Small-boat journey by Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions
The
voyage of the
James Caird
was a journey of 1,300 kilometres (800 mi) from
Elephant Island
in the
South Shetland Islands
through the
Southern Ocean
to
South Georgia
, undertaken by Sir
Ernest Shackleton
and five companions to obtain rescue for the main body of the stranded
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
of 1914?1917. Many historians regard the voyage of the crew in a 22.5-foot (6.9 m)
ship's boat
through the "
Furious Fifties
" as the greatest small-boat journey ever completed.
In October 1915,
pack ice
in the
Weddell Sea
had sunk the main expedition ship
Endurance
, leaving Shackleton and his 27 companions adrift on a
floe
. They drifted northward until April 1916, when the floe on which they were camped broke up; they made their way in the ship's boats to Elephant Island. Shackleton decided to sail one of the boats with a small crew to South Georgia to seek help. It was not the closest human settlement but the only one that did not require them to sail into the prevailing westerlies.
Of the three boats, the
James Caird
was deemed the most likely to survive the journey (Shackleton had named it after Sir
James Key Caird
, a Dundee philanthropist whose sponsorship had helped finance the expedition). Before its voyage, the ship's carpenter,
Harry McNish
, strengthened and adapted the boat to withstand the seas of the Southern Ocean, sealing his makeshift wood and canvas deck with lamp wick, oil paint and seal blood.
After surviving a series of dangers, including a near capsizing, the small crew and boat reached the southern coast of South Georgia after a 17-day voyage. Shackleton,
Tom Crean
and
Frank Worsley
crossed the island's mountains to a whaling station on the north side. Here they organised the relief of three men left on the south side of the island and of the larger Elephant Island party. Ultimately, the entire
Endurance
crew returned home, without loss of life. After the First World War, in 1919, the
James Caird
was moved from South Georgia to England. Since 1922 it has been on regular display at Shackleton's alma mater,
Dulwich College
.
Background
[
edit
]
On 5 December 1914, Shackleton's expedition traveled via the ship
Endurance
from South Georgia for the Weddell Sea, on the first stage of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.
They were making for
Vahsel Bay
, the southernmost explored point of the Weddell Sea at 77° 49' S, where a shore party was to land and prepare for a transcontinental crossing of Antarctica.
Before reaching its destination, the ship became trapped in pack ice, and by 14 February 1915 was held fast, despite prolonged efforts to free her.
During the following eight months the crew stayed with the ship as she drifted northward in the ice until, on 27 October, she was crushed by the pack's pressure, finally sinking on 21 November.
As his 27-man crew set up camp on the slowly moving ice, Shackleton's focus shifted to how best to save his party.
His first plan was to march across the ice to the nearest land, and try to reach a point that ships were known to visit.
The march began, but progress was hampered by the nature of the ice's surface, later described by Shackleton as "soft, much broken up, open leads intersecting the floes at all angles".
After struggling to make headway over several days, they abandoned the march; the party established "Patience Camp" on a flat ice floe, and waited as the drift carried them further north, towards open water.
They had managed to salvage the three boats, which Shackleton had named after the principal backers of the expedition:
Stancomb-Wills
,
Dudley Docker
and
James Caird
.
The party waited until 8 April 1916, when they finally took to the boats as the ice started to break up. Over a perilous period of seven days they sailed and rowed through stormy seas and dangerous loose ice, to reach the temporary haven of
Elephant Island
on 15 April.
[10]
Elephant Island
[
edit
]
Elephant Island, on the eastern limits of the South Shetland Islands, was remote from anywhere that the expedition had planned to go, and far beyond normal shipping routes. No relief ship would search for them there, and the likelihood of rescue from any other outside agency was equally negligible.
The island was bleak and inhospitable, and its terrain devoid of vegetation, although it had fresh water, and a relative abundance of seals and penguins to provide food and fuel for immediate survival.
