Wikipedia information page
Some of Wikipedia's articles are comprehensive right from the outset, but most start off as
stubs
and ideally grow into
well-written, comprehensive
articles with time.
This page describes the stages in the life of an article and lists the ways in which
you can help an article grow
into the next stage. Skipping stages is not just permissible?it is, in fact, recommended! The following categories should give you an idea of how articles typically grow on Wikipedia.
Stages of an article
(Summary) The Journey of a Wikipedia Article
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Account created
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Searching and searching...
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An article on the topic exists already. Make a
redirect
.
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An article on the topic doesn’t exist
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Finding
reliable sources
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Writing
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Putting it on your subpage or somewhere else
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Article gets speedy deleted
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You keep on submitting it and you get blocked
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Submitted as a draft
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Draft submitted
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Draft declined, then edited and re-submitted
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Draft accepted
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You may lose motivation to work on the article
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You just publish it without drafting (skip if you went via "Draft accepted")
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Might get deleted by
New Page patrol
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Nice editors add sources, expand the article, and make it even better!
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Doesn’t get vandalized
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It gets vandalized (could get protected)
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To being a
good article
and beyond!
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Uncreated articles
Consider using a Wizard to help you create articles. See the
Article Wizard
.
Thank you.
Every article starts with an idea in the mind of a contributor. You can
create articles
about anything, as long as they
belong in Wikipedia
. It is a good idea to
search first
, so you are sure there has not been an article on the subject; if there is, a
redirect
may be appropriate. If you see a
red link
that strikes your fancy, create an article! (If you've not created an article before, see
Your First Article
.)
For more suggestions on how to think of subjects to contribute on, see
Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia
.
Before you start, it's helpful to read the
guidelines
and
tutorials
on creating new articles to get an idea of what you should consider?such matters as the scope, format, references, and NPOV in a Wikipedia article.
Good ways to find articles to create:
Stubs
If you do not have the time to write a full article, consider writing a "
stub
". Stubs are very short articles?generally just a few sentences. These are the "ugly ducklings" of Wikipedia. With effort, they can mature into "swans".
Good ways to find stub articles and grow stubs:
To find stub templates appropriate for an article, see these WikiProject Stub sorting sub-pages.
- See
Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types
for more information on existing stub types.
- See
Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/List of stubs
for a compact list of all stub types.
Article stub placement
The article stub (or stubs) template is added after the last line of the article. For example:
Last line of the article.
(first blank line)
(second blank line)
{{stub}}
Talk page stub class
Article quality assessments are mainly performed by members of WikiProjects, who tag talk pages of articles. For beginning stub articles, the
class=Stub
parameter is added to the article's WikiProject banner on the talk page.
Developing articles
Once a stub has real content, it is a real article and the article's stub template(s) can be removed. The vast majority of articles fall into this category. They may have weaknesses, so you are encouraged to
copyedit
them and, where you have the knowledge or do the necessary research, to add content.
As an article is improved in quality it goes through stages of development. Here is an
example of the evolution of an article
.
Good ways to find and improve developing articles (see
below
for more information):
- Good articles
- How to get great articles up to featured quality
Featured article
The
featured articles
are what we believe to be the best articles in Wikipedia. Before promotion to featured status, articles are reviewed at
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates
for compelling prose, accuracy, neutrality, and completeness, according to our
featured article criteria
. Wikipedians tend to be proud of featured articles to which they have contributed.
Once an article is certified as featured, it joins an exclusive group of
featured content
which is showcased across various community pages, including
Portals
and
WikiProjects
. The article could also receive the distinction of being featured on the
main page
. Before the article is scheduled to appear on the main page, it should receive a last review and polishing where possible.
Featured articles present our best work to people who might not know about Wikipedia. This is an excellent way to
recruit new Wikipedians
and obtain
donations
, both of which help Wikipedia immensely.
Featured articles are well polished, but there are usually small improvements that can still be made.
Do not ever be afraid
to correct mistakes or update information when you see an opportunity. No article is
perfect
, even though perfection is always our goal. We have a formal procedure for encouraging Wikipedians to review and improve featured articles:
Featured Article Review
.
Featured articles
What constitutes a featured article
Good ways to display our best articles:
How to develop an article
Suppose you want to create a good, or even
perfect
, Wikipedia article that deserves to be listed among our
featured articles
(those considered by consensus to be Wikipedia's best articles). Your goal is then to meet the
featured article criteria
. Here is a guide to achieving this.
Research
Once you have decided on an
encyclopedic topic
, use
Wikipedia's search engine
to find out what related material we already have. That way, you discover what already exists and can later create good links to and from other relevant articles.
