Tennis team competition
"TeamTennis" redirects here. For the general topic, see
Team tennis
.
World TeamTennis
(
WTT
) was a mixed-gender professional
tennis
league played with a
team format
in the United States, which was founded in 1973.
The league's season normally took place in the summer months. Players from the
ATP
and
WTA
would often take a break from their tour schedules to partake in World TeamTennis.
WTT was the first professional sports league to grant equal status to each man and woman competing for their teams.
[1]
Many top tennis players have participated in the league over the years, including
Billie Jean King
,
Rod Laver
,
Bjorn Borg
, Ilie Nastase,
Chris Evert
,
John McEnroe
,
Evonne Goolagong
,
Jimmy Connors
,
Martina Navratilova
,
[2]
Andre Agassi
,
Pete Sampras
,
Michael Chang
,
Serena Williams
,
Venus Williams
,
Lindsay Davenport
,
Kim Clijsters
,
Martina Hingis
,
John Isner
,
Sam Querrey
,
Sloane Stephens
,
Naomi Osaka
, and
Frances Tiafoe
.
Format
[
edit
]
Originally played on a
no-line court
, each match consisted of five sets. Each set featured a different configuration (men's singles, men's doubles, women's singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles). Prior to each match, coaches would decide the order in which the sets would be played. Each player on a team usually played in at least one of the five sets. Scoring wass no-advantage; there was no requirement to win a game by two points; at
deuce
, whoever scores the next point wins the game. The first team to reach five games wins each set. A nine-point tiebreaker is played if a set reaches four-all. One point is awarded for each game won. If necessary, extended play and a supertiebreaker were played to determine the winner of the match.
The original league format included a four-colored tennis court, a 44-contest season, and teams of at least two men and two women. A match consisted of the first player or team to win five games, with a nine-point tiebreaker at four-all, and no-ad scoring in women's singles and doubles, men's singles and doubles, and mixed doubles.
Courts
[
edit
]
For much of World Team Tennis' history, its distinct court was an instant symbol for fans to recognize what they were watching. The iconic four-color (calico) court originated in the early 1970s and was unveiled for the third season in 1976.
[3]
It was originally created to eliminate court lines (
no-line court
). Originally, the service boxes were blue and green, the baseline area brown and the doubles alleys maroon.
[4]
These colors were chosen to represent the different
tennis court
surfaces: green for grass, blue for hard, maroon for clay and brown for dirt.
The league's technicolor playing surface served as a trendsetter for the rest of the tennis world. The
Indian Wells Masters
has purple courts.
[5]
Over time, lines were introduced to WTT's courts, purple replaced the brown and they reverted to traditional solid-colored courts. But in 2006, the league returned full-time to the signature calico/checkerboard pattern.
[6]
In 2019, the league made efforts to modernize and update its look and branding, including a switch to a deep blue playing surface and gray outer court. In partnership with DecoTurf, these colors were determined to be the best for livestreaming and television.
[7]
First league
[
edit
]
Founding
[
edit
]
WTT was founded in 1973 by
Dennis Murphy
, Dick Butera, Fred Barman, Jordan Kaiser, and attorney and promoter
Larry King
, each of whom organized and owned the various participating teams of the fledgling professional tennis league. Murphy had previously founded the
World Hockey Association
, and gave a number of WHA club owners preferential options on WTT franchises.
Charles "Chuck" Reichblum (now popularly known as "Dr. Knowledge"),
[8]
industrialist John H. Hillman III, and lawyer William "Bill" Sutton, who became the owners of the
Pittsburgh Triangles
, had, in 1972, founded the similar National Tennis League (NTL), a forerunner to WTT and Reichblum's brainchild. Founding members of WTT were reported to have been invited to join the NTL prior to formation of the competing WTT in 1973.
