1961 Japanese film by Akira Kurosawa
Yojimbo
|
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Theatrical release poster
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Kanji
| 用心棒
|
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Literal meaning
| Bodyguard
|
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|
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Directed by
| Akira Kurosawa
|
---|
Screenplay by
| |
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Story by
| Akira Kurosawa
|
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Produced by
| |
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Starring
| |
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Cinematography
| Kazuo Miyagawa
|
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Edited by
| Akira Kurosawa
|
---|
Music by
| Masaru Sato
|
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Production
companies
| |
---|
Distributed by
| Toho
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Release date
|
- 25 April 1961
(
1961-04-25
)
(Japan)
|
---|
Running time
| 110 minutes
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Country
| Japan
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Language
| Japanese
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Budget
| ¥90.87 million
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Box office
| $2.5 million (
est.
)
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Yojimbo
(
Japanese
:
用心棒
,
Hepburn
:
Y?jinb?
,
lit.
'
Bodyguard
'
)
is a 1961 Japanese
samurai film
directed by
Akira Kurosawa
, who also co-wrote the screenplay and was one of the producers. The film stars
Toshiro Mifune
,
Tatsuya Nakadai
,
Yoko Tsukasa
,
Isuzu Yamada
,
Daisuke Kat?
,
Takashi Shimura
,
Kamatari Fujiwara
, and
Atsushi Watanabe
. In the film, a
r?nin
arrives in a small town where competing crime lords fight for supremacy. The two bosses each try to hire the newcomer as a bodyguard.
Based on the success of
Yojimbo
, Kurosawa's next film,
Sanjuro
(1962), was altered to incorporate the lead character of this film.
[3]
[4]
In both films, the character wears a rather dilapidated dark kimono bearing the same family
mon
.
[a]
The film was released and produced by
Toho
on April 25, 1961.
Yojimbo
received highly positive reviews, and, over the years, became widely regarded as one of the best films by Kurosawa and one of the greatest films ever made. The film grossed an estimated $2.5 million worldwide with a budget of ¥90.87 million. It was unofficially remade by
Sergio Leone
as the
Spaghetti Western
film
A Fistful of Dollars
(1964),
[5]
leading to a lawsuit by Toho.
Plot
[
edit
]
In 1860, during the
final years
of the
Edo period
,
[b]
a
r?nin
wanders through a desolate countryside. Coming to a fork in the road, he chooses which path to take at random.
Stopping at a farmhouse for water, the r?nin overhears an elderly couple lamenting that their only son has run off to join the "gamblers" in a nearby town, which is overrun with criminals and contested by two rival
yakuza
gangs.
In the town, the r?nin stops at a small
izakaya
(tavern). The owner Gonji advises him to leave. Gonji tells the r?nin that the two warring bosses, Ushitora and Seibei, are fighting over the lucrative gambling trade run by Seibei. Ushitora had been Seibei's right-hand man until Seibei decided that his successor would be his son Yoichiro, a useless youth. The town's mayor, a silk merchant named Tazaemon, had long been in Seibei's pocket, so Ushitora aligned himself with the local
sake
brewer, Tokuemon, proclaiming him the new mayor.
After sizing up the situation and recognizing that no one in town cares about ending the violence, the stranger says he intends to stay, as the town would be better off with both sides dead. He convinces the weaker Seibei to hire his services by effortlessly killing three of Ushitora's men. When asked his name, he sees a
mulberry field
and states his name is Kuwabatake ("mulberry field") Sanjuro ("thirty-years-old") (
桑畑三十?
).
[c]
Seibei decides that with the ronin's help, it is time to deal with Ushitora. Sanjuro eavesdrops on Seibei's wife, who orders Yoichiro to prove himself by killing the ronin after the upcoming raid, saving them from having to pay him. Sanjuro leads the attack on Ushitora's faction, but then "resigns" over Seibei's treachery, expecting both sides to massacre each other. His plan is foiled due to the unexpected arrival of a
bugy?
(a government official), which prompts both Seibei and Ushitora to make a bloodless retreat.
