Immense tree in Norse cosmology
Yggdrasil
(from
Old Norse
Yggdrasill
) is an immense and central
sacred tree
in
Norse cosmology
. Around it exists all else, including the
Nine Worlds
.
[1]
Yggdrasil is attested in the
Poetic Edda
compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and in the
Prose Edda
compiled in the 13th century by
Snorri Sturluson
. In both sources, Yggdrasil is an immense
ash tree
that is central to the cosmos and considered very holy. The
gods
go to Yggdrasil daily to assemble at their
traditional governing assemblies
. The branches of Yggdrasil extend far into the heavens, and the tree is supported by three roots that extend far away into other locations; one to the well
Urðarbrunnr
in the heavens, one to the spring
Hvergelmir
, and another to the well
Mimisbrunnr
. Creatures live within Yggdrasil, including the dragon
Niðhoggr
, an
unnamed eagle
, and the stags
Dainn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþror
.
Scholars generally consider
Hoddmimis holt
,
Mimameiðr
, and
Læraðr
to be other names for the tree. The tree is an example of
sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology
, and scholars in the field of
Germanic philology
have long discussed its implications.
Etymology
[
edit
]
The generally accepted meaning of Old Norse
Yggdrasill
is "Odin's horse", meaning "
gallows
". This interpretation comes about because
drasill
means "horse" and
Ygg(r)
is one of
Odin's many names
. The
Poetic Edda
poem
Havamal
describes how Odin sacrificed himself by hanging from a tree, making this tree Odin's gallows. This tree may have been Yggdrasil. "The horse of the hanged" is a
kenning
for gallows and therefore Odin's gallows may have developed into the expression "Odin's horse", which then became the name of the tree.
Nevertheless, scholarly opinions regarding the precise meaning of the name
Yggdrasill
vary, particularly on the issue of whether
Yggdrasill
is the name of the tree itself or if only the full term
askr Yggdrasil
(where Old Norse
askr
means "ash tree") refers specifically to the tree. According to this interpretation,
askr Yggdrasils
would mean the
world tree
upon which "the horse [Odin's horse] of the highest god [Odin] is bound". Both of these etymologies rely on a presumed but unattested
*Yggsdrasill
.
A third interpretation, presented by F. Detter, is that the name
Yggdrasill
refers to the word
yggr
("terror"), yet not in reference to the Odinic name, and so
Yggdrasill
would then mean "tree of terror, gallows". F. R. Schroder has proposed a fourth etymology according to which
yggdrasill
means "yew pillar", deriving
yggia
from
*igwja
(meaning "
yew-tree
"), and
drasill
from
*dher-
(meaning "support").
Attestations
[
edit
]
Poetic Edda
[
edit
]
In the
Poetic Edda
, the tree is mentioned in the three poems
Voluspa
,
Havamal
and
Grimnismal
.
Voluspa
[
edit
]
In the second stanza of the
Poetic Edda
poem
Voluspa
, the
volva
(a shamanic seeress) reciting the poem to the god Odin says that she remembers far back to "early times", being raised by
jotnar
, recalls
nine worlds
and nine
idiðiur
(rendered in a variety of ways by translators?Dronke, for example, provides "nine wood-ogresses"), and when Yggdrasil was a seed ("glorious tree of good measure, under the ground").
In stanza 19, the volva says:
An ash I know there stands,
Yggdrasill is its name,
a tall tree, showered
with shining
loam
.
From there come the dews
that drop in the valleys.
It stands forever green over
Urðr's well
.
In stanza 20, the volva says that from the lake under the tree come three "maidens deep in knowledge" named
Urðr
,
Verðandi
, and
Skuld
. The maidens "incised the slip of wood", "laid down laws" and "chose lives" for the children of mankind and the destinies (
ørl?g
) of men.
In stanza 27, the volva details that she is aware that "
Heimdallr
's hearing is couched beneath the bright-nurtured holy tree."
In stanza 45, Yggdrasil receives a final mention in the poem. The volva describes, as a part of the onset of Ragnarok, that Heimdallr blows
Gjallarhorn
, that Odin speaks with
Mimir
's head, and then:
Yggdrasill shivers,
the ash, as it stands.