[9]
[10]
Teams, 1974?1978
[
edit
]
In 1974,
Billie Jean King
began the first WTT season by securing the professional women tennis players. Dr. Leonard Bloom,
Arthur Ashe
, and
Wilt Chamberlain
helped to secure the professional men tennis players. Two WTT players, Connors and Goolagong, were not allowed to participate in the
1974 French Open
due to their associations with WTT.
[11]
[12]
Connors' exclusion from the French Open denied him the opportunity to become the first male player since
Rod Laver
to win all four Major singles titles in a calendar year.
The league began play in May 1974, with George MacCall as Commissioner of the 16 teams, many with tennis-themed nicknames. The Eastern Division consisted of the Atlantic Section: Baltimore Banners, Boston Lobsters, New York Sets, Philadelphia Freedoms; and the Central Section: Cleveland Nets, Detroit Loves, Pittsburgh Triangles, Toronto-Buffalo Royals. The Western Division consisted of the Gulf Plains Section: Chicago Aces, Florida Flamingos, Houston E-Z Riders, Minnesota Buckskins; and the Pacific Section: Denver Racquets, Hawaii Leis, Los Angeles Strings, San Francisco Golden Gaters.
Following the initial 1974 season several teams moved, folded, or failed to meet the financial requirements of the league, and the league also added one expansion team, the San Diego Friars. For the 1975 season World Team Tennis consisted of 10 teams, and it remained with that number of teams throughout the rest of the existence of the first league.
[13]
The teams that played from 1974 to 1978 were:
WTT was the first professional sports experience for
Jerry Buss
(eventual owner of the
NBA's Los Angeles Lakers
and the
NHL's Los Angeles Kings
), and for
Bob Kraft
(eventual owner of the
NFL's New England Patriots
and
MLS's New England Revolution
).
All-star games and MVPs
[
edit
]
WTT also held annual All-Star games for the seasons from 1975 to 1978.
Marty Riessen
(Cleveland) and
Greer Stevens
(Boston) won Most Valuable Players (MVP) honors for the inaugural all-star gala won by the East, 28?21, at the
Inglewood Forum
in Los Angeles. In 1976 the West All-Stars, led by
Chris Evert
and
Betty Stove
, capped an incredible comeback when they defeated
Billie Jean King
and
Evonne Goolagong
in a super tiebreaker, 5?4, giving the West a stunning 28?27 overtime victory at the Oakland?Alameda County Coliseum. After trailing at one stage by 24?17, the West, led by Stove and
Dianne Fromholtz
, won the final set plus two games in overtime to draw the West All-Stars even at 27.
[17]
Tom Okker
(San Francisco) and Dianne Fromholtz (Los Angeles) won MVP honors that year. In the 1977 All Star Game held at the San Diego Sports Arena,
Bjorn Borg
(Cleveland?Pittsburgh) and Betty Stove (Seattle?Portland) captured MVP awards as the East bested the West, 23?18. WTT held its final All-Star event in Las Vegas in 1978.
[18]
Ending
[
edit
]
The first league ended play in 1978.
Second league
[
edit
]
1981?1991
[
edit
]
League play resumed in 1981 as
TeamTennis
, with four
California
teams, expanding to eight teams in 1982. In 2005, the league had twelve teams.
In 1984, Billie Jean King became Commissioner and major owner of the league, following her retirement from tournament tennis competition.
In 1985 a recreational league for non-professionals was added, which was co-branded with the professional league.
1992?1999
[
edit
]
In 1992, the name of the league was changed back to
World TeamTennis
.
2000?2021
[
edit
]
In 2000 the current logo was adopted. In February 2001, Billie Jean King retired as Commissioner and
Ilana Kloss
became the new commissioner.
In 2005 and 2006 the league consisted of 12 teams and in 2007 the
Hartford FoxForce
ceased operations. Prior to the 2008 season, the Houston Wranglers ceased operations and the Washington Kastles joined the league. In the 2009 season, 10 teams competed: Boston, New York Buzz, New York Sportime, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Kansas City, Newport Beach, Sacramento, Springfield, and St. Louis. Sacramento won the year-end championship six times.