The
bugy?
leaves soon after to investigate the assassination of a fellow official in another town. Overhearing the assassins discussing the hit in Gonji's tavern, Sanjuro later captures them and sells them to Seibei. Then he comes to Ushitora and tells him Seibei's men caught the assassins. Alarmed, Ushitora generously rewards Sanjuro for his "help," and kidnaps Yoichiro to exchange for the two assassins. At the swap, Ushitora's brother Unosuke kills the assassins with a pistol.
Anticipating this, Seibei reveals he had ordered the kidnapping of Tokuemon’s mistress. The next morning, she is exchanged for Yoichiro. Sanjuro learns that the mistress, Nui, is a local farmer's wife. After he sold her to Ushitora to settle a gambling debt, Ushitora gave her to Tokuemon as
chattel
to gain his support. After tricking Ushitora into revealing where Nui is held, Sanjuro kills the guards and reunites the woman with her husband and son, ordering them to leave town immediately. He comes to Ushitora and informs him that Seibei is responsible for killing his men.
The gang war escalates, with Ushitora burning down Tazaemon's silk warehouse and Seibei retaliating by trashing Tokuemon's brewery. After some time, Unosuke becomes suspicious of Sanjuro and the circumstances surrounding Nui's escape, eventually uncovering evidence of the ronin's betrayal. Sanjuro is severely beaten and imprisoned by Ushitora's thugs, who torture him to find out Nui's whereabouts.
When Ushitora decides to eliminate Seibei once and for all, Sanjuro escapes. Smuggled out of town in a coffin by Gonji, Sanjuro witnesses the brutal end of Seibei and his family. Sanjuro recuperates in a small temple near a cemetery.
Upon learning Gonji has been captured by Ushitora, he returns to town. In a final confrontation with Ushitora, Unosuke, and their gang, Sanjuro dispatches them. He spares a terrified young man (the son of the elderly couple from the opening of the film) and sends him back to his parents. As Sanjuro surveys the damage, a now insane Tazaemon comes out of his home in a samurai outfit and stabs Tokuemon to death. Sanjuro frees Gonji, proclaims that the town will be quiet from then on, and departs.
Cast
[
edit
]
- Toshiro Mifune
as "Kuwabatake Sanjuro"
(
桑畑 三十?
)
, a wandering ronin and master swordsman drawn into a gang war.
- Eijir? T?no
as Gonji
(
?爺
)
, the
izakaya
(tavern) owner and the ronin's ally and confidant.
- Tatsuya Nakadai
as Unosuke
(
卯之助
)
, a gun-toting gangster and younger brother to both Ushitora and Inokichi.
- Seizaburo Kawazu as Seibei
(
?兵衛
)
, the original boss of the town's underworld. He operates out of a brothel.
- Ky? Sazanka
as Ushitora
(
丑寅
)
, the other gang leader in town. He was originally Seibei's lieutenant but broke ranks to start his own syndicate in a succession dispute.
- Isuzu Yamada
as Orin
(
おりん
)
, the wife of Seibei and the brains behind her husband's criminal operations.
- Daisuke Kat?
as Inokichi
(
亥之吉
)
, younger brother of Ushitora and older brother to Unosuke. He is a strong fighter, but is very dim-witted and easily fooled.
- Takashi Shimura
as Tokuemon
(
?右衛門
)
, a sake brewer who claims to be the new mayor.
- Hiroshi Tachikawa as Yoichiro
(
??一?
)
, the timid son of Seibei and Orin who shows little inclination to take over his father's gang.
- Yosuke Natsuki
as Farmer's Son, a young man seen running away from home at the beginning of the film who joins Ushitora's gang.
- Kamatari Fujiwara
as Tazaemon
(
多左衛門
)
, the town mayor and silk merchant who is going insane from fear.
- Ikio Sawamura as Hansuke
(
半助
)
, the town constable who is completely corrupt and concerned only with keeping himself alive.
- Atsushi Watanabe
as the town's coffin maker, who is profiting heavily from the gang war but ultimately chooses to help Sanjuro and Gonji put an end to it.
- Susumu Fujita
as Honma
(
本間
)
, Seibei's "master swordsman" who deserts his employer before a battle with Ushitora's men, allowing Sanjuro to take his place.
- Sachio Sakai
as
Ashigaru
- Yoko Tsukasa
as Nui
(
ぬい
)
, the wife of Kohei. She was taken prisoner by Tokuemon because of her beauty after her husband could not pay back his gambling debts.
