon.ca
. April 12, 2022
. Retrieved
June 9,
2022
.
- ^
Silva, Steve (April 19, 2021).
"Yukon NDP win final riding by rare drawing of lots, maintaining Liberal, Yukon Party tie in assembly"
.
- ^
"Yukon Liberals, NDP strike agreement to govern after election tie"
.
CTVNews
. April 28, 2021
. Retrieved
April 29,
2021
.
- ^
"Interim List of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status, and Names: From January 2, 2012 to January 1, 2013"
(PDF)
(
PDF
). Statistics Canada. pp. 6?7
. Retrieved
August 19,
2014
.
- ^
a
b
"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses ? 100% data (Yukon)"
.
Statistics Canada
. February 8, 2017
. Retrieved
February 11,
2017
.
- ^
"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 and 2011 censuses ? 100% data"
.
Statistics Canada
. February 6, 2017
. Retrieved
February 11,
2017
.
- ^
"Yukon Communities"
. Yukon Government: Department of Community Services. November 7, 2013. Archived from
the original
on January 16, 2014
. Retrieved
January 15,
2014
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Municipal Act"
(PDF)
. Government of Yukon. 2002
. Retrieved
January 6,
2014
.
- ^
Coates and Morrison, p.74
- ^
Coates and Morrison, p.103
- ^
"Executive Council"
. Ctfn.ca. Archived from
the original
on March 7, 2018
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Dan natthe da?tth?i (Chief and Council)"
. Champagne and Aishihik First Nations. Archived from
the original
on October 19, 2016
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Governance and Administration"
. First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun. October 20, 2016. Archived from
the original
on October 18, 2016
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Chief and Council"
. Kluane First Nation. Archived from
the original
on October 24, 2016
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Doris Bill elected Kwanlin Dun chief"
. CBC News. March 20, 2014
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Liard First Nation"
. Kaska Dena Council. Archived from
the original
on September 14, 2016
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Chief & Council"
. Little Salmon Carmacks First Nation. Archived from
the original
on January 12, 2017
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Dylan Loblaw elected chief of Ross River Dena Council"
. CBC News. March 15, 2022
. Retrieved
August 2,
2022
.
- ^
Selkirk First Nation.
"The Council"
. Selkirk First Nation
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Chief and Council"
. Government of the Ta'an Kwach'an Council. Archived from
the original
on November 11, 2016
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Richard Sidney elected chief of Teslin Tlingit Council"
. CBC News. July 15, 2016
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Roberta Joseph new chief of Dawson's Tr'ondek Hwech'in"
. CBC News. October 10, 2014
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Humbled Beyond Words Dana Tizya-Tramm becomes Chief of Vuntut Gwitchin"
. CBC News. January 11, 2019
. Retrieved
January 25,
2021
.
- ^
"Chief & Council"
. White River First Nation. Archived from
the original
on February 2, 2017
. Retrieved
October 31,
2016
.
- ^
"Timetable, Summer 2017"
(PDF)
.
Condor Airlines
. August 6, 2017. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on August 7, 2017
. Retrieved
August 6,
2017
.
- ^
"THE WHITE PASS AND YUKON ROUTE AVALANCHE PROGRAM, FORECASTING AND RISK MANAGEMENT FOR A HISTORICAL RAILROAD"
(PDF)
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Coates, Kenneth (1985),
Canada's colonies: a history of the Yukon and Northwest Territories
, Lorimer,
ISBN
0-88862-931-1
- Coates, Ken S. & Morrison, William R. (1988),
Land of the Midnight Sun: A History of the Yukon
, Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers,
ISBN
0-88830-331-9
- Cody, William J (2000),
Flora of the Yukon Territory
, National Research Press,
ISBN
0-660-18110-X
- Hart, Ann (2000),
Alaska and the Yukon
, JPM Publications,
ISBN
2-88452-051-1
- Laguna, Frederica De (2000),
Travels among the Dena : exploring Alaska's Yukon Valley
, Univ. of Washington Press,
ISBN
0-295-97902-X
- O'Reilly, Shauna; O'Reilly, Brennan (2009),
Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition
, Arcadia Pub,
ISBN
978-0-7385-7132-4
- Webb, Melody (1993),
Yukon: The Last Frontier
, University of British Columbia Press,
ISBN
0-7748-0441-6
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
Provinces
| |
---|
Territories
| |
---|
Historical
| |
---|
Related
| |
---|
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Geographic
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|