2011 British royal wedding
The wedding of
Prince William
and
Catherine Middleton
took place on Friday, 29 April 2011 at
Westminster Abbey
in
London
, England. William was second in the
line of succession to the British throne
at the time, later becoming
heir apparent
. The couple had been in a relationship since 2003.
John Hall
,
Dean of Westminster
, presided at the service;
Rowan Williams
,
Archbishop of Canterbury
, conducted the marriage;
Richard Chartres
,
Bishop of London
, preached the sermon; and a reading was given by Catherine's brother
James
. William's
best man
was his brother
Prince Harry
, while Catherine's sister
Pippa
was the
maid of honour
. The ceremony was attended by the bride's and groom's families, as well as members of foreign royal families, diplomats, and the couple's chosen personal guests. After the ceremony, the couple made the traditional appearance on the balcony of
Buckingham Palace
. As William was not the heir apparent to the throne at the time, the wedding was not a full state occasion, and details such as much of the
guest list of about 1,900
were left for the couple to decide.
William and Catherine first met in 2001. Their engagement, which took place on 20 October 2010, was announced on 16 November 2010. The build-up to the wedding and the occasion itself attracted much media attention, being compared in many ways with the
wedding of William's parents
in 1981. The occasion was made a
public holiday in the United Kingdom
and featured many ceremonial aspects, including use of the
state carriages
and roles for the
Foot Guards
and
Household Cavalry
. Events were held around the
Commonwealth
to mark the wedding; organisations and hotels held events across Canada,
[1]
over 5,000 street parties were held throughout the United Kingdom, and about a million people lined the route between Westminster Abbey and Buckingham Palace on the wedding day.
[2]
The ceremony was viewed live by tens of millions more around the world, including 72 million live streams on YouTube.
[3]
In the United Kingdom, television audiences peaked at 26.3 million viewers, with 36.7 million watching at least part of the coverage.
Engagement announcement
[
edit
]
Prince William and Catherine Middleton first met in 2001 while studying at the
University of St Andrews
.
[4]
They began dating in 2003.
[5]
On 16 November 2010,
Clarence House
stated that William was to marry Catherine "in the Spring or Summer of 2011, in London".
[6]
They were engaged in October 2010, while on a private holiday in Kenya; William gave Middleton the
same engagement ring
that his father had given to William's mother,
Diana, Princess of Wales
[7]
?an 18-
karat
white gold
ring with a 12-
carat
oval Ceylon (Sri Lankan)
sapphire
and 14
round
diamonds
. It was announced at approximately the same time that, after their marriage, the couple would live on the Isle of
Anglesey
in Wales, where William was based with the
Royal Air Force
.
[6]
[8]
The Queen said she was "absolutely delighted" for the couple,
[7]
giving her formal consent to the marriage, as required by the since-repealed
Royal Marriages Act 1772
, in her
British privy council
on the morning of the engagement.
[9]
Congratulations also came in from
the Queen's prime ministers
,
[10]
[11]
[12]
including
Julia Gillard
,
Prime Minister of Australia
, who had at other times demonstrated moderate republican leanings.
[13]
The suffragan
Bishop of Willesden
,
Pete Broadbent
, who also has republican views, published a critical reaction to the wedding announcement on Facebook. He later acknowledged that his words were "offensive" and apologised,
[14]
but his superior,
Richard Chartres
,
Bishop of London
, instructed him to withdraw from public ministry "until further notice".
[15]
[16]
Following the announcement, the couple gave an exclusive interview to
ITV News
political editor
Tom Bradby
[17]
and hosted a photocall at
St James's Palace
.
[18]
[19]
On 12 December 2010,
Buckingham Palace
issued the official engagement photographs; these were taken on 25 November, in the state apartments at St. James's Palace, by photographer
Mario Testino
.
[20]
[21]
On 23 November 2010, the date of the ceremony was confirmed as Friday, 29 April 2011.
[22]
[23]
The
Queen in her British Council
ordered on 15 December 2010 that the wedding day would be a
public holiday
throughout the United Kingdom.
[22]
[24]
[25]
It was also declared an official public holiday in the
British Overseas Territories
of
Bermuda
, the
Cayman Islands
,
Gibraltar
, the
Falkland Islands
,
Montserrat
, and the
Turks and Caicos
, and the British
Crown Dependencies
of
Guernsey
,
Jersey
, and the
Isle of Man
.
[26]
[27]
[28]
As 29 April fell six days before
elections for the Scottish Parliament
and the
Alternative Vote referendum
, this attracted political comment.
[29]
[30]
[31]
John Curtice
, a professor of politics at the
University of Strathclyde
, stated for the Scottish elections that the date was "unfortunate" and was "likely to see the Royal Family getting caught up in political debate".
[32]
Middleton, who was christened as a child, decided to be
confirmed
into the
Church of England
preceding her wedding.
[33]
The confirmation service was conducted on 10 March at
St James's Palace
by the Bishop of London with her family and William in attendance.
[34]
TV programmes were also shown in the UK prior to the wedding which provided deeper insights into the couple's relationship and backgrounds, including
When Kate Met William
[35]
and
Channel 4
's
Meet the Middletons
.
