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Withania somnifera

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Withania somnifera
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade : Tracheophytes
Clade : Angiosperms
Clade : Eudicots
Clade : Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Withania
Species:
W. somnifera
Binomial name
Withania somnifera
Synonyms [1]
  • Alicabon somniferum (L.) Raf.
  • Larnax morrisonii (Dunal) Miers
  • Physalis alpini J.Jacq.
  • Physalis flexuosa L.
  • Physalis scariosa Webb & Berthel.
  • Physalis somnifera L.
  • Physaloides somnifera (L.) Moench
  • Withania arborescens Dunal
  • Withania chevalieri A.E.Gonc.
  • Withania kansuensis Kuang & A. M. Lu
  • Withania microphysalis Suess
  • Withania morisonii Dunal
  • Withania mucronata Chiov.
  • Withania obtusifolia Tackh.
  • Withania sicula Lojac.
Flower

Withania somnifera , known commonly as ashwagandha [2] [3] [4] is an evergreen shrub in the Solanaceae or nightshade family that grows in India, the Middle East, and parts of Africa. Several other species in the genus Withania are morphologically similar. [3]

The plant, particularly its root powder, has been used for centuries in traditional Indian medicine . [5] Ashwagandha supplements , typically containing root or leaf powder or extracts , are commonly sold. [4] Its use in herbal medicine and dietary supplements notwithstanding, there is insufficient scientific evidence that W. somnifera is safe or effective for treating any health condition or disease. [3] [4]

Description [ edit ]

This species is a short shrub growing 35?75 cm (14?30 in) tall. Tomentose branches extend radially from a central stem. Leaves are dull green, elliptic, usually up to 10?12 cm (3.9?4.7 in) long. The flowers are small, green and bell-shaped. The ripe fruit is orange-red. [3]

Etymology [ edit ]

The Latin species name somnifera means 'sleep-inducing'. [6] The name ashwagandha is a combination of the Sanskrit words ashva , meaning 'horse', and gandha , meaning 'smell', reflecting that the root has a strong horse-like odor. [3]

Cultivation [ edit ]

W. somnifera is cultivated in many of the drier regions of India . It is also found in Nepal , Sri Lanka , China , and Yemen . [7] [8] It prefers dry stony soil with sun to partial shade. It can be propagated from seeds in the early spring or from greenwood cuttings in the later spring. [9]

Diseases and pests [ edit ]

Withania somnifera is prone to several pests and diseases. Leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata is the most prevalent disease, which occurs in a severe form in Punjab , Haryana , and Himachal Pradesh . Leaf spot disease reduces the concentration of its secondary metabolites . [10] The leaves are also prone to Alternaria dianthicola in India. [11]

A treehopper ( Oxyrachis tarandus ) feeds on the apical portions of the stem, making them rough and woody in appearance and brown in colour. [12]

The carmine red spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae ) is the most prevalent pest of the plant in India. [13] In recent years, this plant has been serving as a new reservoir host for an invasive mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis . [14]

Phytochemistry [ edit ]

The main phytochemical constituents of W. somnifera are withanolides , a group of triterpene lactones that include withaferin A , alkaloids , steroidal lactones , tropine , and cuscohygrine . [3] Forty withanolides, twelve alkaloids, and various sitoindosides have been isolated from this plant species. [3] [15] Because these withanolides are structurally similar to the ginsenosides of Panax ginseng , W. somnifera is commonly referred to as "Indian ginseng". [3]

Research [ edit ]

Limited, low-quality clinical studies have found that supplementation with various ashwagandha extracts may decrease perceived stress and anxiety , and improve sleep. [3] [4] [16] Because the studies used different extract preparations, durations of use, doses, and types of subjects, it remains undetermined how ashwagandha may have effects in people, as of 2023. [3] [4] [16]

Adverse effects [ edit ]

W. somnifera may cause adverse effects if taken alone or together with prescription drugs . [3] [4] [17] A review of 30 clinical trials found that use of W. somnifera may cause problems with sleep, blurred vision, stomach pain, dry mouth, vertigo, among others. [18] The most common side effects include diarrhea , headache, sedation , or nausea , and the product should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. [4] [17] Ashwagandha may increase testosterone levels which could adversely interact with cancer medications. [3] [17] [19]

