Type of glass for drinking wine, most often stemware
A
wine glass
is a type of
glass
that is used for drinking or
tasting
wine
. Most wine glasses are
stemware
(goblets), i.e., they are composed of three parts: the bowl, stem, and foot.
Shapes
[
edit
]
The effect of glass shape on the taste of wine has not been demonstrated decisively by any scientific study and remains a matter of debate. One study
[1]
suggests that the shape of the glass is important, as it concentrates the flavour and
aroma
(or bouquet) to emphasize the
varietal
's characteristic. One common belief is that the shape of the glass directs the wine itself into the best area of the mouth for the varietal
[2]
despite flavour being perceived by
olfaction
in the upper nasal cavity, not the mouth.
[
dubious
–
discuss
]
The importance of wine glass shape could also be based on false ideas about the arrangement of different taste buds on the tongue, such as the discredited
tongue map
.
[
citation needed
]
Most wine glasses are
stemware
, that is they are
goblets
composed of three parts: the bowl, stem, and foot. In some designs, the opening of the glass is narrower than the widest part of the bowl to concentrate the aroma.
[3]
Others are more open, like inverted cones. In addition, "stemless" wine glasses (tumblers) are available in a variety of sizes and shapes.
[4]
The latter are typically used more casually than their traditional counterparts.
[
citation needed
]
According to the wine critic for
The New York Times
, the bowl of the glass should be large enough to generously fill a quarter of the glass, it should be transparent, widest at the base and tapering inward to the rim to channel aromas upward.
[5]
A 2015 study by Kohji Mitsubayashi of Tokyo Medical and Dental University and colleagues found that different glass shapes and temperatures can bring out completely different bouquets and finishes from the same wine. The scientists developed a camera system that images ethanol vapor escaping from a wine glass.
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Some common types of wine glasses are described below.
Red wine glasses
[
edit
]
Glasses for red wine are characterized by their rounder, wider bowl, which increases the rate of oxidation.
[
citation needed
]
As oxygen from the air chemically interacts with the wine, flavor and aroma are believed to be subtly altered. This process of oxidation is generally considered more compatible with red wines, whose complex flavours are said to be smoothed out after being exposed to air. Red wine glasses can have particular styles of their own, such as
- Bordeaux glass
: tall with a broad bowl, and is designed for full bodied red wines like
Cabernet Sauvignon
and
Syrah
as it directs wine to the back of the mouth.
- Burgundy glass
: broader than the Bordeaux glass, it has a bigger bowl to accumulate aromas of more delicate red wines such as
Pinot noir
. This style of glass directs wine to the tip of the tongue.
[10]
White wine glasses
[
edit
]
White wine glasses vary enormously in size and shape, from the delicately tapered
Champagne flute
, to the wide and shallow glasses used to drink Chardonnay. Different shaped glasses are used to accentuate the unique characteristics of different styles of wine. Wide-mouthed glasses function similarly to red wine glasses discussed above, promoting rapid oxidation which alters the flavor of the wine.
[
citation needed
]
White wines which are best served slightly oxidized are generally full-flavored wines, such as oaked chardonnay. For lighter, fresher styles of white wine, oxidation is less desirable as it is seen to mask the delicate nuances of the wine.
[
citation needed
]
To preserve a crisp, clean flavored wine, many white wine glasses will have a smaller mouth, which reduces surface area and in turn, the rate of oxidization. In the case of sparkling wine, such as Champagne or
Asti
, an even smaller mouth is used to keep the wine sparkling longer in the glass.
Champagne flutes
[
edit
]
Champagne flutes are characterised by a long stem with a tall, narrow bowl on top. The shape is designed to keep
sparkling wine
desirable during its consumption. Just as with wine glasses, the flute is designed to be held by the stem to help prevent the heat from the hand from warming the liquid inside. The bowl itself is designed in a manner to help retain the signature carbonation in the beverage. This is achieved by reducing the surface area at the opening of the bowl. Additionally, the flute design adds to the aesthetic appeal of champagne, allowing the bubbles to travel further due to the narrow design, giving a more pleasant visual appeal.