[36]
Planning
[
edit
]
On 5 January,
St James's Palace
publicised that the ceremony would start at 11:00
British Summer Time
(BST) and that Catherine would arrive at the abbey by car rather than by carriage, the traditional transport for royal brides. The route planned was along
The Mall
, through
Horse Guards Parade
, and down
Whitehall
to the abbey. Some roads in central London were closed;
Transport for London
issued travel advice and information on road closures.
[37]
Cost
[
edit
]
The costs of the wedding itself were borne by the Royal Family and the Middletons, and the costs of security and transport were covered by
Her Majesty's Treasury
.
[38]
[39]
The couple also asked that donations be made to charities in place of traditional wedding gifts;
[40]
to that end, they established The Prince William and Miss Catherine Middleton Charitable Gift Fund, which focused on assisting charities such as the New Zealand
Christchurch Earthquake
Appeal, the
Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary
, the
Royal Flying Doctor Service
, and the
Zoological Society of London
.
[41]
The overall cost of the event was estimated to have been £23.7 million.
[42]
The Australian newspaper
Herald Sun
estimated
A$
32 million for security and A$800,000 for flowers. Estimates of the cost to the economy of extra public holidays, such as that allowed for the wedding, vary between £1.2 billion and £6 billion.
[43]
The British government tourist authority
VisitBritain
predicted the wedding would trigger a tourism boom that would last several years, eventually pulling in an additional 4 million visitors and generating £2 billion.
[44]
However, VisitBritain's head of research and forecasting, David Edwards, suggested to colleagues two days after the engagement was announced that the evidence pointed to royal weddings having a negative impact on inbound tourism. He noted that the number of visitors to Britain was down significantly in July 1981, when Prince Charles and Diana were married, from the same period in other years, and also July 1986, when
Prince Andrew
and
Sarah Ferguson
were married, was down from July 1985.
[45]
Guest list
[
edit
]
On 16 and 17 February, three sets of guest lists were sent out in the name of the Queen. Many guests or their successors in office who had been invited to the wedding of William's parents were not invited to the wedding. The first list, consisting of about 1,900 people, attended the ceremony in the abbey; the second list of approximately 600 people were invited to the luncheon reception at Buckingham Palace, hosted by the Queen; and the final list, of about 300 names, was for the evening dinner, hosted by the Prince of Wales.
[46]
More than half the wedding guests were family and friends of the couple, though there were a significant number of Commonwealth leaders (including the governors-general who represent the Queen in
Commonwealth realms
other than the UK, prime ministers of the Commonwealth realms, and heads of government of other Commonwealth countries), members of religious organisations, the diplomatic corps, several military officials, members of the British
Royal Household
, members of foreign royal families, and representatives of William's charities and others with whom William has worked on official business. Although St James's Palace declined to publish the names of those invited, a breakdown of guests was published by category, though not including foreign heads of state.
[46]
The invitation of Cardinal
Sean Brady
,
Primate of All Ireland
, to the event, and its acceptance, were described as "unprecedented" by a spokesman for Ireland's Catholic bishops. The spokesman attributed the invitation to Cardinal Brady's contribution to the Northern Ireland peace process.
[47]
Route
[
edit
]
The route of William and his party to the ceremony went between
Buckingham Palace
and
Westminster Abbey
, by
The Mall
, passing
Clarence House
, by
Horse Guards Road
,
Horse Guards Parade
, through Horse Guards Arch,
Whitehall
, the south side of
Parliament Square
, and Broad Sanctuary.
[48]
After the ceremony, the bridal couple returned along the same route by carriage.
[49]
At 6.00 am, roads in and around the processional route were closed to traffic. From 8.15 am, the main congregation,
governors-general
, prime ministers of
Commonwealth realms
, and diplomats arrived at the abbey.
William and Harry, who had stayed at Clarence House,
[50]
left for the ceremony at 10.10 am in a
Bentley State Limousine
and arrived at 10.18 am, followed by representatives of foreign royal families, the Middleton family, and, lastly, the Royal Family (the
Prince of Wales
and the
Duchess of Cornwall
; the
Princess Royal
and Vice Admiral
Timothy Laurence
; the
Duke of York
,
Princess Beatrice
, and
Princess Eugenie
; and the
Earl
and
Countess of Wessex
). The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh were the last members of the Royal Family to leave Buckingham Palace, as is tradition, arriving at the abbey at 10.48 am.
[51]
The bridal party, which had spent the night at the
Goring Hotel
,
[52]
left for the ceremony in the former number one state
Rolls-Royce Phantom VI
at 10.52 am,
[53]
in time for the service to begin at 11.00 am.
The service finished at 12.15 pm, after which the newly married couple travelled to Buckingham Palace in the
1902 State Landau
. They were followed by Prince Harry, Pippa Middleton, and the bridesmaids and page boys, who travelled in two of the Ascot Landaus; the Prince of Wales, the Duchess of Cornwall, and Mr and Mrs Middleton, who travelled in the
Australian State Coach
; and the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, who travelled in the
Scottish State Coach
. At 1.25 pm, the couple appeared on the balcony of Buckingham Palace to watch a
flypast
of an
Avro Lancaster
bomber, a
Supermarine Spitfire
fighter, and a
Hawker Hurricane
fighter aircraft from the
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
, followed by two
Typhoons
from
RAF Coningsby
and two
Tornado GR4s
from
RAF Leuchars
in a flat diamond formation.