The rigours of an Antarctic winter were fast approaching; the narrow shingle beach where they were camped was already being swept by almost continuous gales and blizzards, which destroyed one of the tents in their temporary camp, and knocked others flat. The pressures and hardships of the previous months were beginning to tell on the men, many of whom were in a run-down state both mentally and physically.
[13]
In these conditions, Shackleton decided to try to reach help, using one of the boats. The nearest port was
Stanley
in the
Falkland Islands
, 570 nautical miles (1,100 km; 660 mi) away, but was made unreachable by the prevailing westerly winds.
A better option was to head for
Deception Island
, 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) away at the western end of the South Shetland chain. Although it was uninhabited,
Admiralty
records indicated that this island held stores for shipwrecked mariners, and was also visited from time to time by
whalers
.
However, reaching it would also involve a journey against the prevailing winds?though in less open seas?with ultimately no certainty when or if rescue would arrive. After discussions with the expedition's second-in-command,
Frank Wild
, and ship's captain
Frank Worsley
, Shackleton decided to attempt to reach the whaling stations of South Georgia, to the north-east. This would mean a longer boat journey of 700 nautical miles (1,300 km; 810 mi) across the
Southern Ocean
, in conditions of rapidly approaching winter, but with the help of following winds it appeared feasible. Shackleton thought that "a boat party might make the voyage and be back with relief within a month, provided that the sea was clear of ice, and the boat survive the great seas".
Preparations
[
edit
]
The South Georgia boat party could expect to meet
hurricane-force winds
and waves?the notorious Cape Horn Rollers?measuring from trough to crest as much as 18 m (60 ft).
[15]
Shackleton therefore selected the heaviest and strongest of the three boats, the 22.5-foot (6.9 m) long
James Caird
.
It had been built as a
whaleboat
in London to Worsley's orders,
designed on the "double-ended" tradition.
[18]
Knowing that a heavily laden open sea voyage was now unavoidable, Shackleton had already asked the expedition's carpenter,
Harry McNish
to modify the boats during the weeks the expedition spent at
Patience Camp
. Using material taken from
Endurance's
fourth boat, a small
motor launch
which had been broken up with this purpose in mind before the ship's final loss, McNish had raised the sides of the
James Caird
and the
Dudley Docker
by 8?10 inches (20?25 cm). Now in the primitive camp on Elephant Island, McNish was again asked if he could make the
James Caird
more seaworthy.
Using improvised tools and materials, McNish built a makeshift deck of wood and canvas, sealing his work with oil paints, lamp wick and seal blood.
The craft was strengthened by having the mast of the
Dudley Docker
lashed inside, along the length of her keel. She was then fitted as a
ketch
, with her own
mainmast
and a
mizzenmast
made by cutting down the mainmast from the
Stancomb-Wills
, rigged to carry
lug sails
and a
jib
.
[21]
The weight of the boat was increased by the addition of approximately 1
long ton
(1 tonne) of ballast, to lessen the risk of capsizing in the high seas that Shackleton knew they would encounter.
[21]
Worsley believed that too much extra ballast (formed from rocks, stones and shingle taken from the beach) was added, making the boat excessively heavy, giving an extremely uncomfortable 'stiff' motion and hampering the performance for sailing upwind or into the weather. However, he acknowledged that Shackleton's biggest concern was preventing the boat capsizing during the open-ocean crossing.
The boat was loaded with provisions to last six men one month; as Shackleton later wrote, "if we did not make South Georgia in that time we were sure to go under".
They took ration packs that had been intended for the transcontinental crossing, biscuits,
Bovril
, sugar and dried milk. They also took two 18-gallon (68-litre) casks of water (one of which was damaged during the loading and let in sea water), two
Primus stoves
, paraffin, oil, candles, sleeping bags and odd items of spare clothing.
Shackleton's first choices for the boat's crew were Worsley and
Tom Crean
, who had apparently "begged to go".
Crean was a shipmate from the
Discovery Expedition
, 1901?04, and had also been with
Scott
's
Terra Nova Expedition
in 1910?13, where he had distinguished himself on the fatal polar march.