The old tree groans,
and the giant slips free.
Havamal
[
edit
]
In stanza 138 of the poem
Havamal
, Odin describes how he once sacrificed himself to himself by hanging on a tree. The stanza reads:
I know that I hung on a windy tree
nine
long nights,
wounded with a spear, dedicated to Odin,
myself to myself,
on that tree of which no man knows
from where its roots run.
In the stanza that follows, Odin describes how he had no food nor drink there, that he peered downward, and that "I took up the
runes
, screaming I took them, then I fell back from there."
Odin later used "the knowledge of the sacred runes" as a magical tool to give to mankind to increase humans' skill in magic and poetry.
[9]
While Yggdrasil is not mentioned by name in the poem and other trees exist in Norse mythology, the tree is near universally accepted as Yggdrasil by scholars, and if the tree is Yggdrasil, then the name
Yggdrasil
directly relates to this story.
Grimnismal
[
edit
]
In the poem
Grimnismal
, Odin (disguised as
Grimnir
) provides the young
Agnar
with cosmological lore. Yggdrasil is first mentioned in the poem in stanza 29, where Odin says that, because the "
bridge of the Æsir
burns" and the "
sacred waters
boil,"
Thor
must wade through the rivers
Kormt and Ormt
and two rivers named
Kerlaugar
to go "sit as judge at the ash of Yggdrasill". In the stanza that follows, a
list of names of horses
are given that the Æsir ride to "sit as judges" at Yggdrasil.
In stanza 31, Odin says that the ash Yggdrasil has three roots that grow in three directions. He details that beneath the first lives
Hel
, under the second live frost jotnar, and beneath the third lives mankind. Stanza 32 details that a squirrel named
Ratatoskr
must run across Yggdrasil and bring "the eagle's word" from above to Niðhoggr below. Stanza 33 describes that four
harts
named Dainn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþror consume "the highest boughs" of Yggdrasil.
In stanza 34, Odin says that more serpents lie beneath Yggdrasil "than any fool can imagine" and lists them as Goinn and Moinn (possibly meaning Old Norse "land animal"
), which he describes as sons of Grafvitnir (Old Norse, possibly "ditch wolf"
), Grabakr (Old Norse "Greyback"
), Grafvolluðr (Old Norse, possibly "the one digging under the plain" or possibly amended as "the one ruling in the ditch"
), Ofnir (Old Norse "the winding one, the twisting one"
), and Svafnir (Old Norse, possibly "the one who puts to sleep = death"
), who Odin adds that he thinks will forever gnaw on the tree's branches.
In stanza 35, Odin says that Yggdrasil "suffers agony more than men know", as a hart bites it from above, it decays on its sides, and Niðhoggr bites it from beneath.
In stanza 44, Odin provides a list of things that are what he refers to as the "noblest" of their kind. Within the list, Odin mentions Yggdrasil first, and states that it is the "noblest of trees".
Prose Edda
[
edit
]
Yggdrasil is mentioned in two books in the
Prose Edda
;
Gylfaginning
and
Skaldskaparmal
. In
Gylfaginning
, Yggdrasil is introduced in chapter 15. In chapter 15,
Gangleri
(described as king
Gylfi
in disguise) asks where is the chief or holiest place of the gods.
High
replies "It is the ash Yggdrasil. There the gods must hold their courts each day". Gangleri asks what there is to tell about Yggdrasil.
Just-As-High
says that Yggdrasil is the biggest and best of all trees, that its branches extend out over all of the world and reach out over the sky. Three of the roots of the tree support it, and these three roots also extend extremely far: one "is among the
Æsir
, the second among the frost jotnar, and the third over
Niflheim
. The root over Niflheim is gnawed at by the wyrm
Niðhoggr
, and beneath this root is the spring
Hvergelmir
. Beneath the root that reaches the frost jotnar is the well
Mimisbrunnr
, "which has wisdom and intelligence contained in it, and the master of the well is called
Mimir
". Just-As-High provides details regarding Mimisbrunnr and then describes that the third root of the well "extends to heaven" and that beneath the root is the "very holy" well
Urðarbrunnr
. At Urðarbrunnr the gods hold their court, and every day the Æsir ride to Urðarbrunnr up over the bridge
Bifrost
. Later in the chapter, a stanza from
Grimnismal
mentioning Yggdrasil is quoted in support.