- Yoshio Tsuchiya
as Kohei
(
小平
)
, the husband of Nui who lost all of his money gambling and frequently gets beaten for trying to visit his wife.
- Taku Iyaku
[
ja
]
as Kannuki
(
かんぬき
)
, Ushitora's
acromegalic
enforcer.
Production
[
edit
]
Writing
[
edit
]
Kurosawa stated that a major source for the plot was the 1942
film noir
classic
The Glass Key
, an adaptation of
Dashiell Hammett
's 1931
novel of the same name
. It has been noted that the overall plot of
Yojimbo
is closer to that of another Hammett novel,
Red Harvest
(1929).
[6]
Kurosawa scholar David Desser, and film critic
Manny Farber
claim that
Red Harvest
was the inspiration for the film; however,
Donald Richie
and other scholars believe the similarities are coincidental.
[7]
When asked his name, the samurai calls himself "Kuwabatake Sanjuro", which he seems to make up while looking at a
mulberry
field by the town. Thus, the character can be viewed as an early example of the "
Man with No Name
" (other examples of which appear in a number of earlier novels, including
Dashiell Hammett
's
Red Harvest
).
[8]
Casting
[
edit
]
Many of the actors in
Yojimbo
worked with Kurosawa before and after, especially
Toshiro Mifune
,
Takashi Shimura
and
Tatsuya Nakadai
.
[9]
Filming
[
edit
]
After Kurosawa scolded Mifune for arriving late to the set one morning; Mifune made it a point to be ready on set at 6:00 AM every day in full makeup and costume for the rest of the film's shooting schedule.
[10]
This was the second film where director Akira Kurosawa worked with cinematographer
Kazuo Miyagawa
(the first being
Rashomon
in 1950).
[11]
The sword instruction and choreography for the film were done by
Yoshio Sugino
of the
Tenshin Sh?den Katori Shint?-ry?
and Ry? Kuze.
[12]
Music
[
edit
]
The soundtrack for the film has received positive reviews.
Michael Wood
writing retrospectively for the
London Review of Books
found the film's soundtrack by
Masaru Sato
as effective in its 'jaunty and jangling' approach stating:
[13]
The film is full of music, for instance, a loud, witty soundtrack by Masaru Sato, who said his main influence was Henry Mancini. It doesn’t sound like
Breakfast at Tiffany’s
, though, or
Days of Wine and Roses
. The blaring Latin sound of
Touch of Evil
comes closer, but actually you wouldn’t think of Mancini if you hadn’t been told. Sato’s effect has lots of drums, mixes traditional Japanese flutes and other instruments with American big band noises, and feels jaunty and jangling throughout, discreetly off, as if half the band was playing in the wrong key. It’s distracting at first, then you realise it’s not decoration, it’s commentary. It’s a companion to
Sanjuro
, the sound of his mind, discordant and undefeated and unserious, even when he’s grubby and silent and apparently solemn.
[13]
Release
[
edit
]
Yojimbo
was released in Japan on 25 April 1961.
The film was released by Seneca International in both a subtitled and dubbed format in the United States in September 1961.
Box office
[
edit
]
Yojimbo
was
Japan's fourth highest-grossing film
of 1961, earning a
distribution rental
income of
¥
351 million
.
This was equivalent to estimated
box office
gross receipts of approximately
¥659 million
[15]
(
$
1.83 million
).
[16]
Overseas, the film had a September 1961 release in
North America
, but the box office income of this release is currently unknown.
[17]
At the 2002 Kurosawa & Mifune Festival in the United States, the film grossed $561,692.
[18]
In South Korea, a 2012 re-release grossed
\
1.566 million
[19]
(
$1,390
).
In Europe, a January 1991 limited French re-release sold 14,178 tickets,
[20]
equivalent to an estimated gross revenue of approximately
€
63,801
[21]
($87,934).
[22]
Other limited European re-releases sold 3,392 tickets between 2000 and 2018,
[23]
equivalent to an estimated gross revenue of at least
€
18,995
[21]
(
$27,938
). This adds up to an estimated
$678,950
grossed overseas, and an estimated
$2,508,950
grossed worldwide.