Before the start of the 2011 season the
New York Buzz
and the
New York Sportimes
merged into one New York team, the Sportimes.
[19]
During the 2011 season the Washington Kastles completed a perfect 16?0 schedule, winning their second championship in three seasons.
In 2012, the Washington Kastles completed their second consecutive perfect season, going 16?0 for the second season in a row to become the first professional sports franchise to go two complete seasons without a loss. Their 32-match winning streak is one shy of the major professional sports record of 33 consecutive wins set by the 1971?72
Los Angeles Lakers
of the
National Basketball Association
. They began the next season with 2 wins making their streak 34 games, setting the new record.
In 2013, World TeamTennis was renamed
Mylan World TeamTennis
after Mylan, a generics and specialty pharmaceuticals company, signed a three-year deal as the title sponsor.
[20]
The
Kansas City Explorers
relocated to Irving, Texas, and became the
Texas Wild
. On November 21, 2013, the
Orange County Breakers
were sold, relocated to Austin, Texas and renamed the
Austin Aces
.
[21]
On January 16, 2014, the
New York Sportimes
were sold, relocated to San Diego and renamed the
San Diego Aviators
.
[22]
On February 4, 2014, the
Sacramento Capitals
were relocated to Las Vegas and renamed the Las Vegas Neon.
[23]
On March 5, 2014, the Las Vegas Neon franchise was terminated, leaving the league with seven teams.
[24]
On February 23, 2015, WTT announced that a new ownership group had taken control of the
Texas Wild
and moved the team to
Citrus Heights, California
, renaming it the
California Dream
.
[25]
On January 13, 2016, WTT announced that the
California Dream
franchise had been terminated.
[26]
On February 17, 2016, the
Boston Lobsters
had ceased operations
[27]
and had been replaced with a new franchise called the
New York Empire
.
[28]
In March 2017, Billie Jean King announced the sale of her majority share in WTT to venture capitalist
Mark Ein
, the founder and owner of the Washington Kastles, and
Fred Luddy
, the founder of
ServiceNow
and owner of the San Diego Aviators.
[29]
[30]
In January 2019, Carlos Silva became the CEO and ushered in new deals with CBS and ESPN creating the largest-ever audience for WTT on July 21, 2019, on a CBS broadcast.
In March 2019, the league announced its expansion to eight teams for the 2019 season, with the creation of the
Orlando Storm
and the
Vegas Rollers
.
[31]
On October 23, 2019, the league announced it would be awarding a record $5 million in prize money, including an additional $1 million for the postseason, during its 45th season and would be expanding again, adding two new franchises in 2020.
[32]
In February 2020, the league announced its expansion to nine teams for the 2020 season with the
Chicago Smash
.
[33]
In June 2020, WTT announced it would be the first major professional tennis league to resume operations since the outbreak of the
COVID-19 pandemic
. The league committed to play the entirety of its 45th season at
The Greenbrier
in
White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia
from July 12 through August 2.
[34]
In March 2021, Carlos Silva stepped down as CEO.
[35]
The current COO is Allen Hardison.
[36]
The 2021 season was November 13?28 at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden.
WTT announced it would not hold a 2022 season as a result of the
COVID-19 pandemic
. However, they promised to return in 2023 with new expansion teams, but as of 2024
[update]
, this has not occurred. As of May 31, 2024 the League website's domain had expired.
