Royal park in Southern England
Windsor Great Park
is a Royal Park of 2,020 hectares (5,000 acres), including a
deer park
,
[2]
to the south of the town of
Windsor
on the border of
Berkshire
and
Surrey
in England. It is adjacent to the private 265 hectares (650 acres)
Home Park
, which is nearer the castle. The park was, for many centuries, the private hunting ground of
Windsor Castle
and dates primarily from the mid-13th century. Historically the park covered an area many times the current size known as
Windsor Forest
,
Windsor Royal Park
or its current name. The park is managed and funded by the
Crown Estate
, and is the only royal park not managed by
The Royal Parks
. Most parts of the park are open to the public, free of charge, from dawn to dusk, although there is a charge to enter
Savill Garden
.
[3]
Except for a brief period of privatisation by
Oliver Cromwell
to pay for the
English Civil War
, the area remained the personal property of the monarch until the reign of George III when control over all
Crown lands
was handed over to
Parliament
. The Park is owned and administered by the Crown Estate, a public body established by
Act of Parliament
in which the monarch and family members associated with its particular parts have non-executive, advisory roles. The Grade I listed park is on the
Register of Historic Parks and Gardens
.
[4]
Windsor Forest and Great Park
is a
Site of Special Scientific Interest
.
[5]
Windsor Great Park is a nationally important site for fungi. Over 1,000 species have been found on the park's territory, including 43 species confined exclusively to Windsor. Several of Britain's rarest and most endangered species of fungi occur on the park's territory.
[6]
Geography
[
edit
]
An ancient oak tree in the park
The Great Park is a gently undulating area of varied landscape. It has sweeping deer lawns, small woods, coverts and areas covered by huge solitary ancient
oak
trees. There is a small river in the north of the park called the Battle Bourne running to the Thames near Datchet. The
River Bourne
runs through a number of ponds to the south. Chief amongst these are Great Meadow Pond and Obelisk Pond, near the great
lake of Virginia Water
. The most prominent hill is Snow Hill and the avenue of trees known as the
Long Walk
runs between here and Windsor Castle. The area is accessed by a number of gates: Queen Anne's Gate, Ranger's Gate, Cranbourne Gate, Forest Gate, Sandpit Gate, Prince Consort's Gate, Blacknest Gate, Bishop's Gate and Bear's Rails Gate and the original
medieval
park pale can still be seen in places. The main road known as Sheet Street (A332) into Windsor runs through the northeast of the park. On the western side of the park is The Village, built in the 1930s to house Royal estate workers. It has a village shop and infant/junior school. Other buildings include the
Royal Lodge
,
Cumberland Lodge
, the
Cranbourne Tower
and Norfolk Farm. The park lies mostly within the
civil parish
of
Old Windsor
, though the eastern regions are in the
Borough of Runnymede
and there are small areas in the parishes of
Winkfield
and
Sunninghill
. Areas associated with or attached to the Great Park, but not officially within its borders include the
Home Park
, Mote Park, Flemish Farm, Cranbourne Chase,
Forest Lodge
and South Forest.
Windsor Great Park has one of the largest collections of ancient oaks remaining in Western Europe.
[7]
The oldest is a huge pedunculate oak known as
King Offa's Oak
, which grows in a private area of the estate. Tree experts estimate the tree's age as 1,300-1,500 years old,
[8]
[9]
making this ancient tree the oldest oak in the United Kingdom since the collapse of the
Pontfadog oak
, surpassing the 1,000 year old
Bowthorpe Oak
,
[10]
and the 1,200-year old
Marton Oak
in Cheshire,
[11]
the latter of which also being the widest tree in the UK. Other famous and ancient trees in the park include the popular Conqueror's oak in Cranbourne Park.