Sherry glass
[
edit
]
A
sherry glass
or
schooner
is
drinkware
generally used for serving aromatic
alcoholic beverages
, such as
sherry
,
port
,
aperitifs
, and
liqueurs
, and layered
shooters
. The
copita
, with its aroma-enhancing narrow taper, is a type of sherry glass.
Some authors recommend one holds the glass by the stem, to avoid warming the wine and smudging the bowl.
[3]
Materials
[
edit
]
High quality wine glasses once were made of
lead glass
, which has a higher index of refraction and is heavier than ordinary glass, but health concerns regarding the ingestion of lead resulted in their being replaced by lead-free glass.
[11]
Wine glasses, with the exception of the hock glass, are generally not coloured or frosted as doing so would diminish appreciation of the wine's colour.
[3]
There used to be an
ISO
standard (ISO/PAS IWA 8:2009) for glass clarity and freedom from lead and other heavy metals, but it was withdrawn.
[12]
Some producers of high-end wine glasses such as Schott Zwiesel have pioneered methods of infusing
titanium
into the glass to increase its durability and reduce the likelihood of the glass breaking.
[13]
Decoration
[
edit
]
In the 18th century, glass makers would draw spiral patterns in the stem as they made the glass. If they used air bubbles it was called an airtwist; if they used threads, either white or coloured, it would be called opaque twist.
[14]
ISO wine tasting glass
[
edit
]
The
International Organization for Standardization
has a specification (ISO 3591:1977) for a wine-tasting glass. It consists of a cup (an "elongated egg") supported on a stem resting on a base.
The glass of reference is the
INAO
wine glass, a tool defined by specifications of the French Association for Standardization (AFNOR), which was adopted by INAO as the official glass in 1970, received its standard AFNOR in June 1971 and its ISO 3591 standard in 1972.
[15]
The INAO has not submitted a file at the National Institute of Industrial Property, it is therefore copied en masse and has gradually replaced other tasting glasses in the world.
[16]
The glass must be lead crystal (9% lead). Its dimensions give it a total volume between 210 mL and 225 mL, they are defined as follows:
- Diameter of the rim: 46 mm
- Calyx height: 100 mm
- Height of the foot: 55 mm
- Shoulder diameter: 65 mm
- Foot diameter: 9 mm
- Diameter of the base: 65 mm
The opening is narrower than the convex part so as to concentrate the bouquet. The capacity is approximately 215 ml, but it is intended to take a 50 ml pour.
[17]
Some glasses of a similar shape, but with different capacities, may be loosely referred to as ISO glasses, but they form no part of the ISO specification.
Measures in licensed premises
[
edit
]
In the UK many publicans have moved from serving wine in the standard size of 125 ml, towards the larger size of 250 ml. A code of practice, introduced in 2010 as an extension to the
Licensing Act 2003
, contains conditions for the sale of alcohol, including a requirement for customers to be informed that smaller measures are available.
[18]
In the United States, most
laws governing alcohol
exist at the state level. Federal law does not provide any guidance on a standard pour size, but 150 millilitres (5 US fl oz) is seen as typical for restaurants (one fifth of a standard 750 ml wine bottle), and with pour sizes for tastings typically being half as large.
[19]
Capacity measure
[
edit
]
As a supplemental unit of
apothecary measure
, the wineglass (also known as
wineglassful
, pl.
wineglassesful
, or
cyathus vinarius
in pharmaceutical Latin) was defined as
1
⁄
8
of a pint, (2 fluid ounces by US measure, or 2
1
⁄
2
fluid ounces (71ml) by imperial measure).
[20]
[21]
An older version (before c. 1800) was 1
1
⁄
2
fluid ounces.
[22]
These units bear little relation to the capacity of most contemporary wineglasses (based on
1
⁄
6
bottle, or 125ml), or to the ancient Roman cyathus (45ml).