Adjusted for ticket price inflation, at 2012 Japanese ticket prices, its Japanese gross receipts are equivalent to an estimated
¥9.75 billion
[15]
(
$122 million
), or
$162 million
adjusted for inflation
in 2023. The overseas gross revenue of North American and European re-releases since 1991 are equivalent to approximately
$1.5 million
adjusted for inflation, adding up to an estimated inflation-adjusted total gross of over
$137 million
worldwide.
Critical response
[
edit
]
Yojimbo
was nominated for the
Academy Award for Best Costume Design
at the
34th Academy Awards
. Toshiro Mifune won the
Volpi Cup for Best Actor
at the
22nd Venice Film Festival
.
A 1968 screening in the planned community of
Columbia, Maryland
was considered too violent for viewers, causing the hosts to hide in the bathroom to avoid the audience.
[24]
In a retrospective look at the film
Michael Wood
writing for the
London Review of Books
found the film to span several genres and compared it to other western and samurai films from the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, such as
Seven Samurai
,
A Fistful of Dollars
,
High Noon
,
The Outlaw Josey Wales
, and
Rashomon
, stating, "(The film contains) comedy, satire, folk tale, action movie, Western, samurai film, and something like a musical without songs. As everyone says, this work is not as deep as
Rashomon
or as immediately memorable as
Seven Samurai.
But it is funnier than any Western from either side of the world, and its only competition, in a bleaker mode, would be Clint Eastwood’s
The Outlaw Josey Wales
(1976)."
[13]
In 2009 the film was voted at No. 23 on the list of
The Greatest Japanese Films of All Time
by Japanese film magazine
Kinema Junpo
.
[25]
Yojimbo
was also ranked at #95 in
Empire
magazine's list of the
500 Greatest Films of All Time
.
[26]
Sequel
[
edit
]
In 1962, Kurosawa directed
Sanjuro
, originally intended to be a straight adaption of
Sh?gor? Yamamoto
's short story
Hibi Heian
(
日日平安
, lit. "Peaceful Days")
, but was reworked to include Mifune and his character following the success of
Yojimbo
.
[3]
In both films, he takes his surname from the plants he happens to be looking at when asked his name: in
Yojimbo
it is the mulberry trees that feed the town's silkworms, and in
Sanjuro
it is camellia bushes used to make tea.
Legacy
[
edit
]
Both in Japan and in the West,
Yojimbo
has had an influence on various forms of entertainment, starting with a
remake
as
A Fistful of Dollars
(1964), a
Spaghetti Western
directed by
Sergio Leone
and starring
Clint Eastwood
in his first appearance as the
Man with No Name
.
That film was followed by two prequels. The three films are collectively known as the
Dollars Trilogy
. Leone and his production company failed to secure the remake rights to Kurosawa's film, resulting in a lawsuit that delayed
Fistful
'
s release in North America for three years. It was settled out of court for an undisclosed agreement before the U.S. release.
In
Yojimbo
, the
protagonist
defeats a man who carries a gun, while he carries only a knife and a sword; in the equivalent scene in
A Fistful of Dollars
, Eastwood's
pistol
-wielding character survives being shot by a
rifle
by hiding an iron plate under his clothes to serve as a shield against bullets.
[
citation needed
]
A second, looser Spaghetti Western adaptation,
Django
(1966), was directed by
Sergio Corbucci
and featured
Franco Nero
in
the title role
. Known for its high level (at the time of its release) of graphic violence, the film's character and title were referenced in two official films (a sequel and prequel) and over thirty unofficial ones.
[30]
[31]
[32]
The film
Zatoichi Meets Yojimbo
(1970) features Mifune as a somewhat similar character. It is the twentieth of a series of movies featuring the blind swordsman
Zatoichi
. Although Mifune is clearly not playing the same "Yojimbo"
[33]
as he did in the two Kurosawa films (his name is Sasa Daisaku
佐?大作
, and his personality and background are different in many key respects), the movie's title and some of its content do intend to suggest the image of the two iconic
jidaigeki
characters confronting each other.
[
citation needed
]
Incident at Blood Pass
(1970), made the same year, stars Mifune as a ronin who looks and acts even more similarly to Sanjuro and is referred to simply as "Yojimbo"
[33]
throughout the film, but whose name is actually Shinogi T?zabur?.