[12]
King Offa's Oak Windsor
King Offa's Oak
Conqueror's Oak
History
[
edit
]
Formation
[
edit
]
Map of the
Royal forests
in Great Britain (1327?1336)
Windsor Castle was begun in the 11th century by
William the Conqueror
as it afforded a good defensive point over the
River Thames
. A vast area of
Windsor Forest
to the south of the castle became reserved by the King for personal hunting and also to supply the castle with wood, deer, boar and fish. It was not until later that it became necessary to formally define this area. In 1129, the first
parker
was appointed, and in 1240,
King Henry III
officially set out the borders of the "Park", a region many times larger than the current Great Park. The castle was a mere fortress at this time and, when hunting, King Henry would have been resident at the more comfortable
manor house
of Old Windsor (what later became known as Manor Lodge). The title "Parker" exists today as "
Ranger of the Park
", the current title-holder being
Charles III
. Kings
Edward I
and
Edward III
used the park for jousts and tournaments and the latter had his Royal
stud
there to supply horses for the
Hundred Years' War
. The
moat
at Bear's Rails contained the manor house of Wychamere, the home of
William of Wykeham
while he was building the castle. It was later used for
bear-baiting
.
Development
[
edit
]
By the 18th century, the food value of the parkland to Windsor had decreased in importance and the new
Hanoverian
monarchs preferred to build on and garden the land rather than hunt in it. The Long Walk had been laid out by
King Charles II
and the planting of its trees completed by
William of Orange
in the 1680s, with double rows of elms which lasted until
World War II
, but the Georges extended it and built numerous features and monuments, such as the Copper Horse (depicting
George III
) and the Obelisk (in honour of
William, Duke of Cumberland
). George III had a set of 2,000-year-old Roman ruins imported from
Libya
and placed in the park.
Virginia Water was begun in 1746 by William, Duke of Cumberland who was then Ranger of the Park. Few details are recorded of the building of the lake; however it has been suggested that
prisoners of war
from the recent
Jacobite
risings, who were encamped at the nearby Breakheart hill, were involved. The original lake was much smaller than the current form, and was destroyed in a flood in 1768. In 1780,
Paul
and
Thomas Sandby
began construction of a much larger lake at the site, and went on to add an
artificial waterfall
, Meadow Pond and Obelisk Pond. The lake replaced a small stream of the same name which was probably named after
Queen Elizabeth I
, who was known as the "Virgin Queen".
Victorian expansion
[
edit
]
Queen Elizabeth II
and
Ronald Reagan
riding on horseback in the grounds of Windsor Great Park during President Reagan's 1982 official visit to the United Kingdom.
Queen Victoria
created the park that still exists. The
Windsor Castle Act 1848
was implemented to reform land use and rights around
Windsor Castle
. This led to the removal of existing roads and the creation of new ones to redirect people away
Home Park
. The changes were the result of the death of
Prince Albert
, when Queen Victoria largely withdrew from public life. At
Frogmore
she built a Royal Mausoleum for Albert. She was later buried there upon her own death, along with a number of other subsequent members of the royal family.
During the 19th and early 20th century, one of the main events for farmers near and far was the Christmas sale of stock from the Royal Windsor Estates. Held on the same week as the
Smithfield Show
, buyers came from all over the country to buy something from the monarch. The sale in 1850 was held on 17 December by
Messrs Buckland & Sons
of Windsor. It included Superior Fat Heifers for £20 each; 10 fat ewes, fed by Prince Albert, for 33/10; Fine Old Wether Sheep, fed by His Grace the
Duke of Buccleuch
, for 40/6. The sale made a total of £226.
[13]
On 12 December 1894, Messrs Buckland & Sons were proud to announce:
The Prince Consort's Flemish Farm
A Xmas sale of fat stock belonging to HM the Queen
ON WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1894
At One o'Clock precisely
Carriages will meet the Trains at both Windsor Stations
[14]
Aviation
[
edit
]
The Smith's Lawn area of the Park began to be used for flying in the 1920s, an activity which continued in various forms until the early 1950s. Improvements were made to the grass landing area in the mid 1930s, when it was used by the Prince of Wales (later
Edward VIII
). He operated several different types of aircraft from here, including several types of de Havilland airplanes, ranging from
Moths
to
Dragon Rapides
.
