Ethnic religion of the Yao people in China
Yao folk religion
is the
ethnic religion
of the
Yao people
, a non-Sinitic ethnic group who reside in the
Guangxi
,
Hunan
and surrounding provinces of
China
. Their religion has been profoundly intermingled with
Taoism
since the 13th century, so much that it is frequently defined as
Yao Taoism
(
?族道?
Yaozu Daojiao
).
[1]
: 1?3
In the 1980s it was found that the Yao clearly identified with the Chinese-language Taoist theological literature, seen as a prestigious statute of culture (
文化
wenhua
).
[2]
: 290
Yao folk religion was described by a Chinese scholar of the half of the 20th century as an example of deep "Taoisation" (
道?化
Daojiaohua
). Yao core theology and cosmology is Taoist; they worship the deities of canonical Taoism (above all the
Three Pure Ones
) as the principal deities, while lesser gods are those who pertain to their own indigenous pre-Taoisation religion.
[1]
: 6?10
The reason of this tight identification of Yao religion and identity with Taoism is that in Yao society every male adult is initiated as a Taoist, and Yao Taoism is therefore a communal religion; this is in sharp contrast to Chinese Taoism, which is an order of priests disembedded from the common
Chinese folk religion
. A shared sense of Yao identity is based additionally on tracing their descent from the mythical ancestor
Panhu
.
[2]
: 48?49
Social aspects
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Yao Taoism has been seen as representing a conservative form of religious practice, exhibiting parallels with the communitarian Taoism that flourished with the earliest Taoist movements in China proper and the collective fasts of medieval China. Although the Yao are speakers of non-Sinitic
Mienic languages
, their Taoist liturgical tradition is in
Chinese language
and
writing
.
[3]
The strong identity of Yao society as a Taoist Church, and their high literacy, are seen as the factors of Southeast Asian Yaos' proud resistance to Christian missionary penetration of their communities in the 1960s and 1970s.
[2]
: 51
Priesthood
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Yao Taoist robes preserved at Yunnan Nationalities Museum.
In Yao religion all adult males are initiated to some degree into the Taoist clergy.
[2]
: 48?49
The
tsow say ong
are high priests who perform rites for the higher gods of the pantheon ("above the sky") and officiate funerals. The Yao folk religion otherwise retains a class of lesser priests or
shamans
, the
sip mien
, who perform rituals for the lesser gods ("under the sky").
There are four levels of initiation into the Yao Taoist church, they are called:
[3]
"hanging the lamps" (
kwa-tang
), "ordination of the master" (
tou-sai
), after which ordinates are given a sigil and a certificate to perform a variety of rites, and the two additional levels of "adding duties" (
chia-tse
) and "enfeoffing liturgies" (
pwang-ko
).
The
Sai nzung sou
is the book of ceremonies for inviting the
mienv zoux ziouv
, good spirits who protect the location. The
mienv morh
are instead angry spirits who cause sickness and tragedy.
House altar
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The
mienv baaih
is the Yao household altar of the gods, in a place easily visible from the main door. Its aim is welcoming the spirits (
mienv
). The
mienv kuv
is a tablet with the names of the ancestors of the family placed upon the altar; another custom is the use of pictures of the ancestors instead of the tablets.
Rituals and psychology
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After the death of a person, the priests perform the
zoux caeqv
, a ceremony to deliver the person's body from sin. Then the priest perform a water ritual, the
zoux sin
, for purifying the person's dead body from evil spirits. Subsequently, the priest performs the
doh dangh caeqv jaiv
, a ceremony to purify the soul of the dead person from the influence of evil spirits.
The
zoux sin-seix
is an ending ritual to give the spirit a peaceful after-life. Other practices involve
spirit money
and sacrifice.
See also
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References
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Citations
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Sources
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Christianity
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Asian traditions
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General concepts
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