Class of Russian nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine
Yasen class
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Graney_class_SSN.svg/300px-Graney_class_SSN.svg.png) Yasen-class SSGN profile
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%D0%9A-560_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%C2%BB.jpg/300px-%D0%9A-560_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%C2%BB.jpg) K-560
Severodvinsk
|
Class overview
|
Name
| Yasen
class
|
Builders
| Sevmash
|
Operators
|
Russian Navy
|
Preceded by
| |
Succeeded by
| Laika class
|
Cost
| RUB47 billion for Kazan (2011)
[1]
|
Built
| 1993?present
|
In commission
| 2013?present
|
Planned
| 12
[3]
|
Building
| 4
|
Completed
| 5
|
Active
| 4
[2]
|
General characteristics
|
Type
| Nuclear cruise missile submarine
|
Displacement
|
- Surfaced:
8,600 tons
- Submerged:
13,800 tons
[4]
|
Length
| Yasen:
139.2 m (457 ft)
[6]
[7]
[8]
Yasen-M:
130 m (430 ft)
|
Beam
| 13 m (43 ft)
[6]
[7]
[8]
|
Propulsion
| OK-650KPM
[5]
pressurized water reactor
200 MWt turbines of 43,000 shp
|
Speed
|
- Surfaced:
20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph)
- Submerged (silent):
28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph)
- Submerged (max):
35 kn (65 km/h; 40 mph)
[
citation needed
]
|
Range
| Unlimited
|
Endurance
| Only limited by food and maintenance requirements
|
Test depth
|
- Safe depth: 1,475 feet (450m)
- Never exceed depth: 1,804 feet (580m)
- Crush depth: 2,160 feet (658m)
|
Complement
| Yasen:
85
[9]
Yasen-M:
64
[10]
|
Sensors and
processing systems
| Rim Hat ESM/ECM Snoop Pair Surface Search Radar
|
Armament
|
- Yasen:
and
Yasen-M:
[11]
- VLS
equipped silos for:
- Zircon
hypersonic cruise missiles
[12]
or 32 (8 × 4)
Oniks
anti-ship cruise missiles or
Kalibr
anti-ship, anti-submarine and land attack submarine launched cruise missiles
- 10 x
torpedo tubes
(533 mm) with
Futlyar
(UGST-M) heavyweight torpedoes
[13]
- Igla-M
surface-to-air missiles
[14]
|
The
Yasen class
, Russian designations
Project 885 Yasen
and
Project 885M Yasen-M
(
Russian
:
Ясень
,
lit.
'
ash tree
',
NATO reporting name
:
Severodvinsk
), also referred to as the
Graney
class
, are a
series
of
nuclear-powered
cruise missile submarines
designed by the
Malakhit Marine Engineering Bureau
and built by
Sevmash
for the
Russian Navy
. Design work commenced in earnest in the 1980s with the first submarine built in the 1990s?early 2010s with commissioning in 2013. Two additional boats to an upgraded (and slightly shorter overall)
Yasen-M
design were commissioned in 2021 and six more are under construction.
[15]
[16]
Based on the
Akula
class
and
Alfa class
designs, the
Yasen
class is projected to replace the Russian Navy's current Soviet-era nuclear attack submarines.
[
citation needed
]
The Akula class is optimised for a hunter-killer role, whereas the Yasen class concept uses the platform as a nuclear guided missile submarine (
SSGN
).
[17]
History
[
edit
]
The
Yasen
-class submarines were designed by
Malakhit
, which was formed through the late 1950's merger of the SKB-143 and TsKB-16 design bureaus.
[
citation needed
]
Work on the initial design was scheduled to start in 1977 and be completed in 1985.
[18]
Malakhit is one of the three Soviet/Russian submarine design centers, along with
Rubin Design Bureau
and
Lazurit Central Design Bureau
.
Construction on the first submarine started on 21 December 1993, with its launch slated for 1995 and its commissioning for 1998.
[19]
However, the project was delayed due to financial problems and it appeared during 1996 that work on the submarine had stopped completely. Some reports suggested that as of 1999 the submarine was less than 10 percent complete.