[34]
As was the case with
Sanjuro
, this character's surname of
Shinogi
(
鎬
) is not an actual proper family name, but rather a term that means "ridges on a blade".
[
citation needed
]
Mifune's character became the model for
John Belushi
's
Samurai Futaba
character on
Saturday Night Live
.
[35]
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope
(1977) pays narrative and visual homage to
Yojimbo
during
the cantina scene
early in the film. When
Luke Skywalker
approaches the bar, he is accosted by
Ponda Baba
and
Doctor Evazan
, who like the gamblers confronting Sanjuro inform him of serious criminal penalties they have received elsewhere (death sentences in 12 jurisdictions) to intimidate him.
Obi-Wan Kenobi
intervenes just as they threaten Luke's life, and after he briefly wields his
lightsaber
the camera likewise shows a severed forearm on the floor to demonstrate the character's prowess with the weapon.
[36]
Similarly,
Star Wars: The Last Jedi
(2017) was also heavily influenced by
Yojimbo
. In the film's third act,
Luke Skywalker
's attire is visually reminiscent to that of Sanjuro's, both characters are also framed in
Wide shot
and are portrayed as
lone heroes
with both having to deal with a larger threat by themselves, Sanjuro confronts Ushitora, Unosuke, and their gang while Luke confronts the entire
First Order
. During his showdown with
Kylo Ren
, Luke's last line is "See you around, kid", which recalls Sanjuro's last line, "Aba yo", meaning "See you around".
[37]
The Warrior and the Sorceress
(1984) is another retelling of the story, this one in a fantasy world.
[38]
Last Man Standing
(1996) is a
Prohibition
-era
action film
directed by
Walter Hill
and starring
Bruce Willis
. It is an official remake of
Yojimbo
with both Kikushima and Kurosawa specifically listed in this movie's credits as having provided the original story.
[39]
At the closing of Episode XXIII (S02E10) of the animated series
Samurai Jack
(2002; S02), a triumphant Jack walks off alone in a scene (and accompanied by music) influenced by the closing scene and music of
Yojimbo
. In Episode XXVI (S02E13), Jack confronts a gang who destroyed his sandals, using Clint Eastwood's lines from
A Fistful of Dollars
, but substituting "footwear" for "mule". The influence of
Yojimbo
in particular (and Kurosawa films in general) on the animated series has been noted by Matthew Millheiser at DVDtalk.
[40]
References
[
edit
]
- Notes
- ^
The mon Mifune's character wears in both films is the
Maruni Kenkatabami
(
丸に?片?
), which is the mon of director
Akira Kurosawa
.
- ^
On screen text at about 00:02:15
- ^
三十? Sanjuro is a proper given name (and therefore could very well be the r?nin's true name), but it can also be interpreted as meaning "thirty-years-old".
- ^
a
b
Richie, Donald
.
The films of Akira Kurosawa
. p. 156.
- ^
Yoshinari Okamoto (director) (2002).
Kurosawa Akira: Tsukuru to iu koto wa subarashii
[
Akira Kurosawa: It is Wonderful to Create
] (in Japanese).
- ^
"Yojimbo, A Fistful of Dollars and the curious case of Kurosawa vs Leone"
.
Firstpost
. 2017-12-18
. Retrieved
2020-07-17
.
- ^
Desser, David (1983). "Towards a Structural Analysis of the Postwar Samurai Film".
Quarterly Review of Film Studies
(Print).
8
(1). Redgrave Publishing Company: 33.
doi
:
10.1080/10509208309361143
.
ISSN
0146-0013
.
- ^
Barra, Allen (2005).
"From Red Harvest to Deadwood"
.
Salon
. Archived from
the original
on 2008-12-05
. Retrieved
2006-06-22
.
- ^
Dashiell Hammett (1992).
Red Harvest
. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
ISBN
0-679-72261-0
.
- ^
"Kurosawa's Actors"
.
kurosawamovies.com
. Retrieved
18 November
2016
.
- ^
Peary, Gerald
(June 6, 1986).
"Toshiro Mifune"
. The Globe and Mail
. Retrieved
2013-04-30
.