In chapter 16, Gangleri asks "what other particularly notable things are there to tell about the ash?" High says there is quite a lot to tell about. High continues that an eagle sits on the branches of Yggdrasil and that it has much knowledge. Between the eyes of the eagle sits a hawk called
Veðrfolnir
. A squirrel called
Ratatoskr
scurries up and down the ash Yggdrasil carrying "malicious messages" between the eagle and Niðhoggr. Four stags named Dainn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr, and Duraþror run between the branches of Yggdrasil and consume its foliage. In the spring Hvergelmir are so many snakes along with Niðhoggr "that no tongue can enumerate them". Two stanzas from
Grimnismal
are then cited in support. High continues that the norns that live by the holy well Urðarbrunnr each day take water from the well and mud from around it and pour it over Yggdrasil so that the branches of the ash do not rot away or decay. High provides more information about Urðarbrunnr, cites a stanza from
Voluspa
in support, and adds that
dew
falls from Yggdrasil to the earth, explaining that "this is what people call
honeydew
, and from it bees feed".
In chapter 41, the stanza from
Grimnismal
is quoted that mentions that Yggdrasil is the foremost of trees.
In chapter 54, as part of the events of
Ragnarok
, High describes that Odin will ride to the well Mimisbrunnr and consult Mimir on behalf of himself and his people. After this, "the ash Yggdrasil will shake and nothing will be unafraid in heaven or on earth", and then the Æsir and
Einherjar
will don their war gear and advance to the field of
Vigriðr
. Further into the chapter, the stanza in
Voluspa
that details this sequence is cited.
In the
Prose Edda
book
Skaldskaparmal
, Yggdrasil receives a single mention, though not by name. In chapter 64, names for
kings
and
dukes
are given. "Illustrious one" is provided as an example, appearing in a Christianity-influenced work by the
skald
Hallvarðr Hareksblesi
: "There is not under the pole of the earth [Yggdrasil] an illustrious one closer to the lord of
monks
[God] than you."
Theories
[
edit
]
Shamanic origins
[
edit
]
Hilda Ellis Davidson
comments that the existence of nine worlds around Yggdrasil is mentioned more than once in Old Norse sources, but the identity of the worlds is never stated outright, though it can be deduced from various sources. Davidson comments that "no doubt the identity of the nine varied from time to time as the emphasis changed or new imagery arrived". Davidson says that it is unclear where the nine worlds are located in relation to the tree; they could either exist one above the other or perhaps be grouped around the tree, but there are references to worlds existing beneath the tree, while the gods are pictured as in the sky, a rainbow bridge (
Bifrost
) connecting the tree with other worlds. Davidson opines that "those who have tried to produce a convincing diagram of the
Scandinavian
cosmos from what we are told in the sources have only added to the confusion".
Davidson notes parallels between Yggdrasil and
shamanic
lore in northern Eurasia:
The conception of the tree rising through a number of worlds is found in northern Eurasia and forms part of the shamanic lore shared by many peoples of this region. This seems to be a very ancient conception, perhaps based on the
Pole Star
, the centre of the heavens, and the image of the central tree in Scandinavia may have been influenced by it.... Among
Siberian
shamans, a central tree may be used as a ladder to ascend the heavens.
Davidson says that the notion of an eagle atop a tree and the world serpent coiled around the roots of the tree has parallels in other cosmologies from
Asia
. She goes on to say that Norse cosmology may have been influenced by these Asiatic cosmologies from a northern location. Davidson adds, on the other hand, that it is attested that the
Germanic peoples
worshiped their deities in open forest clearings and that a
sky god
was particularly connected with the
oak
tree, and therefore "a central tree was a natural symbol for them also".