[
citation needed
]
In 2003 the project received additional funding and the work of finishing the submarine restarted.
In 2004 it was reported that the work on the submarine was moving forward, but, due to the priority given to the new
Borei
-class
SSBNs
, the lead unit of the class (
Severodvinsk
) would not be ready before 2010. In July 2006 the deputy chairman of the Military-Industrial Commission, Vladislav Putilin, stated that two
Yasen
-class submarines were to join the Russian Navy before 2015.
[20]
On 24 July 2009, work commenced on a second submarine, named
Kazan
. On 26 July, the Russian navy command announced that starting in 2011, one multipurpose submarine would be laid down every year, although not necessarily of this class.
[
citation needed
]
An August 2009 report from the U.S.
Office of Naval Intelligence
estimated the
Yasen
-class submarines to be the quietest, or least detectable, of seagoing Russian and Chinese nuclear submarines, but said they were still not as quiet as first-line U.S. Navy submarines (i.e.
Seawolf
and
Virginia
classes).
[21]
[22]
In April 2010, it was reported that the 7 May launch of the first boat had been postponed due to "technical reasons".
[23]
Then, the launch of the first submarine and the beginning of sea trials were scheduled for September 2011.
[
citation needed
]
Roll out ceremony of Russian submarine
Severodvinsk
.
On 26 July 2013 the third submarine, named
Novosibirsk
, was laid down.
[24]
On 30 December 2013,
Severodvinsk
was handed over to the Russian Navy. The flag-raising ceremony was held on 17 June 2014 marking its introduction into the Russian Navy.
[25]
In October 2014, one of the U.S. Navy's top submarine officers, Rear Admiral Dave Johnson, the
Naval Sea Systems Command
's program executive officer (PEO) for submarines, said "We'll be facing tough potential opponents. One only has to look at the
Severodvinsk
, Russia's version of a
nuclear guided missile submarine (SSGN)
. I am so impressed with this ship that I had
Carderock
build a model from unclassified data".
[26]
According to
60 Minutes
, unnamed
Pentagon
officials claimed that
Severodvinsk
on her maiden deployment
[27]
"slipped into the
Atlantic Ocean
and for weeks evaded all of the attempts to find her" in the summer 2018.
[28]
Kazan
was rumoured to be active, along with five other nuclear submarines, in the northern Atlantic in spring 2020.
[29]
However, she may actually have been on sea trials since she was reported commissioned in May 2021.
[30]
On 4 October 2021,
Severodvinsk
performed two test launches of Zircon missile, from surfaced and underwater position.
[31]
The launches were performed from White to Barents Sea and were successful.
Design
[
edit
]
Cross sections
The vessel's design is said to be state-of-the-art. The
Yasen
-class nuclear submarines are presumed to be armed with
land-attack cruise missiles
,
anti-ship missiles
,
anti-submarine missiles
including the
P-800 Oniks
SLCM
,
Kalibr
family SLCM or
3M51
SLCM.
[
citation needed
]
Kalibr-PL has several variants including the 3M54K (terminal-supersonic) and 3M54K1 (subsonic) anti-ship, 91R1 anti-submarine, and the 3M14K land-attack variant. In the future, there will be also an option to install the hypersonic
3M22 Zircon
cruise missiles on upgraded 885M boats.
[32]
Each submarine can carry 32 Kalibr or 24 Oniks (other sources claim 40 Kalibr and 32 Oniks)
[33]
cruise missiles which are stored in eight (ten for 885M)
vertical launchers
(additional missiles may be carried in the torpedo room at the expense of torpedoes).
[34]
[35]
[36]
It will also have ten 533 mm tubes, as well as mines and anti-submarine missiles such as the
RPK-7
.
[37]
[13]
It is the first Russian submarine class to be equipped with a spherical sonar, designated as MGK-600 Irtysh-Amfora.
[38]
The device (allegedly the Irtysh/Amfora sonar system) was tested on a modified
Yankee-class submarine
.