One day Kurosawa said, 'I won't mention names, but the actors are late.' I said. 'What are you talking about? I'm the actor.' Every day after that, when Kurosawa arrived, I would be there already, in costume and makeup from 6 a.m. I showed him.
- ^
Bergan, Ronald (20 August 1999).
"Kazuo Miyagawa The innovative Japanese cinematographer whose reputation was made by Rashomon"
.
theguardian.com
. Retrieved
18 November
2016
.
- ^
Li, Christopher (18 April 2015).
"Interview with Yoshio Sugino of Katori Shinto-ryu, 1961"
.
aikidosangenkai.org
. Retrieved
18 November
2016
.
- ^
a
b
c
London Review of Books, Vol. 29 No. 4 · 22 February 2007, page 17, At the Movies, Michael Wood,
Yojimbo
directed by Akira Kurosawa.
- ^
a
b
"Statistics of Film Industry in Japan"
.
Eiren
. Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan
. Retrieved
20 June
2020
.
- ^
"Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) - Japan"
.
World Bank
. 1961
. Retrieved
20 June
2020
.
- ^
"Yojimbo"
.
Box Office Mojo
. Retrieved
20 June
2020
.
- ^
"Kurosawa & Mifune Festival"
.
Box Office Mojo
. Retrieved
20 June
2020
.
- ^
"映畫情報"
[Movie Information].
KOFIC
(in Korean).
Korean Film Council
. Retrieved
26 August
2019
.
- ^
"Yojimbo (1961)"
.
JP's Box-Office
(in French)
. Retrieved
20 June
2020
.
- ^
a
b
"Cinema market"
.
Cinema, TV and radio in the EU: Statistics on audiovisual services (Data 1980-2002)
(2003 ed.).
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
. 2003. pp. 31?64 (61).
ISBN
92-894-5709-0
.
ISSN
1725-4515
. Retrieved
23 May
2020
.
- ^
"Historical currency converter with official exchange rates (EUR)"
. 31 January 1991
. Retrieved
23 May
2020
.
- ^
"Film #16103: Yojimbo"
.
Lumiere
.
European Audiovisual Observatory
. Retrieved
20 June
2020
.
- ^
Joseph Rocco Mitchell, David L. Stebenne.
New City Upon a Hill
. p. 116.
- ^
"Greatest Japanese films by magazine Kinema Junpo (2009 version)"
. Archived from
the original
on July 11, 2012
. Retrieved
2011-12-26
.
- ^
"The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time"
.
Empire
. Bauer Media Group.
Archived
from the original on 2011-08-14
. Retrieved
August 17,
2011
.
- ^
Marco Giusti,
Dizionario del western all'italiana
, 1st ed. Milan, Mondadori, August 2007.
ISBN
978-88-04-57277-0
.
- ^
Django (Django: The One and Only)
(DVD). Los Angeles, California:
Blue Underground
. 1966.
- ^
Cox, Alex
(2009-09-01).
10,000 Ways to Die: A Director's Take on the Spaghetti Western
. Oldcastle Books.
ISBN
978-1842433041
.
- ^
a
b
"archive.animeigo.com liner notes"
. Retrieved
2018-08-18
.
- ^
"待ち伏せ"
.
Eiga.com
(in Japanese).
Kakaku.com
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-09-09
. Retrieved
2018-08-17
.
- ^
Barra, Allen (2010-08-17).
"That Nameless Stranger, Half a Century Later"
.
Wall Street Journal
. Retrieved
2012-01-10
.
- ^
"Star Wars Episodes IV-VI: Influences"
.
Spark Notes
. Retrieved
2022-04-26
.
- ^
"HOW AKIRA KUROSAWA INSPIRED STAR WARS & THE LAST JEDI 40 YEARS APART"
. 2018-01-25
. Retrieved
2022-07-28
.
- ^
DVD Talk - Roger Corman's Cult Classics Double Feature: The Warrior and the Sorceress/Barbarian Queen
- ^
"A Comparison of 'Yojimbo', 'A Fistful of Dollars' and 'Last Man Standing'
"
. 30 September 2003
. Retrieved
2018-08-19
.
- ^
"Samurai Jack: Season 1 : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video"
. Dvdtalk.com
. Retrieved
2014-04-08
.
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