[37]
Teams at time of league folding
[
edit
]
Former teams
[
edit
]
Team
|
City
|
Arena
|
Years Played
|
Denver Racquets
|
Denver
,
Colorado
|
Denver Auditorium Arena
|
1974
|
Detroit Loves
|
Detroit
,
Michigan
|
Cobo Arena
|
1974
|
Minnesota Buckskins
|
Bloomington
,
Minnesota
|
Metropolitan Sports Center
|
1974
|
Houston E-Z Riders
|
Houston
,
Texas
San Antonio
,
Texas
|
Sam Houston Coliseum
HemisFair Arena
|
1974
|
Minnesota Buckskins
|
Bloomington
,
Minnesota
|
Metropolitan Sports Center
|
1974
|
Toronto-Buffalo Royals
|
Toronto
,
Ontario
,
Canada
Buffalo
,
New York
|
CNE Coliseum
Buffalo Memorial Auditorium
|
1974
|
Baltimore Banners
|
Baltimore
,
Maryland
|
Baltimore Civic Center
|
1974
|
Boston Lobsters
|
Boston
,
Massachusetts
|
Walter Brown Arena
|
1974?1975
|
Chicago Aces
|
Chicago
,
Illinois
|
Lakeshore Racquet Club
|
1974?1975
1982
|
Florida Flamingos
|
Miami Beach
,
Florida
|
Miami Beach Convention Center
|
1974?1975
|
Cleveland Nets
|
Cleveland
,
Ohio
Richfield
,
Ohio
|
Richfield Coliseum
|
1974?1976
|
New York Sets
|
Uniondale
,
New York
|
Nassau Coliseum
|
1974?1976
|
Pittsburgh Triangles
|
Pittsburgh
,
Pennsylvania
|
Civic Arena
|
1974?1976
|
San Francisco Golden Gaters
|
Oakland
,
California
|
Oakland Arena
|
1974?1978
|
San Diego Friars
|
San Diego
,
California
Anaheim
,
California
|
San Diego Sports Arena
Anaheim Convention Center
|
1974?1978
1981?1983
|
Phoenix Racquets
|
Phoenix, Arizona
|
Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum
|
1975?1978
|
Indiana Loves
|
Indianapolis
,
Indiana
|
Indiana Convention Center
Market Square Arena
|
1975?1978
1983
|
Los Angeles Strings
|
Los Angeles
,
California
Inglewood
,
California
|
Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena
Inglewood Forum
|
1974?1978
1981?1993
|
The Soviets
|
|
None
|
1977
|
Cleveland-Pittsburgh Nets
|
Richfield
,
Ohio
Pittsburgh
,
Pennsylvania
|
Richfield Coliseum
Civic Arena
|
1977
|
Sea-Port Cascades
|
Portland
,
Oregon
Seattle, Washington
|
Veterans Memorial Coliseum
Seattle Center Coliseum
Mercer Arena
|
1977
|
New York Apples
|
New York
,
New York
|
Madison Square Garden
Felt Forum
|
1977?1978
|
New Orleans Sun Belt Nets
|
New Orleans
,
Louisiana
|
Louisiana Superdome
|
1978
|
Seattle Cascades
|
Seattle, Washington
|
Veterans Memorial Coliseum
Seattle Center Coliseum
Mercer Arena
|
1978
|
Anaheim Oranges
|
Anaheim
,
California
|
Anaheim Convention Center
|
1978
|
Oakland Breakers
|
Oakland
,
California
|
Oakland Arena
|
1981?1982
|
California Oranges
|
Anaheim
,
California
|
Anaheim Convention Center
|
1981?1983
|
Phoenix Sunsets