Gallery [ edit ]

  • Fruits
    Fruits
  • Druggist's jar containing dried roots of Withania somnifera
    Druggist's jar containing dried roots of Withania somnifera
  • Dried graded roots of Withania somnifera
    Dried graded roots of Withania somnifera

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2023). "Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal" . Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 11 January 2024 .
  2. ^ " Withania somnifera " . Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2011-10-29 .
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Ashwagandha" . Drugs.com. 4 December 2023 . Retrieved 4 April 2024 .
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Ashwagandha" . MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 8 September 2023 . Retrieved 4 April 2024 .
  5. ^ Pasricha T (2024-03-02). "Advice | Should I take ashwagandha for sleep? Here's what the science says" . Washington Post . ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2024-03-07 .
  6. ^ Stearn, W. T. (1995). Botanical Latin: History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary (4th ed.). Timber Press. ISBN   978-0-88192-321-6 .
  7. ^ Pandit, S.; Chang, K.-W.; Jeon, J.-G. (February 2013). "Effects of Withania somnifera on the growth and virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus at sub-MIC levels". Anaerobe . 19 : 1?8. doi : 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.10.007 . PMID   23142795 .
  8. ^ Hugh Scott & Kenneth Mason, Western Arabia and the Red Sea , Naval Intelligence Division: London 1946, p. 597 ISBN   0-7103-1034-X .
  9. ^ Deni., Bown (1995). Encyclopedia of herbs & their uses . Montreal: RD Press. ISBN   0888503342 . OCLC   32547547 .
  10. ^ Pati, P. K.; Sharma, M.; Salar, R. K.; Sharma, A.; Gupta, A. P.; Singh, B. (2009). "Studies on leaf spot disease of Withania somnifera and its impact on secondary metabolites" . Indian Journal of Microbiology . 48 (4): 432?437. doi : 10.1007/s12088-008-0053-y . PMC   3476785 . PMID   23100743 .
  11. ^ Maiti, C. K.; Sen, S.; Paul, A. K.; Acharya, K. (2007-04-01). "First Report of Alternaria dianthicola Causing Leaf Blight on Withania somnifera from India" . Plant Disease . 91 (4): 467. doi : 10.1094/PDIS-91-4-0467B . ISSN   0191-2917 . PMID   30781215 .
  12. ^ Sharma, A; Pati, P.K. (2011). "First report of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, as a New Host of Cowbug ( Oxyrachis tarandus , Fab.) in plains of Punjab, Northern India". World Applied Sci. J . 14 (9): 1344?1346.
  13. ^ Sharma, A.; Pati, P. K. (2012). "First record of the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus urticae , infesting Withania somnifera in India" . Journal of Insect Science . 12 (50): 1?4. doi : 10.1673/031.012.5001 . PMC   3476950 . PMID   22970740 .
  14. ^ Sharma, A.; Pati, P. K. (2013). "First record of Ashwagandha as a new host to the invasive mealybug ( Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley) in India". Entomological News . 123 (1): 59?62. doi : 10.3157/021.123.0114 . S2CID   85645762 .
  15. ^ Gomez Afonso, Adrian; Fernandez-Lazaro, Diego; Adams, David P.; Monserda-Vilaro, Aniol; Fernandez-Lazaro, Cesar I. (2023-07-10). "Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Hematological and Biochemical Markers, Hormonal Behavior, and Oxidant Response in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review" . Current Nutrition Reports . 12 (3): 465?477. doi : 10.1007/s13668-023-00481-0 . ISSN   2161-3311 . PMC   10444651 . PMID   37428341 .
  16. ^ a b "Ashwagandha: Is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep?" . Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 24 October 2023 . Retrieved 4 April 2024 .
  17. ^ a b c "Ashwagandha" . Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. 21 March 2023 . Retrieved 4 April 2024 .
  18. ^ Tandon N, Yadav SS (June 2020). "Safety and clinical effectiveness of Withania somnifera (Linn.) dunal root in human ailments". Journal of Ethnopharmacology . 255 : 112768. doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112768 . PMID   32201301 .
  19. ^ "Ashwagandha: Is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep?" . Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 24 October 2023 . Retrieved 25 April 2024 .

External links [ edit ]

Look up ashwagandha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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