On 29 April 1931,
Gordon Olley
landed a large (for the time) twin-engine Imperial Airways airliner, the
Armstrong Whitworth Argosy
("City of Glasgow"), at Smith's Lawn.
[15]
In 2016, the
Duke of Edinburgh
unveiled a memorial at Smith's Lawn to its use as an airfield. He himself had made his first solo flight from there in 1952, after regular use of the site as an airfield had ceased.
[16]
Second World War
[
edit
]
During the war, aviation related activities included a factory dispersal site (to minimize the risk of
Luftwaffe
bombing) for
Vickers-Armstrongs
, who built and maintained
Wellington bombers
here. Other wartime aviation activities included use as a Relief Landing Ground for
de Havilland Tiger Moth
trainers at nearby No. 18 Elementary Flying Training School at
Fairoaks
.
[17]
The
Smith's Lawn
area of the Park was also used for housing troops. During the 1940s, much of the deer park was ploughed and farmed for food, which involved the felling of hundreds of ancient trees. Over 200 large bombs fell on the land, including several
V-2 rockets
. During the
1948 Summer Olympics
, the park was used as the
road cycling
venue.
[18]
In the 1950s, the Park was gradually turned into the recreation area open to the public that it is today. This involved the re-planting of Savill Gardens (which had been allowed to run wild during the war) and the new Valley Gardens. In 1951, a large wall for creeping plants was built at Savill using bricks from bombed-out London buildings. In 1958, a Totem pole was installed nearby, a gift from British Columbia to the Queen.
Protests
[
edit
]
In 1972 the Irish anarchist
Ubi Dwyer
organised the "People's Free Festival", the first of the
Windsor Free Festivals
in the Park, attended by 700 people. A co-organiser
Sid Rawle
claimed that Windsor Great Park has been
common land
until the 18th century, and illegally
inclosed
(made private) by
George III
.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
was reported to be "furious". Ubi and his allies repeated the festival in 1973 with at least 1,400 in attendance. In 1973, the Windsor Great Park regulations were introduced. In 1974, 7,000 people turned up but it was violently broken up by police, who made 220 arrests, and the festival was banned. Dwyer was jailed the next year for distributing leaflets to promote another festival and Rawle was given three months for reproducing parts of Ubi's leaflets in the
underground
newspaper
International Times
.
[19]
Features
[
edit
]
The modern enclosed deer park is at the northern end of the Great Park. It is home to a large herd of semi-wild
red deer
, reflecting the original medieval purpose of the park.
The Long Walk
[
edit
]
View of the Long Walk from Snow Hill, toward Windsor Castle
The tree-lined 2.64 miles (4.25 km) avenue known as the Long Walk was originally a path from Windsor Castle to Snow Hill. The high ground is said to have been the location where
Henry VIII
waited to hear the news that his second wife,
Anne Boleyn
, had been executed. Following the
Restoration
in 1660,
Charles II
had double rows of elm trees planted along the entire length of the path. The king was inspired to develop Windsor Castle and the surrounding parkland after he lived at the
Palace of Versailles
during his exile from Britain when it was the
Commonwealth of England
under
Oliver Cromwell
. The creation of the Long Walk was one of his first improvement plans.
[20]
In 1710
Queen Anne
had the path through the centre of the trees replaced by a road so coaches could use the route to enter and leave Windsor Castle.
[20]
The Copper Horse
[
edit
]
George III
depicted as a Roman Emperor in the bronze statue
The Copper Horse
in Windsor Great Park
The Long Walk runs south from Windsor Castle to
The Copper Horse
statue of
King George III
atop Snow Hill. The cast statue, which was erected 1829, is 2.65 miles (4.26 km) from the George IV Gateway at Windsor Castle to The Copper Horse.