Shackleton was confident that Crean would persevere to the bitter end,
[21]
and had great faith in Worsley's skills as a navigator, especially his ability to work out positions in difficult circumstances.
Worsley later wrote: "We knew it would be the hardest thing we had ever undertaken, for the Antarctic winter had set in, and we were about to cross one of the worst seas in the world".
[24]
For the remaining places Shackleton requested volunteers, and of the many who came forward he chose two strong sailors in
John Vincent
and
Timothy McCarthy
. He offered the final place to the carpenter, McNish. "He was over fifty years of age", wrote Shackleton of McNish (he was in fact 41), "but he had a good knowledge of sailing boats and was very quick".
Vincent and McNish had each proved their worth during the difficult boat journey from the ice to Elephant Island.
[21]
They were both somewhat awkward characters, and their selection may have reflected Shackleton's wish to keep potential troublemakers under his personal charge rather than leaving them on the island where personal animosities could fester.
[21]
Open-boat journey
[
edit
]
Before leaving, Shackleton instructed Frank Wild that he was to assume full command as soon as the
James Caird
departed,
[30]
and that should the journey fail, he was to attempt to take the party to Deception Island the following spring.
The
James Caird
was launched from Elephant Island on 24 April 1916. The wind was a moderate south-westerly, which aided a swift getaway, and the boat was quickly out of sight of the land.
Shackleton ordered Worsley to set a course due north, instead of directly for South Georgia, to get clear of the menacing ice-fields that were beginning to form.
By midnight they had left the immediate ice behind, but the sea swell was rising. At dawn the next day, they were 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) from Elephant Island, sailing in heavy seas and
force 9
winds.
Shackleton established an on-board routine: two three-man watches, with one man at the helm, another at the sails, and the third on
bailing duty
.
The off-watch trio rested in the tiny covered space in the bows. The difficulties of exchanging places as each watch ended would, Shackleton wrote, "have had its humorous side if it had not involved us in so many aches and pains".
Their clothing was designed for Antarctic sledging rather than open-boat sailing. It was not waterproof, and contact with the icy seawater left their skins painfully raw.
Success depended on Worsley's navigation,
[35]
which was based on brief sightings of the sun as the boat pitched and rolled.
The first observation was made after two days, and showed them to be 128 nautical miles (237 km; 147 mi) north of Elephant Island.
The course was changed to head directly for South Georgia.
They were clear of floating ice but had reached the dangerous seas of the
Drake Passage
, where giant waves sweep round the globe, unimpeded by any land.
The movement of the boat made preparing hot food on the Primus nearly impossible, but Crean, who acted as cook, somehow kept the men fed.
The next observation, on 29 April, showed that they had travelled 238 nautical miles (441 km; 274 mi).
Thereafter, navigation became, in Worsley's words, "a merry jest of guesswork",
as they encountered the worst of the weather. The
James Caird
was taking on water in heavy seas and in danger of sinking, kept afloat by continuous bailing. The temperature fell sharply, and a new danger presented itself in the accumulations of frozen spray, which threatened to capsize the boat.
In turns, they had to crawl out on to the pitching deck with an axe and chip away the ice from deck and rigging.
For 48 hours they were stopped, held by a
sea anchor
, until the wind dropped sufficiently for them to raise sail and proceed. Despite their travails, Worsley's third observation, on 4 May, put them only 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi) from South Georgia.
On 5 May the worst of the weather returned, and brought them close to disaster in the largest seas so far. Shackleton later wrote: "We felt our boat lifted and flung forward like a cork in breaking surf".
The crew bailed frantically to keep afloat. Nevertheless, they were still moving towards their goal, and a
dead reckoning
calculation by Worsley on the next day, 6 May, suggested that they were now 115 nautical miles (213 km; 132 mi) from the western point of South Georgia.