[54]
[55]
Ceremony
[
edit
]
Venue
[
edit
]
Westminster Abbey, founded in AD 960, has a particular status and is known as a
Royal Peculiar
.
[56]
Although the abbey has been the traditional location for
coronations
since 1066, not until the 20th century did it become the church of choice for
royal weddings
; prior to 1918, most royal weddings took place in the royal chapels, such as the
Chapel Royal at St James's Palace
and
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
.
[57]
The abbey, which has a usual seating capacity of 2000,
[58]
has been the venue for most royal weddings in the last century, including those of William's grandparents (
Queen Elizabeth II
and
Prince Philip
)
in 1947
, William's great-aunt
Princess Margaret
in 1960, William's first cousin twice removed
Princess Alexandra
in 1963, William's aunt
Princess Anne
in 1973
, and William's uncle Prince Andrew
in 1986
.
[59]
It was also the setting for the
funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales
, in 1997. A prominent decorative addition inside the abbey for the ceremony was an avenue of 20-foot tall trees, six
field maples
and two
hornbeams
, arranged on either side of the main aisle.
[60]
Bridal party
[
edit
]
In a break with royal tradition, the groom had a
best man
?his brother, Prince Harry?rather than a supporter, while Catherine chose her sister,
Pippa
, as the
maid of honour
. There were four
bridesmaids
and two
page boys
:
[61]
[62]
- Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor
, the seven-year-old daughter of the
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
, and
Sophie, Countess of Wessex
;
- Margarita Armstrong-Jones
, the eight-year-old daughter of
David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley
, and
Serena, Viscountess Linley
;
- Grace van Cutsem, the three-year-old daughter of the couple's friend Hugh van Cutsem;
- Eliza Lopes, the three-year-old granddaughter of
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
;
- William Lowther-Pinkerton, the ten-year-old son of William's private secretary, Major
Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton
; and
- Tom Pettifer, the eight-year-old son of Princes William and Harry's former nanny,
Tiggy Pettifer
.
Wedding attire
[
edit
]
Bride
[
edit
]
Catherine's bridal dress, designed by the London-based designer
Sarah Burton
at
Alexander McQueen
,
[63]
was made of ivory satin and featured an overlaid long-sleeved V-neck lace bodice and appliqued full skirt with box pleats, the back leading to a nine-foot train. The bodice incorporated machine-made lace, sourced from manufacturers in France and Britain. Floral motifs were cut from lengths of these and then appliqued by hand onto silk net (tulle) by workers from the
Royal School of Needlework
. The motifs included roses, thistles, daffodils and shamrocks to represent England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
[64]
The veil was held in place by the Cartier Halo Tiara, made in 1936 and lent to her by the Queen. It was purchased by the Queen's father, who was to become King
George VI
, for his wife,
Elizabeth
, three weeks before his accession. Princess Elizabeth (later Queen
Elizabeth II)
received the tiara from her mother on her 18th birthday. In order to avoid her tiara falling off (as had happened for
Lady Diana Spencer
while wearing a Spencer family tiara during
her 1981 wedding
to
Charles, Prince of Wales
), Catherine's stylists "backcombed the top [of her hair] to create a foundation for the tiara to sit around, then did a tiny plait in the middle and sewed it on."
[65]
For the customary bridal themes of "
something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue
", Middleton's gown and veil had lace appointments (the "old"); she was given custom-made diamond earrings by her parents (the "new") and the Queen's tiara (the "borrowed"); and a blue ribbon was sewn into the bodice (the "blue").
[66]
Middleton's point-toed
pump shoes
were also from Alexander McQueen
[67]
and had a lace pattern matching the dress with appliques made by the Royal School of Needlework.
[68]
Catherine's shield-shaped wired bouquet, designed by Shane Connolly, contained
myrtle
,
lily of the valley
,
sweet William
,
ivy
and
hyacinth
.
[66]
Catherine's hair was styled in loose curls for the occasion by hair dresser James Pryce of the Richard Ward Salon.
[65]
[69]
She received private make-up lessons from Arabella Preston
[69]
[70]
and the entire bridal party received "makeup artistry assistance" from
Bobbi Brown
make-up artist Hannah Martin prior to the event, but ultimately Catherine did her own makeup for the occasion.
[71]
The look was described as a "soft smokey eye" with pink lips and cheeks.
[69]
[72]
Her nails were painted by manicurist Marina Sandoval in a mixture of two polishes: a "barely there pink" and a "sheer beige" to complement her skin tone and gown.
[73]
Bridal attendants
[
edit
]
Pippa Middleton, Catherine's maid of honour, also wore a gown by Sarah Burton of Alexander McQueen. It was described as being made of "heavy, ivory satin-based crepe, with a cowl front and with the same button detail and lace trims as Catherine's dress.
[74]
Like her sister, she received "makeup artistry assistance" from Bobbi Brown make-up artist Hannah Martin.
[71]
Her hair was loosely curled in a half-up, half-down style by the Richard Ward Salon
[65]
with a deep side part and a hairpiece made of ivy and lily of the valley to match Catherine's bouquet.
[69]
The young bridesmaids wore dresses designed by Nicki Macfarlane, handmade with the help of Macfarlane's daughter Charlotte, in their homes at Wiltshire and Kent.
[75]
The gowns echoed Catherine's dress and were made with the same fabrics and button detail along the back.