[21]
Other equestrian statues in the park include one of the
Prince Consort
, to the west of the
polo
grounds, and
one of Queen Elizabeth II
near the Village.
The Royal Lodge
[
edit
]
The
Royal Lodge
was built in the centre of the park as the Deputy Ranger's house. It was made into a retreat for the
Prince Regent
from 1812, but was largely pulled down after his death. The remains were renovated, in the 1930s, as a home for the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as
King George VI
and
Queen Elizabeth
. It is now the official residence of
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
and not accessible by the public.
The Royal Chapel of All Saints
[
edit
]
The
Royal Chapel of All Saints
was built after the chapels of the Royal and Cumberland Lodges proved too small for growing numbers of household staff.
[22]
The chapel was built in 1825 by
Jeffry Wyattville
and regularly used by
George IV
during the refurbishment of Windsor Castle. It was later remodelled in the Gothic Revival style by
Samuel Sanders Teulon
and
Anthony Salvin
. Queen Victoria often attended the chapel as did the Duke and Duchess of York before their accession as King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.
[23]
It was regularly used by Queen Elizabeth II when she was in residence at Windsor.
Cumberland Lodge
[
edit
]
Other notable buildings in the park include
Cumberland Lodge
, built in 1652 during the
Commonwealth
. After the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the Lodge quickly became the home of the Ranger of the Great Park, an office in the gift of the sovereign. Each Ranger made his ? or in one case, that of
Sarah Churchill
, Duchess of Marlborough, her ? own mark on the features of the house and its surroundings.
Throughout her life
Queen Victoria
was a frequent visitor. Her daughter
Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
lived at the Lodge for over fifty years, presiding over elaborate re-building after a major fire in 1869 and extensive alterations in 1912.
Lord FitzAlan
, last British Viceroy of Ireland, was the last private person to be entrusted with the Lodge. It was in his time, in 1936, that the Prime Minister,
Stanley Baldwin
, discussed the crisis over
King Edward VIII
's desire to marry
Wallis Simpson
, talks which led to his
abdication of the crown
a few weeks later. In 1947, the King made the Lodge available to the newly established St. Catharine's Foundation, later known as the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Foundation of St Catharine's. Today the organisation is simply known as Cumberland Lodge. Cumberland Lodge today is an educational charity dedicated to initiating fresh debate on questions facing society. The grounds are not generally open to the public, but the house is continually holding conferences, open days and lectures.
[24]
Cranbourne Tower
[
edit
]
The private
Cranbourne Tower
is easily viewed from surrounding paths. It is all that survives of Cranbourne Lodge, the residence of the Keeper of Cranbourne Chase. It is thought to date back to the 16th century.
Savill Garden
[
edit
]
The Valley Gardens overlooking Virginia Water Lake
In the south-east of the park, near
Englefield Green
, are the
Savill Garden
Garden and
Valley Gardens
which were designed and built by
Eric Savill
in the 1930s and 1940s. They include an extraordinary range of flowers and trees from around the world. Smith's Lawn and Polo Grounds are also nearby, as is the tranquil Heather Garden. The Savill Garden Visitor Centre houses a gift shop; toilets; restaurant; coffee shop; ice cream counter; and a shop selling many plants found in the garden. The gardens are open to visitors between 10:00 and 16:30 in the winter and 10:00 and 18:00 in the summer.
[3]
Virginia Water Lake
[
edit
]
Virginia Water Lake
, in the south of the park, is an artificially-created lake of around 1 km
2
(0.4 sq mi) dating from the 1740s. Among the lakeside features are the 30-metre-high (100 ft) high Canadian
totem pole
, carved by
Mungo Martin
, Henry Hunt, and
Tony Hunt Sr.