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Wine Snobs Are Right: Glass Shape Does Affect Flavor"
.
Scientific American
. 14 April 2015. Archived from
the original
on 4 October 2016
. Retrieved
29 May
2019
.
- ^
Zwerdling, Daniel (August 2004).
"Shattered Myths"
.
Gourmet Magazine
. Archived from
the original
on 24 March 2008.
- ^
a
b
c
Cech, Mary; Schacht, Jennie (29 September 2005).
The Wine Lover's Dessert Cookbook: Recipes and Pairings for the Perfect Glass of Wine
. Chronicle Books. pp. 32?.
ISBN
978-0-8118-4237-2
.
- ^
Asimov, Eric (16 March 2017).
"One Wine Glass to Rule Them All"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
6 September
2017
.
- ^
Asimov, Eric.
"The Best Wine Glass for Any Occasion"
. The New York Times
. Retrieved
27 January
2022
.
- ^
Arakawa, Takahiro.
"A sniffer-camera for imaging of ethanol vaporization from wine: the effect of wine glass shape"
. PubMed National Library of Medicine
. Retrieved
21 April
2015
.
- ^
Newton, Jennifer.
"Wine Snobs Are Right: Glass Shape Does Affect Flavor"
. Scientific American
. Retrieved
14 April
2015
.
- ^
Rupp, Rebecca.
"When It Comes to Wine Glasses, Size and Shape Matter"
. National Geographic
. Retrieved
27 April
2015
.
- ^
Templeton, Lily.
"These Glasses Will Make Your Wine Taste Better"
. WWD Women's Wear Daily
. Retrieved
2 December
2023
.
- ^
"Types of Wine Glasses"
.
webstaurantstore.com
. WebstaurantStore
. Retrieved
24 August
2018
.
- ^
Questions and Answers About Lead in Tableware
Archived
2017-09-06 at the
Wayback Machine
. California Department of Public Health
- ^
"IWA 8:2009 - Tableware, giftware, jewellery, luminaries -- Glass clarity -- Classification and test method"
.
ISO
. Retrieved
6 September
2017
.
- ^
Fish, Tim.
"It's Just a Wineglass"
.
Wine Spectator
. Retrieved
24 August
2018
.
- ^
Clarke, Michael. (2001).
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms
. Oxford University Press.
[
page needed
]
- ^
"Le verre ISO ou verre INAO"
.
verres-a-vin.fr
. Retrieved
12 December
2016
.
- ^
Le verre et le vin de la cave a la table du |XVII a nos jours
(Glass and Wine from the Cellar to the Table from the 17th century to the Present) Christophe Bouneau, Michel Figeac, 2007. Centre d'etudes des mondes moderne et contemporain. In French
- ^
"ISO 3591:1977"
. ISO.org
. Retrieved
9 February
2012
.
(payment required)
- ^
Victoria Moore (4 January 2014).
"Fight for your right to a smaller glass of wine"
.
The Daily Telegraph
. Wine
. Retrieved
8 February
2016
.
- ^
Bell, Emily (28 February 2016).
"What is a Standard Pour and Why Should I Care?"
.
Vinepair
. Retrieved
16 June
2023
.
- ^
Edward Quin Thornton (1901).
Dose-book and Manual of Prescription-writing
. W.B. Saunders. p.
20
. Retrieved
21 December
2011
.
- ^
Weeks-Shaw, Clara S. (1808).
A text-book of nursing: for the use of training schools, families, and private students
. D. Appleton. p. 108
. Retrieved
21 December
2011
.
- ^
James, Robert (1747).
Pharmacopoeia universalis: or, A new universal English dispensatory. Containing. An account of all the natural and artificial implements and instruments of pharmacy, together with the processes and operations, whereby changes are induced in natural bodies for medicinal purposes .. With a copious index to the whole
. Printed for J. Hodges and J. Wood. p. 623
. Retrieved
21 December
2011
.
External links
[
edit
]