[75]
They were described as having a "ballerina-length, full, box pleated skirt" and were hand finished with English Cluny lace.
[76]
Their ivy and lily-of-the-valley hair wreaths were influenced by
Catherine's mother Carole's
headdress at her 1981 wedding to
Michael Middleton
.
[75]
All of the bridesmaids wore satin
Mary Jane
style shoes with a
Swarovski
crystal buckle designed by Devon-based Rainbow Club.
[76]
Their flowers were designed and made by Shane Connolly and replicated the flowers in Catherine's bouquet: lily-of-the-valley, sweet William, and hyacinth.
[76]
The pageboys' outfits were designed by Kashket and Partners
[77]
in the style worn by a "Foot Guard officer at the time of
the Regency
(the 1820s)" with an insignia from the Irish Guards, whose Colonel was Prince William.
[78]
The tunics are red with gold piping and have Irish shamrocks on the collars.
[78]
The pages wore a gold and crimson sash (with tassel) around their waists, as is tradition for officers in the Irish Guards when in the presence of a member of the Royal Family.
[78]
Groom and best man
[
edit
]
Prince William had intended to wear the
frock coat uniform
of an
Irish Guards
officer as he had been appointed Colonel of that regiment earlier that year; however, the Queen insisted that William wear the regiment's
full dress uniform
with
scarlet tunic
.
[79]
[80]
William wore the mounted officer's uniform in Guard of Honour Order with a
forage cap
rather than the
bearskin
hat.
[81]
[82]
As a Knight Companion of the
Order of the Garter
, he wore the order's star and blue riband, to which were affixed his
RAF wings
and
Golden Jubilee Medal
.
[83]
Prince Harry wore the uniform of a captain of the
Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)
, with a forage cap. He wore
aiguillettes
, a cross-belt and gold waist belt with sword slings, but no sword. He wore the wings of the
Army Air Corps
and Golden Jubilee and
Afghanistan Campaign
medals.
[83]
Designer Russell Kashket worked with the Princes to address concerns they had with the outfits. One such concern was the heat of the Abbey, so the designers used special material to absorb the heat while still achieving the desired look. While military dress uniforms do not traditionally have pockets, the palace requested that some sort of compartment be added to Harry's outfit for Catherine's wedding ring.
[77]
[84]
Wedding service
[
edit
]
The order of service chosen by the bridal couple was the Series One form, which is virtually identical with that of the
1928 Prayer Book
.
[85]
The Dean of Westminster,
John Hall
, officiated for most of the service, with
Rowan Williams
, the
Archbishop of Canterbury
, as celebrant of the marriage and
Richard Chartres
, the
Bishop of London
, preaching the sermon.
[86]
It has long been traditional for the Archbishop of Canterbury, the
Church of England
's most senior bishop, to officiate at the weddings of England's monarchs and future monarchs.
[87]
Chartres is a close friend of the then-Prince of Wales and confirmed both Prince William and Catherine Middleton.
[88]
The service commenced with the procession of the Queen, Prince Philip and the clergy. Shortly after, Middleton arrived with the party of maid of honour and junior attendants. As the choir sang "
I was glad
", an anthem by
Sir Hubert Parry
composed in 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII, Catherine made her three-and-a-half-minute procession through the nave and choir on her father's arm, to meet Prince William.
[89]
The service proceeded with the formal service and congregational singing of three well-known hymns, fanfares, anthems, organ and orchestral music.
In the
marriage vows
, the couple promised to "love, comfort, honour and keep" each other. This was sealed by the exchange of a single ring.
[90]
The lesson, read by Catherine's brother
James Middleton
, was from the
Epistle to the Romans
(
Chapter 12
, verses 1?2 and 9?18) and is an exhortation to live a righteous and peaceful life.
[91]
The sermon, preached by Richard Chartres, Bishop of London, commenced with a quotation from
Catherine of Siena
, whose feast day it was. He urged the couple to live selflessly, each remembering the needs of each other and seeking to transform each other by love rather than seeking to reform. He ended the sermon with a prayer composed by the couple themselves:
[86]
[92]
[93]
God our Father, we thank you for our families; for the love that we share and for the joy of our marriage.
In the busyness of each day, keep our eyes fixed on what is real and important in life and help us to be generous with our time and love and energy.
Strengthened by our union help us to serve and comfort those who suffer.
We ask this in the Spirit of Jesus Christ. Amen.
The service continued with prayers and exhortations by the dean and archbishop. A newly composed choral anthem was sung by the choir. After the signing of the registers, William and Catherine walked down the aisle, pausing briefly to bow and curtsey to the Queen. They were followed in procession by other members of the bridal party, and their families, being joined at the door by the two youngest bridesmaids.
[54]
On leaving Westminster Abbey, to the pealing of bells, they passed through a guard of honour of individually selected men and women from the various services, and were greeted by cheers from the crowds. The bridal couple entered the 1902 State Landau drawn by four white horses with
postilions
and attendant footmen, and guarded by a mounted escort of the
Life Guard
. A similar open carriage carried the rest of the bridal party, escorted by the
Blues and Royals
. The Queen and other members of the Royal Family followed in coaches drawn by the Queen's
Cleveland Bay horses
, and in state cars.