, commemorating the centenary of
British Columbia
, and a collection of ornamental Roman ruins, transported from the site of
Leptis Magna
(modern-day
Al-Khums
) in 1816 and installed at Virginia Water in 1826.
The Obelisk
[
edit
]
The obelisk memorial
Beside a smaller lake, known as the Obelisk Pond, is the Obelisk memorial to the
Duke of Cumberland
. This is inscribed
This Obelisk raised by command of King George the Second commemorates the services of his son William Duke of Cumberland
The success of his arms and the gratitude of his father
This tablet was inscribed by His Majesty King William the Fourth.
It was originally inscribed "Culloden" but this was erased on Queen Victoria's orders and replaced with "Cumberland", inscribed within an inset in the masonry.
[25]
Wildlife
[
edit
]
Due to the presence of ancient trees and ancient grasslands, Windsor Great Park is an important wildlife site in the UK, and is nationally important for its fungal diversity.
[6]
250 rare species have been found in the park, some of which are confined exclusively to the park and occur nowhere else. Windsor Great Park is regarded as an important bolete site by mycologists,
[26]
and a few nationally rare species occur here, including
Imperator rhodopurpureus
,
Rubroboletus legaliae
and
Butyriboletus fuscoroseus
, although the latter of which has not been encountered for many years. Windsor Great Park is the only place in the UK where a confusing form of R.legaliae with entirely yellow pores occurs,
[27]
and is the type locality for Boletus immutatus, as suggested by Ainsworth et al. a variable colour morph of
Neoboletus luridiformis
with metabolic abnormalities, which occurs exclusively at Windsor Great Park and nowhere else in the UK, and has not been recorded in Europe as well.
[28]
[29]
Collection of fungi for consumption has been long forbidden in the park to safeguard the population of rare fungi, with significant sanctions in place if this law is ignored, much like with
Epping Forest
.
[30]
Other fungi which have been reported from the park include
Boletus aereus
,
Gyroporus castaneus
and six species of tooth fungi such as
Hericium coralloides
, a species protected by law in the UK. It is currently considered for inclusion in the SSSI register due to the diversity of fungi.
[31]
The park has a healthy population of
Red kite
, which can be seen soaring all over the park on sunny days, and seeing and hearing
Ring-necked parakeet
is commonplace. Other birds recorded from the park include the nationally threatened
Lesser spotted woodpecker
and
Mandarin duck
.
[32]
Rubroboletus legaliae from Windsor with unusual yellow pores, Windsor
Rubroboletus legaliae from Windsor Great Park, Berkshire
Oldrose bolete from Windsor Great Park, Berkshire
Boletus immutatus
Red kite at Windsor
Visiting
[
edit
]
A new visitor centre designed by
Glenn Howells
Architects and
Buro Happold
was opened in June 2006, and was nominated for the 2007
Stirling Prize
.
Park access via Rangers Gate is strictly for authorised vehicles only. There are several other road, horse and foot entrances. Access to some of the private areas of the Great Park is available, on application, for an annual key rental fee. Access to the park is governed by Windsor Great Park Regulations 1973.
[33]
Events
[
edit
]
Every five or six years since 1993 Windsor Great Park has been home to the
Scout
and Girlguiding camp WINGS (
W
indsor
I
nter
n
ational
G
uides and
S
couts camp), last held in August 2014.
[34]
At the
15th World Conference of WAGGGS
it was decided to mark the centenary of the birth of
Lord Baden-Powell
, the founder of Guiding, by holding a World Camp with four locations ?
Doe Lake, Ontario
, Canada;
Quezon City
,
Philippines
;
Lac de Conche
, Switzerland; and Windsor Great Park, from 19 January to 2 February 1957.
[35]
Filming location
[
edit
]
The Crown Estate has allowed the use of Windsor Great Park as a filming location. The park was used in the production of the following:
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
The Royal Estate, Windsor: Windsor Castle and Home Park
, Historic England. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^
"Windsor Great Park"
.