Mimameiðr, Hoddmimis holt, and Ragnarok
[
edit
]
Connections have been proposed between the wood
Hoddmimis holt
(
Old Norse
"Hoard-
Mimir
's"
holt
) and the tree
Mimameiðr
("Mimir's tree"), generally thought to refer to the world tree Yggdrasil, and the spring
Mimisbrunnr
.
John Lindow concurs that
Mimameiðr
may be another name for Yggdrasil and that if the Hoard-Mimir of the name
Hoddmimis holt
is the same figure as
Mimir
(associated with the spring named after him, Mimisbrunnr), then the Mimir's holt?Yggdrasil?and Mimir's spring may be within the same proximity.
Carolyne Larrington notes that it is nowhere expressly stated what will happen to Yggdrasil during the events of
Ragnarok
. Larrington points to a connection between the primordial figure of
Mimir
and Yggdrasil in the poem
Voluspa
, and theorizes that "it is possible that Hoddmimir is another name for Mimir, and that the
two survivors
hide in Yggdrasill."
Rudolf Simek
theorizes that the survival of
Lif and Lifþrasir
through Ragnarok by hiding in Hoddmimis holt is "a case of reduplication of the anthropogeny, understandable from the cyclic nature of the Eddic eschatology". Simek says that Hoddmimis holt "should not be understood literally as a wood or even a forest in which the two keep themselves hidden, but rather as an alternative name for the world-tree Yggdrasill. Thus, the creation of mankind from tree trunks (Askr, Embla) is repeated after the Ragnar?k as well." Simek says that in
Germanic regions
, the concept of mankind originating from trees is ancient. Simek additionally points out legendary parallels in a
Bavarian
legend of a
shepherd
who lives inside a tree, whose descendants repopulate the land after life there has been wiped out by plague (citing a retelling by F. R. Schroder). In addition, Simek points to an Old Norse parallel in the figure of
Orvar-Oddr
, "who is rejuvenated after living as a tree-man (
?rvar-Odds saga
24?27)".
Warden trees, Irminsul, and sacred trees
[
edit
]
Continuing as late as the 19th century,
warden trees
were venerated in areas of Germany and Scandinavia, considered to be guardians and bringers of luck, and offerings were sometimes made to them. A massive
birch
tree standing atop a
burial mound
and located beside a farm in western
Norway
is recorded as having had ale poured over its roots during festivals. The tree was felled in 1874.
Davidson comments that "the position of the tree in the centre as a source of luck and protection for gods and men is confirmed" by these rituals to Warden Trees. Davidson notes that the gods are described as meeting beneath Yggdrasil to hold their
things
, and the related
Irminsul
, which may have been a pillar, was also symbolic of the center of the world. Davidson details that it would be difficult to ascertain whether a tree or pillar came first, and that this is likely to depend on whether the holy location was in a thickly wooded area or not. Davidson notes that there is no mention of a
sacred tree
at
Þingvellir
in
Iceland
, but that
Adam of Bremen
describes a
huge tree standing next to the Temple at Uppsala
in
Sweden
, which remained green throughout summer and winter, and that no one knew what type it was. Davidson comments that while it is uncertain if Adam's informant actually witnessed the tree, the existence of sacred trees in pre-Christian Germanic Europe is further evidenced by records of their destruction by early Christian missionaries, such as
Thor's Oak
by
Saint Boniface
.
Ken Dowden
comments that behind Irminsul, Thor's Oak in Geismar, and the sacred tree at
Uppsala
"looms a mythic prototype, an Yggdrasil, the world-ash of the
Norsemen
".
Modern influence
[
edit
]
Thomas Carlyle
adopted "Igdrasil" as a favorite symbol; it features in both
On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History
(1841) and
Past and Present
(1843).
John Ruskin
referenced it in the conclusion to
The Laws of
Fesole
(1877?1878). An unpublished manuscript of Carlyle's entitled "Igdrasil. From the Norse"
[30]
inspired the editor of
The Ruskin Reading
Guild
Journal
to add
Igdrasil
to its name in 1890.