[54]
The
wedding bouquet
was returned to Westminster Abbey and placed on the tomb of
the Unknown Warrior
by a royal official after the photographs had been taken. This followed the tradition started by Prince William's great-grandmother
Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
, after
her wedding
to
Prince Albert, Duke of York
(later King George VI), in 1923.
[94]
[95]
The formal portraits were taken by
Hugo Burnand
at Buckingham Palace following the ceremony.
[96]
Music
[
edit
]
Two choirs, one orchestra, and a fanfare ensemble played the music for the service. These were the
Westminster Abbey Choir
, the
Chapel Royal Choir
, the
London Chamber Orchestra
, and a fanfare ensemble from the
Central Band of the Royal Air Force
.
[97]
The choirs were directed by
James O’Donnell
,
Organist and Master of the Choristers
at Westminster Abbey. The abbey's sub-organist,
Robert Quinney
, played the
organ
. The organist, choir master and composer at the Chapel Royal was
Andrew Gant
. The London Chamber Orchestra was conducted by
Christopher Warren-Green
, who was its music director and
principal conductor
. The fanfares were performed under the direction of Wing Commander
Duncan Stubbs
.
[98]
Catherine processed down the aisle to the anthem "
I was glad
", written by
Sir Hubert Parry
, from
Psalm 122
. It was composed for the crowning of Prince William's great-great-great-grandfather, Edward VII, at Westminster Abbey in 1902.
[99]
Three congregational hymns were sung during the service:
In addition, "
God Save the Queen
" was heralded with a fanfare and sung between the blessing and the signing of the marriage registers.
Choral compositions featured in the service were Parry's
Blest Pair of Sirens
(a setting of an ode by
John Milton
) during the signing of the register,
Paul Mealor
's
Ubi Caritas et Amor
as the
motet
and a specially commissioned anthem, "This is the day which the Lord hath made" consisting of words chosen from the psalms, by
John Rutter
.
[101]
[102]
Fanfare ensemble leader Wing Commander Duncan Stubbs's own composition
Valiant and Brave
was performed as the royal couple signed the wedding registers.
[97]
Preux et audacieux
(which translates from French as "Valiant and Brave") is the motto of
22 Squadron
, in which Prince William was serving as a search and rescue pilot at
RAF Valley
in North Wales.
[103]
The fanfare led into the recessional music, the orchestral march "
Crown Imperial
" by
William Walton
, composed for the coronation of
George VI
and which was also performed at Charles and Diana's wedding.
[104]
The music performed before the service included two instrumental pieces by
Sir Peter Maxwell Davies
("
Veni Creator Spiritus
" and "
Farewell to Stromness
"), as well as works by
Johann Sebastian Bach
,
Benjamin Britten
,
Frederick Delius
,
Edward Elgar
,
Gerald Finzi
,
Charles Villiers Stanford
,
Ralph Vaughan Williams
and
Percy Whitlock
.
[101]
The
bells
of Westminster Abbey rang a full
peal
as the newly married couple and guests left the church. The ten bells rang a peal called "Spliced Surprise Royal", consisting of 5,040
changes
, that took more than three hours to complete. They were rung by the volunteers of the Westminster Abbey Company of Ringers, under the direction of David Hilling.
[105]
Wedding ring
[
edit
]
Catherine's
Welsh gold
wedding ring
[106]
[107]
was made by the royal warrant holder
Wartski
, a company with roots in
Bangor, Gwynedd
, north Wales.
[108]
Since 1923, it has been a tradition in the Royal Family to use Welsh gold for the wedding ring of the bride.
[109]
This ring was made from a small amount of gold that had been kept in the royal vaults since it was presented to Queen
Elizabeth II.
It was mined from the
Clogau Gold Mine
in the mountains of
North Wales
. The Clogau Gold Mine had its heyday in the late nineteenth century, was abandoned in the early twentieth century, was reopened in 1992 and finally closed in 1998.
[110]
The Queen had given a piece of the gold that had been in the family for many years to Prince William.
[109]
Prince William chose not to receive a wedding ring at the ceremony.
[107]
Title upon marriage
[
edit
]
On the morning of the wedding, it was announced that William was to be created
Duke of Cambridge
,
Earl of Strathearn
, and
Baron Carrickfergus
,
[111]
with Catherine becoming
Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge
after the marriage service.
[112]
This was in line with the practice of granting titles upon marriage to royal princes who did not already have one (for example,
Prince Andrew
was created
Duke of York
when he married in 1986).
[113]
Strathearn
is close to St Andrews, Fife, in Scotland, where the couple met as students, and
Carrickfergus
is in Northern Ireland.
[112]
[115]
Family celebrations
[
edit
]
Reception
[
edit
]
The newlyweds and the bridal party appeared on the balcony of
Buckingham Palace
; from left to right:
Michael Middleton
,
Carole Middleton
, the
Duchess of Cornwall
,
Prince Charles
, Eliza Lopes,
Lady Louise Windsor
, Grace van Cutsem, the
Duchess of Cambridge
, the
Duke of Cambridge
,
Margarita Armstrong-Jones
, Tom Pettifer, William Lowther-Pinkerton, the
Queen
,
Prince Philip
,
Pippa Middleton
,
Prince Harry
The night before the wedding, the Queen and other members of the royal family and royals from other countries attended a gala dinner at
Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park
organised by the Queen's cousin
Lady Elizabeth Shakerley
.