Thecrownestate.co.uk
. Retrieved
7 June
2017
.
- ^
a
b
"Opening times and charges"
. The Crown Estate
. Retrieved
16 April
2016
.
- ^
Historic England
,
"The Royal Estate Windsor: Windsor Great Park (1001176)"
,
National Heritage List for England
, retrieved
10 February
2016
- ^
"Designated Sites View: Windsor Forest and Great Park"
. Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England
. Retrieved
21 November
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"Wildlife"
.
Windsor Great Park
. Retrieved
8 December
2023
.
- ^
"The Long Walk & Deer Park"
.
Windsor Great Park
. Retrieved
8 December
2023
.
- ^
"From ancient oaks to walking yews: the story of Britain's great trees, forests and avenues"
.
The Guardian
. 30 April 2022.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
8 December
2023
.
- ^
"Oak processionary moth strikes at the 'heart of English oak'
"
.
Forestry Journal
. 13 August 2019
. Retrieved
8 December
2023
.
- ^
"A quick look into England's oldest trees - The Traditional Company"
. 29 October 2020
. Retrieved
8 December
2023
.
- ^
http://www.ancienttreeforum.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/The-Marton-Oak-for-March-2017.pdf
- ^
"Pedunculate Oak 'William the Conqueror's Oak' in Windsor Great Park, Windsor, England, United Kingdom"
.
www.monumentaltrees.com
. Retrieved
8 December
2023
.
- ^
The History of Buckland & Sons
, Edward Barry Bowyer FRICS, (published 1973)
- ^
A history of the Auction
, Brian Learmount, Iver: Barnard & Learmont, 1985, pages 68?69
- ^
"Smiths Lawn - UK Airfield Guide"
.
www.ukairfieldguide.net
. Retrieved
8 December
2023
.
- ^
"Smith's Lawn airfield memorial unveiled by Duke of Edinburgh"
.
BBC News
. 11 April 2016
. Retrieved
6 March
2023
.
- ^
"Smith's Lawn - Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust UK"
.
www.abct.org.uk
. Retrieved
8 December
2023
.
- ^
"1948 Summer Olympics official report"
(PDF)
.
La84foundation.org
. pp. 43?4
. Retrieved
8 June
2017
.
- ^
Obituary, Sid Rawle,
The Times
, October 2010
- ^
a
b
"The Long Walk"
.
www.windsor-berkshire.co.uk
. Retrieved
19 September
2022
.
- ^
"The Long Walk, Windsor Great Park ? Information pictures and history ? The Royal Windsor Web Site by Thamesweb"
.
Thamesweb.co.uk
. 28 December 2000
. Retrieved
7 June
2017
.
- ^
Jane Roberts (1997).
Royal Landscape: The Gardens and Parks of Windsor
. Yale University Press. pp. 347?.
ISBN
978-0-300-07079-8
.
- ^
Caroline Davies (April 2002).
"Princes return to a family in grief"
.
The Daily Telegraph
. Retrieved
6 December
2013
.
- ^
"Cumberland Lodge | History | the Building in History"
. Archived from
the original
on 6 June 2012
. Retrieved
25 May
2012
.
- ^
Fielder, Andrew (1 May 2010).
Windsor Great Park: A Visitor's Guide
. Copperhorse Publishing. p. 28.
ISBN
978-0-9564703-0-0
.
- ^
https://cdn.buglife.org.uk/2022/01/Windsor-Fungi-End-Report-2020.pdf
- ^
https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/f5cae2d1-b304-4020-921c-1c95d507f9c8/SpeciesStatus-14-Boletaceae-WEB-2013.pdf
- ^
https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/f5cae2d1-b304-4020-921c-1c95d507f9c8/SpeciesStatus-14-Boletaceae-WEB-2013.pdf
- ^
"B. immutatus ≪ boletales.com"
.
boletales.com
. Retrieved
8 December
2023
.