Additional research is usually necessary to write a great article. A great article has to be verifiable and
cite
reliable sources
which ideally should include books or peer-reviewed journal articles. Consider visiting a university or public library to identify and study the best sources. Consider searching
Wikipedias in other languages
, looking at what
search engines
such as
Google
can bring up, and reading the relevant articles from other encyclopedias, to form an idea of what topics should be covered, in what depth, to achieve a comprehensive summary coverage. The following sites may help you:
Encyclopedia.com
and
Encyclopedia Britannica Online
.
Finding relevant articles
There are several ways to find and retrieve articles online, without having to leave home.
Google Scholar
is an excellent source for finding sometimes-
free
online peer-reviewed articles; note that the free articles' entries are quickly identifiable for having a "View as HTML" link in the result page. Other search engines for scholarly
open access
articles include
CORE
and
BASE
. For a host of free, searchable newspapers, see
Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources
.
Many libraries have agreements with
paywalled
database providers under which library users with current library cards can connect free to the databases from their home computers?that is, the users do not need to be physically present in the library. Check with your local public or academic library to find out to which databases it subscribes, and whether they have a mechanism in place for remote access. Some high-end databases (like InfoTrac and
ProQuest
) even carry scanned versions of articles as they were originally printed.
Wikipedians are also eligible to apply for access to paywalled research databases via the
Wikipedia Library
. Partners with the Wikipedia Library include:
- EBSCO
Full academic version (Academic Search Premier) has full text of millions of articles from over 4,600 sources. Full public library version (MasterFILE Premier) has full-text coverage of about 2,100 sources.
- JSTOR
has complete text of articles from several hundred scholarly journals from their beginning to approximately five years ago. It is operated by a consortium of universities. They include most of the "high prestige" journals in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences.
- Questia Online Library
allows full-text search and reading access to all 64,000+ books and 1,000,000+ journal, magazine, and newspaper articles in their collection. Their strength is full text of recent academic books by major publishers such as Oxford University Press, University of North Carolina Press, and Greenwood Press, along with thousands of older academic books that are available only in larger university libraries. Unlike most other online services, they offer short-term individual subscriptions for students and researchers.
- Newspaperarchive.com
and
Newspapers.com
Two separate newspaper databases, each including thousands of newspapers dating back hundreds of years.
Other paywalled general interest databases that may be available through your local library are:
- Infotrac
?? OneFile database has full text of about 90 million articles from 1980 to the present. Widely available at academic and public libraries throughout North America. Operated by
Thomson Gale
(formerly Gale Group), a subsidiary of the
Thomson Corporation
.
- LexisNexis
?? Full version (mostly accessed by lawyers and journalists) has millions of full-text articles (from magazines, journals, and newspapers), court opinions, statutes, treatises, transcripts, public records, and more. Academic version (available at many universities) offers large subsets of the legal and news databases.
- ProQuest
?? Full version (ProQuest 5000) has full text of millions of articles from 7,400 sources as far back as 1971. The ProQuest Historical Newspapers database has images in PDF format of all issues of the
New York Times
published between 1851 and 2001. Most libraries offer access to only part of the huge ProQuest database, through account types like eLibrary, Platinum, Silver, Gold, or Discovery.
Academic libraries often subscribe to special interest databases with in-depth coverage, of which there are far too many to list here.
- Factiva?? Provides multiple language interfaces and multilingual content covering nearly 9,000 sources.
Finding relevant books
If you are doing in-depth research on a complex or controversial subject, you should obtain relevant books in addition to articles. If the subject is of historical interest, you may have to visit a library to obtain articles that were published before 1980, since few online databases contain such old articles.
To find books or periodicals stored as bound volumes, the best place to start is with the catalog of your local public library. If you have searched the catalogs of several local libraries without success, try searching library "union" catalogs. With one search in a union catalog, it is possible to determine which books are available on a subject in an entire county, state, province, or country. The largest union catalog is OCLC
WorldCat
, which claims to have worldwide coverage, though most of its member libraries are in
North America
.
Only by citing the best sources in a field can a Wikipedia article be taken seriously by its critics. For more on this issue, see
Wikipedia:Verifiability
.
If you are creating a brand-new article (see
Wikipedia:Your first article
), there are a couple of
naming conventions
that you should follow.
Writing
Start your article with a concise lead section or introduction defining the topic and mentioning the most important points. The reader should be able to get a good overview by only reading the lead, which should be between one and four paragraphs long, depending on the length of the article. See
Wikipedia:Manual of Style (lead section)
.