[116]
[117]
After the wedding, the Queen hosted a lunchtime reception at
Buckingham Palace
,
[86]
[118]
starting after the arrival of the married couple's carriage. It was a private gathering for guests drawn from the congregation who represent the couple's official and private lives. The couple made an appearance on the balcony on the east (main) front of Buckingham Palace, where they shared a kiss twice.
[119]
Claire Jones
,
Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales
, performed at the reception, playing a gold leaf harp known as "Prince of Wales" presented to Prince Charles in 2006 by Italian-American harp maker
Salvi Harps
.
[120]
The menu for the reception remained a secret for several years until a copy of the menu was sold at an auction:
The main cake was an eight-tier
fruit cake
decorated with Lambeth-piped
sugar paste
flowers.
[121]
[123]
Cake designer Fiona Cairns based in Fleckney, Leicestershire was chosen in February 2011 to bake the wedding cake. Additionally,
McVitie's
made a
chocolate biscuit
groom's cake
from a Royal Family recipe, specially requested by Prince William, for the reception at Buckingham Palace.
[48]
[124]
This
icebox cake
is a favorite
tea cake
of the Prince, his late mother, Diana, Princess of Wales, and his grandmother Queen
Elizabeth II.
[125]
[126]
[127]
[128]
[129]
[130]
At 3.35 pm, William drove his new wife back up the Mall for the short distance to
Clarence House
, his official London residence. The car, a blue, two-seater
Aston Martin DB6
Volante (MkII convertible) that had been given to Prince Charles by the Queen as a 21st birthday present, was decorated in the customary newlywed style by the best man and friends; the rear number plate read "
JUST WED
".
[131]
This was actually just for show; the registered number plate was EBY 776J.
[132]
The Prince had changed into a
Blues and Royals
captain's frock coat also made by Kashket;
[133]
his wife was still wearing her wedding dress. In a surprise organised by
RAF Wattisham
, the car was shadowed by a yellow
Sea King helicopter
flying the
RAF Ensign
from its winch cable, marking William's service as a pilot with the
RAF Search and Rescue Force
.
[134]
Evening celebrations
[
edit
]
In the evening, the Prince of Wales hosted a private dinner, followed by dancing, at Buckingham Palace for the couple and their close friends and family.
[48]
[135]
For the evening reception, the Duchess of Cambridge wore a strapless dress by Sarah Burton which "featured a circle skirt and diamante detailing".
[136]
She also wore a white shrug and let her hair down.
[137]
Singer-songwriter
Ellie Goulding
performed at the event, singing her rendition of "
Your Song
" for the couple's first dance. She also performed her hit single "
Starry Eyed
" for the assembled guests. The event ended with a small
fireworks
display in the palace grounds.
[138]
Public celebration
[
edit
]
Official merchandise, coins, and stamps
[
edit
]
Prince William and Catherine Middleton personally approved an official range of china (including handmade plates, cups, and
pill boxes
) to be made for the
Royal Collection
and sold as souvenirs from December 2010 onwards.
[139]
The items were decorated with the intertwined initials of the couple under the prince's
coronet
and included the wording "To celebrate the marriage of Prince William of Wales and Catherine Middleton 29 April 2011."
[140]
The
Lord Chamberlain
's office approved a longer list of memorabilia, including official mugs, plates, biscuit tins, and porcelain pill pots. The document also clarified the use of William's coat of arms and pictures of the couple on such items.
[141]
Sales of merchandising were expected to reach £44 million.
[140]
To mark the engagement of William and Catherine, the
Royal Mint
produced an official
Alderney
£5 engagement coin, showing the couple in profile,
[142]
and an official £5 coin for the wedding.
[143]
The
Royal Australian Mint
issued a series of circulation and collectable coins designed by
Stuart Devlin
.
[144]
The
Royal Canadian Mint
released a series of coins, and
Canada Post
issued a stamp,
[145]
approved by
Clarence House
, in commemoration of the wedding.
[146]
On 21 April, a set of commemorative postage stamps, featuring the couple's official engagement photographs, was issued by
Royal Mail
.
[147]
Broadcasting
[
edit
]
The wedding was widely broadcast on television, internet, and radio, in more than 180 countries.
[148]
ITV
,
[149]
BBC
,
[150]
and
CNN
covered the ceremony and associated events live through the combined pool of footage from the BBC, Sky, and
ITN
to help cover the overall cost.
[151]
In North America, which is five to nine hours behind
British Summer Time
, the wedding occurred during the time usually taken up by network
breakfast television
programmes, which expanded their normal length to allow for full coverage.
NBC
's
Today
began coverage at 4 am
Eastern Time
,
[152]
and along with
MSNBC
, partnered with ITV.
[153]
[154]
ABC
partnered with BBC,
[155]
CBS
has its own live London affiliates,
[156]
and
Fox
and
Fox News Channel
partnered with their sister network
Sky News
.
[157]
(Although the American networks sent their top presenters, NBC expanded the
Today
show due to the
2011 Super Outbreak
of tornadoes;
NBC Nightly News
presenter
Brian Williams
had arrived in London to present the coverage, but the outbreak forced him to return to the United States.
[158]
Nevertheless, NBC had the highest ratings of any American network for the royal wedding, like 30 years before.
[152]
)
The
CBC
[159]
and
CTV
had live coverage.
[160]
Cable networks and radio also had live coverage.