The strains of the past two weeks were by now taking their toll on the men. Shackleton observed that Vincent had collapsed and ceased to be an active member of the crew, McCarthy was "weak, but happy", McNish was weakening but still showing "grit and spirit".
On 7 May Worsley advised Shackleton that he could not be sure of their position within ten miles.
[41]
To avoid the possibility of being swept past the island by the fierce south-westerly winds, Shackleton ordered a slight change of course so that the
James Caird
would reach land on the uninhabited south-west coast. They would then try to work the boat round to the whaling stations on the northern side of the island.
"Things were bad for us in those days", wrote Shackleton. "The bright moments were those when we each received our one mug of hot milk during the long, bitter watches of the night".
Late on the same day floating
seaweed
was spotted, and the next morning there were birds, including
cormorants
which were known never to venture far from land.
[41]
Shortly after noon on 8 May came the first sighting of South Georgia.
[41]
As they approached the high cliffs of the coastline, heavy seas made immediate landing impossible. For more than 24 hours they were forced to stand clear, as the wind shifted to the north-west and quickly developed into "one of the worst hurricanes any of us had ever experienced".
For much of this time they were in danger of being driven on to the rocky South Georgia shore, or of being wrecked on the equally menacing
Annenkov Island
, five miles from the coast.
On 10 May, when the storm had eased slightly, Shackleton was concerned that the weaker members of his crew would not last another day, and decided that whatever the hazard they must attempt a landing. They headed for
Cave Cove
near the entrance to
King Haakon Bay
, and finally, after several attempts, made their landing there.
Shackleton was later to describe the boat journey as "one of supreme strife";
historian Caroline Alexander comments: "They could hardly have known?or cared?that in the carefully weighted judgement of authorities yet to come, the voyage of the
James Caird
would be ranked as one of the greatest boat journeys ever accomplished".
[43]
South Georgia
[
edit
]
As the party recuperated, Shackleton realised that the boat was not capable of making a further voyage to reach the whaling stations, and that Vincent and McNish were unfit to travel further. He decided to move the boat to a safer location within King Haakon Bay, from which point he, Worsley and Crean would cross the island on foot, aiming for the station at
Stromness
.
[44]
On 15 May the
James Caird
made a run of about 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) to a
shingle beach
near the head of the bay. Here the boat was beached and up-turned to provide a shelter. The location was christened "
Peggotty Camp
" (after
Peggotty
's boat-home in
Charles Dickens
's
David Copperfield
).
Early on 18 May Shackleton, Worsley and Crean began what would be the first confirmed land crossing of the South Georgia interior.
Since they had no map, they had to improvise a route across mountain ranges and
glaciers
. They travelled continuously for 36 hours, before reaching Stromness. Shackleton's men were, in Worsley's words, "a terrible trio of scarecrows",
[47]
dark with exposure, wind, frostbite and accumulated blubber soot.
Later that evening, 19 May, a motor-vessel (the Norwegian whale catcher
Samson
)
[49]
[50]
[51]
was despatched to King Haakon Bay to pick up McCarthy, McNish and Vincent, and the
James Caird
.
Worsley wrote that the Norwegian seamen at Stromness all "claimed the honour of helping to haul her up to the wharf", a gesture which he found "quite affecting".
The advent of the southern winter and adverse ice conditions meant that it was more than three months before Shackleton was able to achieve the relief of the men at Elephant Island. His first attempt was with the British ship
Southern Sky
. Then the government of Uruguay loaned him a ship. While searching on the
Falkland Islands
he found the ship
Emma
for his third attempt, but the ship's engine blew. Then, finally, with the aid of the steam-tug
Yelcho
commanded by
Luis Pardo
, the entire party was brought to safety, reaching
Punta Arenas
in Chile on 3 September 1916.
Aftermath
[
edit
]
The
James Caird
was returned to England in 1919.
[55]
In 1921, Shackleton went back to
Antarctica
, leading the
Shackleton?Rowett Expedition
. On 5 January 1922, he died suddenly of a heart attack, while the expedition's ship
Quest
was moored at South Georgia.