|
Phoenix, Arizona
|
Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum
|
1982
|
Arizona Racquets
|
Phoenix, Arizona
|
Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum
|
1982
|
Dallas Stars
|
Dallas
,
Texas
|
Reunion Arena
|
1982?1983
|
Houston Astro-Knots
|
Houston
,
Texas
|
Houston Summit
|
1982?1983
|
Chicago Fyre
|
Chicago
,
Illinois
|
Daley Tennis Center
|
1983
|
St. Louis Eagles
|
St. Louis
,
Missouri
|
St. Louis Arena
|
1984
|
San Diego Buds
|
San Diego
,
California
|
San Diego Sports Arena
|
1984?1985
|
St. Louis Slims
|
St. Louis
,
Missouri
|
St. Louis Arena
|
1985
|
Oakland Aces
|
Oakland
,
California
|
Oakland Arena
|
1985?1986
|
Boston Bays
|
Bedford,
Massachusetts
Newton,
Massachusetts
|
Stouffer’s Bedford Glen Hotel
Longwood Cricket Club
|
1985?1986
|
Chicago Fire
|
Chicago
,
Illinois
|
Daley Tennis Center
|
1985?1986
|
Miami Beach Breakers
|
Miami Beach
,
Florida
Boca Raton
,
Florida
Aventura
,
Florida
|
Abel Holtz Stadium
Boca Grove Plantation
Turnberry Country Club
|
1985?1987
1990?1991
|
San Antonio Racquets
|
San Antonio
,
Texas
|
McFarlin Tennis Center
|
1985?1994
|
Sacramento Capitals
|
North Sacramento
,
California
Gold River
,
California
Citrus Heights
,
California
Roseville
,
California
|
ARCO Arena
Gold River Racquet Club
Sunrise Mall
Westfield Galleria
|
1986?2013
|
Charlotte Heat
|
Charlotte
,
North Carolina
|
Olde Providence Racquet Club
Charlotte Coliseum
|
1987?1991
|
New Jersey Stars
|
Franklin Township
,
New Jersey
Chatham Borough
,
New Jersey
Florham Park
,
New Jersey
Princeton
,
New Jersey
|
Somerset Hilton
Center Court Tennis Club
Hamilton Park Conference Center
The Forrestal at Princeton
|
1987?1995
|
South Florida Breakers
|
Deerfield Beach
,
Florida
|
Deer Creek Country Club
|
1988
|
Wellington Aces
|
Wellington
,
Florida
|
Wellington Club West
|
1989
|
Fresno Sun-Nets
|
Fresno
,
California
|
|
1988?1989
|
Portland Panthers
|
Beaverton
,
Oregon
|
Tualatin Hills Tennis Center
|
1988?1989
|
Raleigh Edge
|
Raleigh
,
North Carolina
|
Raleigh Convention Center
|
1990?1993
|
Newport Beach Dukes
|
Newport Beach
,
California
|
John Wayne Tennis Club
|
1990?1994
|
Wichita Advantage
|
Wichita
,
Kansas
|
Riverside Tennis Complex
|
1991?1995
|
Atlanta Thunder
|
Atlanta
,
Georgia
|
Peachtree World of Tennis
|
1991?1996
|
Tampa Bay Action
|
Tampa
,
Florida
|
Tampa Convention Center
|
1992
|
Vail Eagles
|
Vail
,
Colorado
|
Vail Tennis Center
|
1992
|
Finals
[
edit
]
References:
[39]
[40]
[41]
Historical results
[
edit
]
Current WTT teams are shown in
bold
, non-championship teams are shown in
italics
.