[31]
Modern works of art depicting Yggdrasil include
Die Nornen
(painting, 1888) by K. Ehrenberg;
Yggdrasil
(
fresco
, 1933) by
Axel Revold
, located in the
University of Oslo
library auditorium in
Oslo
,
Norway
;
Hjortene beiter i løvet pa Yggdrasil asken
(wood
relief carving
, 1938) on the
Oslo City Hall
by
Dagfin Werenskiold
; and the bronze relief on the doors of the
Swedish Museum of National Antiquities
(around 1950) by B. Marklund in
Stockholm
, Sweden.
Poems mentioning Yggdrasil include
Vardtradet
by
Viktor Rydberg
and
Yggdrasill
by J. Linke.
In
Overlord
, a Japanese light novel series written by Kugane Maruyama,
Yggdrasil
is the name of a popular
DMMORPG
, where the protagonist got trapped after its shutdown.
[33]
Yggdrasil is a common motif in
Marvel Cinematic Universe
media, appearing in
Thor
,
Captain America: The First Avenger
,
Thor: The Dark World
, and
Loki
.
[34]
[35]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
"How does the Nordic Cosmic System Depend on the Yggdrasil Tree?"
.
TheCollector
. 18 January 2023
. Retrieved
16 December
2023
.
- ^
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
. Koln:
Taschen
. p. 494.
ISBN
978-3-8365-1448-4
.
- ^
Carlyle, Thomas (2009). "Appendix: Igdrasil. From the Norse".
Carlyle Studies Annual
(25): 59?60.
ISSN
1074-2670
.
JSTOR
26593166
.
- ^
Nixon, Jude V. (2009). "Thomas Carlyle's Igdrasil".
Carlyle Studies Annual
(25). Saint Joseph's University Press: 49?58.
ISSN
1074-2670
.
JSTOR
26593165
.
- ^
"The Summer 2015 Anime Preview Guide ? Overlord"
.
Anime News Network
. 7 July 2015.
Archived
from the original on 6 May 2019
. Retrieved
17 June
2019
.
- ^
"Yggdrasil, The World Tree"
.
Zimbio
. 12 August 2015.
Archived
from the original on 25 April 2023
. Retrieved
26 April
2023
.
- ^
Lacson, Therese (10 November 2023).
"
'Loki' Season 2 Finale Recap: A Glorious Purpose at the End of Time"
.
Collider
. Retrieved
14 November
2023
.
References
[
edit
]
- Davidson, Hilda Ellis
(1993).
The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe
.
Routledge
.
ISBN
0-203-40850-0
.
- Dowden, Ken
(2000).
European Paganism: the Realities of Cult from Antiquity to the Middle Ages
.
Routledge
.
ISBN
0-415-12034-9
.
- Dronke, Ursula
(1997).
The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems
.
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
0-19-811181-9
.
- Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999).
The Poetic Edda
.
Oxford World's Classics
.
ISBN
0-19-283946-2
.
- Lindow, John
(2001).
Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
.
Oxford University Press
.
ISBN
0-19-515382-0
.
- Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995).
Edda
.
Everyman
.
ISBN
0-4608-7616-3
.
- Schon, Ebbe
(2004).
Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och Jattar i tro och Tradition
. Falt & Hassler, Varnamo.
ISBN
91-89660-41-2
.
- Schroder, Franz Rolf (1931). "Germanische Schopfungsmythen".
Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift
.
19
: 1?26.
- Simek, Rudolf
(2007).
Dictionary of Northern Mythology
. Translated by Angela Hall.
D.S. Brewer
.
ISBN
978-0-85991-513-7
.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Yggdrasil
.
Wikiquote has quotations related to
Yggdrasil
.
|
---|
Inhabitants
| | |
---|
Roots reaching to
| |
---|
See also
| |
---|
|
---|
Astronomical bodies
| | |
---|
Time
|
- Day:
- Night:
- Seasons:
- Old age
|
---|
Water bodies
| |
---|
Worlds
| |
---|
Cosmogenesis,
cyclic time,
and eschatology
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|
|
---|
|
| |
---|
Locations
| Underworld
| |
---|
Rivers
| |
---|
Other locations
| |
---|
|
---|
Events
| |
---|
Sources
| |
---|
Society
| Religious practice
| |
---|
Festivals and holy periods
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|
|
---|
See also
| |
---|