[39]
The sonar system consists of a spherical bow array, flank arrays and a towed array. Due to the large size of this spherical array, the torpedo tubes are slanted.
[18]
In other words, the torpedo tube outer doors are not located in the immediate bow as in the previous Akula class
[40]
but moved aft.
[41]
The hull is constructed from low-magnetic steel.
[42]
Unlike previous Russian submarines which have a double hull,
Yasen
-class submarines mostly have a single hull.
[43]
The
Yasen
class has a crew of 85 on project 885 and 64 on project 885M,
[9]
suggesting a high degree of automation in the submarine's different systems. The newest U.S.
Virginia
-class
submarines
, has a crew of 134 in comparison.
[42]
Yasen
-class submarines are the first to be equipped with a fourth-generation nuclear reactor.
[44]
[45]
The reactor, built by
Afrikantov OKBM
,
[46]
[47]
will allegedly have a 25-30-year core life and will not have to be refueled.
[48]
Steam turbines are supplied by
Kaluga Turbine Works
.
[49]
The inclusion of new generation
KTP-6
reactor on the Yasen-M boats is thought to significantly reduce their
noise level
: the reactor's primary cooling loop facilitates
natural circulation
of water and thus doesn't require continuous operation of the main circulation pumps, which are the key noise factor on a nuclear submarine.
[
citation needed
]
A VSK
rescue pod
is carried in the
sail
.
[18]
According to
Admiral
Foggo
, the commander of the
US Naval Forces Europe
, the Yasen class submarines are "very quiet, which is the most important thing in submarine warfare".
[28]
It's claimed that
Severodvinsk
is far quieter than previous Russian SSNs, capable of 20 knots while running quiet, which is equal to the Seawolf class
[50]
and inferior only to the
Virginia
class (25 knots).
[51]
[52]
Other sources claim that
Severodvinsk
is capable of even 28 knots in silent mode.
[53]
Costs
[
edit
]
Initial estimates regarding the cost of the first Yasen-class submarine ranged from US$1 billion
[
citation needed
]
to US$2 billion.
[54]
In 2011, it was reported that the cost of first-of-class,
Severodvinsk
, was 50 billion rubles (roughly US$1.6 billion)
[55]
while the second unit,
Kazan
, will cost an estimated 47 billion rubles (US$725 million, in 2019 RUB/USD exchange rate).
[1]
In 2011, then Defense Minister
Anatoliy Serdyukov
criticized the ever increasing cost of the Borei and Yasen classes. The Minister described the massive increase in cost between the first and the second Yasen-class submarine as "incomprehensible". However, he insisted that the
Russian Defence Ministry
and Sevmash would resolve the issue. Officials from the
United Shipbuilding Corporation
replied that work done in Sevmash accounts for only 30% of the submarine's completion cost, the remaining 70% being linked to suppliers/contractors.
[56]
Successor/supplement
[
edit
]
Due to the high cost of each Yasen class submarine, some sources believe that a next generation of SSNs would be of smaller dimensions
[57]
[58]
with a reduced armament/payload could be built.
[59]
The successor/supplement to the Yasen class was in early development by 2015
[60]
[61]
[62]
and dubbed "Husky class" by media.
[63]
The final design of the submarine is yet to be completed and may feature a more conventional layout with bow-mounted torpedo tubes (as opposed to the midship torpedo tubes on Yasen class) and a smaller chin-mounted sonar, i.e. the sonar will be mounted below the torpedo tubes (as opposed to a large spherical sonar on Yasen class).
[64]
The first submarine is expected to be delivered to the Russian Navy by 2027.
[65]
Units
[
edit
]
Italicized dates indicate estimates.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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a
b
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[What will 280 billion be spent on?].
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.
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{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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.
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- ^
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.
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Vilches Alarcon, Alejandro A. (2022).
From Juliettes to Yasens: Development and Operational History of Soviet Cruise-Missile Submarines
. Europe @ War (22). Warwick, UK: Helion & Co.
ISBN
978-1-915070-68-5
.
External links
[
edit
]