- ^
"Wildlife"
.
- ^
https://cdn.buglife.org.uk/2022/01/Windsor-Fungi-End-Report-2020.pdf
- ^
"Windsor Great Park"
.
- ^
Statutory Instrument 1973/1113
- ^
"Wings 2014 Homepage"
.
Wings2014.org.uk
. Retrieved
8 June
2017
.
- ^
Gosling, Mike.
"1957 World Camps"
(PDF)
.
SIGMAH.com
. Retrieved
28 August
2019
.
- ^
a
b
"News from The Royal Landscape" booklet, Winter 2013, published by the
Crown Estate
.
- ^
"Geograph:: Construction of location set in Pond,... ⓒ Phillip Williams cc-by-sa/2.0"
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
London Venues
| | |
---|
Venues outside London
| |
---|
|
---|
19th century
| | |
---|
20th century
|
- 1900
- Velodrome de Vincennes
- 1904
- Francis Olympic Field
- 1908
- White City Stadium
- 1912
- Liljeholmen
,
Malaren
- 1920
- Antwerp
,
Velodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg
- 1924
- Stade Yves-du-Manoir
,
Velodrome de Vincennes
- 1928
- Amsterdam
,
Olympic Stadium
- 1932
- Los Angeles Avenue
,
Pacific Coast Highway
,
Rose Bowl in Pasadena
,
Vineyard Avenue
- 1936
- Avus Motor Road
,
BSV 92 Field & Stadium
- 1948
- Herne Hill Velodrome
,
Windsor Great Park
- 1952
- Kapyla
,
Maunula
,
Pakila
,
Velodrome
- 1956
- Broadmeadows
,
Velodrome
- 1960
- Olympic Velodrome
,
Via Cassia
,
Via Flaminia
,
Via Cristoforo Colombo
,
Via di Grottarossa
- 1964
- Hachioji City
,
Hachioji Velodrome
- 1968
- Agustin Melgar Olympic Velodrome
,
Satellite Circuit
- 1972
- Bundesautobahn 96
,
Grunwald
,
Radstadion
- 1976
- Mount Royal Park
,
Olympic Velodrome
,
Quebec Autoroute 40
- 1980
- Krylatskoye Sports Complex Cycling Circuit
,
Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome
,
Moscow-Minsk Highway
- 1984
- Artesia Freeway
,
Olympic Velodrome
, Streets of
Mission Viejo
- 1988
- Olympic Velodrome
,
Tongillo Road Course
- 1992
- A-17 highway
,
Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya
,
Sant Sadurni Cycling Circuit
,
Velodrom d'Horta
- 1996
- Cycling road course,
Georgia International Horse Park
,
Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome
|
---|
21st century
|
- 2000
- Centennial Parklands
,
Dunc Gray Velodrome
,
Western Sydney Parklands
- 2004
- Athens Olympic Velodrome
,
Kotzia Square
,
Parnitha Olympic Mountain Bike Venue
,
Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre
- 2008
- Laoshan Bicycle Moto Cross (BMX) Venue
,
Laoshan Mountain Bike Course
,
Laoshan Velodrome
,
Urban Road Cycling Course
- 2012
- BMX Circuit
,
Hadleigh Farm
,
London Velodrome
,
Hampton Court Palace
- 2016
- Fort Copacabana
,
Mountain Bike Centre
,
Olympic BMX Centre
,
Pontal
,
Rio Olympic Velodrome
- 2020
- Izu Velodrome
,
Izu MTB Course
,
Fuji Speedway
,
Ariake Urban Sports Park
- 2024
- Velodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
,
Champs-Elysees
,
Elancourt Hill
- 2028
- VELO Sports Center
,
Los Angeles Convention Center
,
Grand Park
,
Downtown Long Beach
,
Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park
- 2032
- Sunshine Coast Region
,
Alexandra Headland, Queensland
,
Sleeman Centre
,
Victoria Park
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