[161]
In
Mexico
, the wedding aired on
Televisa
and
TV Azteca
; all television stations in Mexico carrying the ceremony stayed on the air during the late night hours instead of normally signing off. The
ABC
also took the BBC feed in Australia, in addition to pay TV channel
UKTV
. Coverage was also provided on the
Seven Network
,
Nine Network
and
Network Ten
. The ABC had planned to produce alternative commentary with
The Chaser
, but in response to these plans, the BBC barred the use of its footage for such a purpose, on orders from
Clarence House
.
[162]
The royal wedding was also streamed live online on YouTube via the
British Monarchy
's official The Royal Channel.
[163]
An April 2011 poll of 2,000 British adults found that 35% of the public intended to watch the wedding on television while an equal proportion planned to ignore the event altogether.
[164]
According to their reported plans, women were more than twice as likely (47%) to watch the event as men (23%).
[165]
Early estimates following the ceremony indicated an estimated 24.5 million people in the United Kingdom watched the wedding on either
BBC One
or ITV, giving those channels a 99.4% share of the terrestrial television audience as the service began,
[166]
with the BBC's Live royal wedding website having 9 million hits, estimating over half the British population watched the wedding.
The viewing figures for the event have been the subject of much speculation, with
Jeremy Hunt
,
Culture Secretary
, estimating that 2 billion people would watch the wedding.
[167]
Following the event, this figure was duly reported by the media,
[168]
[169]
but was criticised by some news outlets for being inaccurate and unfounded.
[170]
[171]
Estimated figures include a peak audience of 26.3 million viewers and a total of 36.7 million watching at least some part of the wedding coverage in the UK,
[172]
while in the United States, the wedding drew an average audience of 22.8 million, with over 60 million tuning in at some point to watch some of the coverage.
[173]
In India, a reported 42.1 million viewers tuned in,
[174]
9.9 million viewers in Germany,
[175]
9.6 million viewers in France,
[175]
5.22 million viewers watched the event in Canada with twelve million tuning in at some point,
[176]
five million in Australia,
[177]
and one million was expected in China,
[178]
for an audience of 122 million to 176 million viewers, drawing from a total population pool of 3.126 billion (approximately 45% of the world's population). Other reported figures put the global audience at 162 million viewers.
[179]
In addition to the television audiences, the ceremony attracted 72 million live streams and a reach of 101 million streams on YouTube across 188 countries.
[180]
With its 72 million streams, the wedding has been listed in the 2012
Guinness Book of World Records
for the record of "Most Live Streams for a Single Event", beating the
Michael Jackson memorial service
in 2009.
[181]
It has been suggested that the "two billion" figure is exaggerated,
[182]
and that there are too many gaps in the worldwide TV measuring system to accurately audit global audience figures.
[183]
Public response
[
edit
]
There were about 5,500 applications to hold royal wedding street parties across England and Wales, including 850 in London, one of which was hosted by Prime Minister David Cameron in Downing Street for charity workers and local children.
[184]
The anti-monarchy campaign group
Republic
held an alternative street party in
Holborn
.
[185]
The event had initially been blocked by
Camden Council
after businesses raised concerns about loss of trade.
[186]
A number of ceremonies and parties were held at places which had an intimate connection with the couple. In Scotland about 2,000 people attended a party at the University of St Andrews, where the royal couple first met. Hundreds of people watched the ceremony on a big screen in
Edinburgh
's Festival Square.
[187]
Welsh
celebrations were led by
Anglesey
, where Prince William was a search and rescue pilot and where the couple resided after the wedding. 2,600 people gathered to watch the event on big screens there, and around 200 street parties were organised throughout the rest of the country, including over 50 in
Cardiff
.
[188]
The international
Peace Bridge
across the
Niagara River
between the United States and Canada at
Buffalo, New York
, and
Fort Erie, Ontario
, and operated in part by an Ontario Crown corporation, was lit in red, blue and gold, the colours of the royal coat of arms.
[189]
In
New Delhi
, India, several hotels broadcast the ceremony live. One hotel offered cream tea and cakes decorated with royal emblems.
[190]
Criticism and scepticism stemmed from the belief that, at a time of recession and rising unemployment in the UK, millions of pounds in tax funds were used for the wedding's security. The costs of the wedding itself were paid for by the Royal Family and the Middletons.
[191]
[192]
[193]
Emma Boon, campaign director for the
taxpayers union
TaxPayers' Alliance
, expressed distaste for the lavish cost of the wedding and noted, "Of course it should be an event for the whole nation to celebrate, but ordinary taxpayers should not be left with a bill fit for a king." Graham Smith, current Campaign Manager of
Republic
, also spoke out on the taxpayer's responsibility for the wedding.
[194]
Charitable fund
[
edit
]
In March 2011, William and Catherine set up a gift fund held by
The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry
to allow well-wishers who wanted to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities with which they were involved, incorporating the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation.