By team
[
edit
]
#
|
Team
|
Titles
|
Runner-ups
|
Years Won
|
1
|
Sacramento Capitals
|
6
|
4
|
1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2007
|
2
|
Washington Kastles
|
6
|
0
|
2009,
2011
,
2012
,
2013
,
2014
,
2015
|
3
|
Newport Beach/
Orange County Breakers
|
3
|
3
|
2004,
2017
,
2021
|
4
|
Los Angeles Strings
|
3
|
2
|
1978, 1981, 1990
|
5
|
Springfield Lasers
|
2
|
6
|
2018
,
2019
|
6
|
Philadelphia Freedoms
|
2
|
2
|
2001, 2006
|
7
|
Atlanta Thunder
|
2
|
1
|
1991, 1992
|
New Jersey Stars
|
2
|
1
|
1994, 1995
|
San Antonio Racquets
|
2
|
1
|
1986, 1989
|
10
|
Charlotte Heat
|
2
|
0
|
1987, 1988
|
New York Sets/Apples
|
2
|
0
|
1976, 1977
|
San Diego Buds
|
2
|
0
|
1984, 1985
|
13
|
Delaware Smash
|
1
|
3
|
2003
|
New York
OTBuzz
/Buzz
|
1
|
3
|
2008
|
15
|
Denver/
Phoenix
Racquets
|
1
|
1
|
1974
|
Kansas City Explorers
|
1
|
1
|
2010
|
New York Empire
|
1
|
1
|
2020
|
New York Sportimes
|
1
|
1
|
2005
|
San Diego Aviators
|
1
|
1
|
2016
|
St. Louis Aces
|
1
|
1
|
1996
|
21
|
Chicago Fyre
|
1
|
0
|
1983
|
Dallas Stars
|
1
|
0
|
1982
|
Pittsburgh Triangles
|
1
|
0
|
1975
|
Wichita Advantage
|
1
|
0
|
1993
|
25
|
Newport Beach Dukes
|
0
|
2
|
|
San Francisco Golden Gaters
|
0
|
2
|
|
27
|
Austin Aces
|
0
|
1
|
|
Boston Lobsters
|
0
|
1
|
|
Chicago Smash
|
0
|
1
|
|
Idaho Sneakers
|
0
|
1
|
|
Long Beach Breakers
|
0
|
1
|
|
Phoenix Sunsets
|
0
|
1
|
|
Raleigh Edge
|
0
|
1
|
|
St. Louis Slims
|
0
|
1
|
|
By city
[
edit
]
#
|
City
|
Team(s)
|
Titles
|
Runners-up
|
1
|
Sacramento
, California
|
Capitals
|
6
|
4
|
2
|
Washington
, D.C.
|
Kastles
|
6
|
0
|
3
|
New York City
, New York
|
Sets/Apples
,
Sportimes
,
Empire
|
4
|
2
|
4
|
Newport Beach
, California
|
Dukes
,
Breakers
|
3
|
5
|
5
|
Los Angeles
, California
|
Strings
|
3
|
2
|
San Diego
, California
|
Buds
,
Aviators
|
3
|
1
|
7
|
Springfield
, Missouri
|
Lasers
|
2
|
6
|
8
|
Philadelphia
, Pennsylvania
|
Freedoms
|
2
|
2
|
9
|
Atlanta
, Georgia
|
Thunder
|
2
|
1
|
Franklin Township
, New Jersey
|
Stars
|
2
|
1
|
San Antonio
, Texas
|
Racquets
|
2
|
1
|
12
|
Charlotte
, North Carolina
|
Heat
|
2
|
0
|
13
|
Albany
, New York
|
OTBuzz
/Buzz
|
1
|
3
|
Wilmington
, Delaware
|
Smash
|
1
|
3
|
15
|
St. Louis
, Missouri
|
Slims
,
Aces
|
1
|
2
|
16
|
Chicago
, Illinois
|
Fyre,
Smash
|
1
|
1
|
Kansas City
, Missouri
|
Explorers
|
1
|
1
|
18
|
Dallas
, Texas
|
Stars
|
1
|
0
|
Denver
, Colorado
|
Racquets
|
1
|
0
|
Pittsburgh
, Pennsylvania
|
Triangles
|
1
|
0
|
Wichita
, Kansas
|
Advantage
|
1
|
0
|
22
|
Phoenix
, Arizona
|
Racquets
,
Sunsets
|
0
|
2
|
San Francisco
, California
|
Golden Gaters
|
0
|
2
|
24
|
Austin
, Texas
|
Aces
|
0
|
1
|
Boise
, Idaho
|
Sneakers
|
0
|
1
|
Boston
, Massachusetts
|
Lobsters
|
0
|
1
|
Long Beach
, California
|
Breakers
|
0
|
1
|
Raleigh
, North Carolina
|
Edge
|
0
|
1
|
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Inline citations
[
edit
]
- ^
"World TeamTennis Firsts"
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General references
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