Remember that, although you will be familiar with the subject you are writing about, readers of Wikipedia may not be, so it is important to establish the context of your article's subject early on. For instance, if you are writing an article about a sports event you should mention the sport and, if relevant, any national details: rather than
The
Red Cup
was a domestic league competition that ran between 1994 and 1996
it would be more helpful to write
The
Red Cup
was a domestic rugby league competition in New Caledonia that ran between 1994 and 1996
Again, rather than
Bobby the Salmon
is a goalkeeper who joined the club in 2006
say
Bobby the Salmon
is a
football
goalkeeper who joined Fulchester United in 2006
See our
editing help
for the format we use to produce links, emphasize text, lists, headlines etc. Make sure to link to other relevant Wikipedia articles. In addition, where appropriate, add links in other articles back to your article.
Do not simply
copy-and-paste
from one of the external resources mentioned above. See
Copyrights
for the details.
It is often a good idea to separate the major sections of your articles with section headlines.
For many topics, a history section is very appropriate, outlining how thinking about the concept evolved over time.
If different people have different opinions about your topic, characterize that debate from the
Neutral point of view
.
Try to get your spelling right. Wikipedia does not yet contain a spell checker, but you can write and spell-check your article first in a word processor or text editor (which is a lot more comfortable than the Wikipedia text-box anyway) and then paste it into said text-box. Another option is an extension (such as ieSpell for Internet Explorer or SpellBound for Mozilla and old versions of Firefox?? Firefox 2 and up feature built-in spell checking) that can be installed on your web browser and used as a spell checker in text boxes.
Keep the article in an encyclopedic style: add
etymology
or
provenance
(when available), look for analogies and eventual comparisons to propose. Be objective: avoid personal comments (or turn them into general statements, but only when they coincide), do not use personal forms (
I found that...
). The
Wikipedia Manual of Style
can help you with your English. You can post questions about English grammar and usage at the
Wikipedia language and grammar desk
.
Try to avoid using
euphemisms
, such as "passed away" for "died", or "made love" for "had sexual intercourse".
At the end, you should list the references you used and the best available external links about the topic. These references are what will allow Wikipedia to be the most trusted, reliable resource it can be.
Finishing touches
Finish the article with a good relevant image or graphic. See
Graphics tutorials
for practical help on drawing diagrams and modifying images, or make a request on the
Graphic Lab
. Many copyright-free image sources are listed at our
public domain image resources
. Please do not link to images on other servers; instead use the
upload page
. The sizing of images and other issues concerning images in articles are set out in
the Manual of Style
.
One way to get a good article is to bounce it back and forth between several
Wikipedians
. Use the
Talk pages
to refine the topic, ask for their confirmations, note their doubts: it is usually interesting to discover that, perhaps from the other side of the planet, after a while, some other contributors can check other sources, or propose different interpretations. The composition of a commonly agreed interpretation is the most important ingredient of a serious Wikipedia article.
It may also be useful to look up your subject in one of the foreign-language Wikipedias, such as the German or French editions. While the English-language Wikipedia is the biggest one in terms of the total number of articles it contains, you may find that other Wikipedias sometimes contain more in-depth articles, especially if the subject is of local importance. Even if your foreign language skills are not particularly developed, you may still glean important information from those articles, like birth dates, statistics, bibliographies, or the names of persons that are linked on the page. If you have incorporated the additional information, please also make the appropriate
Interwiki links
at the end of your article.
Do not neglect the
External links
and
References
sections. The most useful and accurate material that you have found with your Internet research might make good links for a reader, too. In addition, sometimes a standard work is mentioned repeatedly in connection with your topic. Mention it, with its author and publication date. Even better, obtain a copy and use it to check the material in the article.
In addition, remember to create links to your article from related articles and subjects. This includes any
redirects
your article may need, for instance, redirects for other capitalizations of your article title, abbreviations, plural versions, alternative spellings or common misspellings. This helps people find your article and may even help you find a related, already-written article. You can also create redirects from related subjects or subtopics which do not yet have their own articles (
redirects with possibilities
).
Peer review
You are encouraged to ask for feedback about the quality of an article at any time. Ask your fellow editors for their opinions, list outstanding issues, and areas to improve on article talk pages, get other editors involved. Networking to identify like-minded Wikipedians is one of the most important (and enjoyable) aspects of the project. It is best to have a reasonably well-developed article before you do this so that those giving feedback have something substantial to analyze.
Wikipedia:Peer review
is the normal route for evaluating articles.
See also
External links