[195]
[196]
The fund supported a total of 26 named organisations:
- Oily Cart: a charity providing interactive theatre for under-fives and young children with learning difficulties
[197]
[198]
- PeacePlayers International
: a charity that uses sport, particularly basketball, to unite and educate young people from diverse backgrounds
[199]
[198]
- The Ocean Youth Trust: a charity based around teaching people to sail to enhance personal development
[200]
[198]
- Greenhouse Schools
: a charity that uses sport and dance programmes to support London's disadvantaged children
[201]
[198]
- IntoUniversity
: a charity that provides local learning centres in disadvantaged areas to inspire the local youngsters to achieve
[202]
[198]
- Beatbullying: a charity that works with children affected by bullying to provide them with support and confidence
[203]
[198]
- The Association for Children's Palliative Care (ACT): a charity that aims to give children who are not expected to reach adulthood the best quality of life they can
[204]
[198]
- The Scottish Community Foundation: a charity that helps fund good causes all across Scotland
[205]
[198]
- The
Berkshire Community Foundation
: a charity that gives grants to local voluntary organisations
[206]
[198]
- Combat Stress
: a charity providing care for veterans' mental health
[207]
[198]
- The Household Cavalry Benevolent fund: a charity providing support to soldiers' families, former soldiers and serving soldiers of the Household Cavalry Regiment
[208]
[198]
- The Irish Guards Appeal: a charity to help Irish Guards and their families who have been affected by serious injury or disability
[209]
[198]
- The Army Widows Association: a charity providing comfort and support to widows and widowers of servicemen and women
[210]
[198]
- The
RAF Benevolent Fund
: a charity providing practical and financial support to members of the RAF and their families
[211]
[198]
- The
Zoological Society of London
: a charity for the worldwide conservation of wildlife and their habitats
[212]
[198]
- Earthwatch
: a charity to promote the understanding and action necessary for a sustainable environment
[213]
[198]
- The
Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary
: a charity providing assistance to the National Defence and Coast Guard with search and rescue and safe boating programmes
[214]
[198]
- The Christchurch Earthquake appeal: a charity raising money for the victims of the earthquake that devastated Christchurch in February 2011
[215]
[198]
- The
Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia
: a charity delivering health care and emergency service to those who live, travel and work throughout Australia
[216]
[217]
[198]
- Cruse Bereavement Care
: a charity providing advice and support to anyone trying to cope with grief
[218]
[198]
- Dance United
: a charity using contemporary dance training to unlock the potential of young offenders and disadvantaged children
[219]
[198]
- Venture Trust: a charity using wilderness expeditions to provide young people with personal development activities
[220]
[198]
- Keyfund: a charity providing young people with the opportunity to develop practical skills, confidence and self-awareness to reach their potential
[221]
[198]
- A National Voice: a charity run for and by young people who are or have been in care to create positive changes to the care system
[222]
[198]
- Youth Access: a charity providing advice and counselling to youngsters across the UK
[223]
[198]
- The Community Foundation in Wales: a charity managing funds to provide volunteer organisations in Wales with necessary grants
[224]
[198]
Tributes outside the Commonwealth
[
edit
]
In the United States, the
Empire State Building
in New York City was lit in red, white, and blue, the colours of the
Union Flag
at sunset on 29 April to mark the wedding.
[225]
Policing
[
edit
]
The wedding had been subject to threats of violence and disruption. In February 2011, security agencies, including
MI5
, identified "
dissident Irish republican groups
" as possible threats.
[226]
The group
Muslims Against Crusades
abandoned a planned protest.
[227]
The
English Defence League
vowed to hold a counter-demonstration and promised 50 to 100 EDL members at each railway station in central London to block Muslim extremists in a "ring of steel".
[228]
Security operations and arrests
[
edit
]
Sixty people arrested at the
TUC
rally on the
March for the Alternative
had bail conditions that prevented them entering central London over the wedding period.
[229]
On 28 April 2011, political activist
Chris Knight
and two others were arrested by the
Metropolitan Police Service
"on suspicion of conspiracy to cause public nuisance and breach of the peace". The three were planning a
mock execution
of
Prince Andrew
with a home-made
guillotine
in central London to coincide with the wedding. The guillotine was workable, except that it did not have a blade.
[230]
[231]
On the day of the wedding, the Metropolitan Police Service made "pre-emptive" moves, applying blanket
stop and search
powers and arresting 52 people, including 13 arrested at
Charing Cross station
in possession of anti-monarchy placards and "climbing equipment".
[232]
Five people, three of whom were wearing zombie make-up, were arrested "on suspicion of planning a breach of the peace" when they entered a branch of
Starbucks
.
[232]
[233]
Police described the overall security operation as an "amazing success".
[234]
[235]
Eight of the arrested
appealed to the European Court of Human Rights that their arrests were unlawful
, but their claims were rejected.
In Scotland, twenty-one people were arrested at an unofficial "street party" in
Kelvingrove Park
, Glasgow which saw "completely unacceptable levels" of drunkenness according to
Strathclyde Police
.
[236]
A taxi driver died on 10 May from injuries sustained when his cab was struck by a police van attending the Kelvingrove incident.
[237]
Honeymoon
[
edit
]
Despite reports that the couple would leave for their honeymoon the day after their wedding,
[238]
[239]
Prince William immediately returned to his work as a search-and-rescue pilot, and the couple did not depart until 9 May, ten days after their wedding.
[240]
The honeymoon destination was initially kept secret;
[238]
the couple honeymooned for ten days on a secluded villa on a private island in the
Seychelles
,
[240]
returning by 21 May.
[241]
[242]
The length of the honeymoon was limited by William's RAF duties and the couple's
scheduled tour to Canada
and the United States later that summer.
[240]
[243]
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