Later that year
John Quiller Rowett
, who had financed this last expedition and was a former school friend of Shackleton's from Dulwich College, South London, decided to present the
James Caird
to the college. It remained there until 1967, although its display building was severely damaged by bombs in 1944.
In 1967, thanks to a pupil at Dulwich College, Howard Hope, who was dismayed at the state of the boat, it was given to the care of the
National Maritime Museum
, and underwent restoration. It was then displayed by the museum until 1985, when it was returned to Dulwich College and placed in a new location in the North Cloister, on a bed of stones gathered from South Georgia and
Aberystwyth
.
[57]
This site has become the
James Caird
'
s permanent home, although the boat is sometimes lent to major exhibitions and has taken part in the
London Boat Show
and in events at
Greenwich
,
Portsmouth
, and
Falmouth
. It has travelled overseas to be exhibited in
Washington, D.C.
,
New York
,
Sydney
, Australia, Wellington (
Te Papa
) New Zealand and
Bonn
, Germany.
[55]
The James Caird Society was established in 1994, to "preserve the memory, honour the remarkable feats of discovery in the Antarctic, and commend the outstanding qualities of leadership associated with the name of Sir Ernest Shackleton".
[58]
In 2000, German polar explorer
Arved Fuchs
built a detailed copy of Shackleton's boat?named
James Caird II
?for his replication of the voyage of Shackleton and his crew from Elephant Island to South Georgia. The
James Caird II
was among the first exhibitions when the
International Maritime Museum
in
Hamburg
was opened. A further replica,
James Caird III
, was built and purchased by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, and since 2008 has been on display at the
South Georgia Museum
at
Grytviken
.
[59]
Replica
[
edit
]
In 2013, Australian explorer
Tim Jarvis
and five others successfully recreated Shackleton's crossing of the Southern Ocean in the
Alexandra Shackleton
, a replica of the
James Caird
.
[60]
The construction of the replica
James Caird
was started in June 2008 and was finished in 2010, and was officially launched on 18 March 2012 in
Dorset
.
[61]
Using the same materials, clothing, food, and chronometer, Jarvis and the team sailed their replica
James Caird
from Elephant Island to South Georgia, just as Shackleton did in 1916.
[62]
[63]
Notes and references
[
edit
]
- ^
Hurley captioned this photograph as the rescue party arriving at Elephant Island.
However, Worsley captioned it as the
Caird
leaving;
the
State Library of New South Wales
archived it under this same description
[27]
and has a similar image showing the masted
Caird
.
[28]
Author Caroline Alexander wrote that the original negative viewed at the
Royal Geographical Society
has a hole intentionally scratched in the center to erase the
Caird
and leave pictured the de-masted
Stancomb-Wills
, which helped launch the
Caird
; she included a print showing a hole right of the pictured boat.
[29]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
Shackleton 1985
, pp. 120?143, Shackleton (p. 143) claimed it as the first landing ever on the island..
- ^
Alexander 1998
, pp. 130?32.
- ^
Alexander 1998
, p. 132.
- ^
Huntford 1985
, pp. 504, 525, The boat was sharp at stern and bow, to facilitate movement in either direction.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Alexander 1998
, pp. 134?135.
- ^
Worsley 1999
, quoted in
Barczewski 2007
, p. 105.
- ^
"Series 02: Slides of the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1917, including expedition members, general views and the Endurance"
.
digital.sl.nsw.gov.au
.
State Library of New South Wales
. Retrieved
17 March
2022
.
- ^
"Series 02: Slides of the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1917, including expedition members, general views and the Endurance"
.
digital.sl.nsw.gov.au
.
State Library of New South Wales
.
- ^
Alexander 1998
, p. 202.
- ^
Alexander 1998
, p. 139.
- ^
Bergman, Lars; Huxtable, George; Morris, Bradley R.; Stuart, Robin G. (December 2018).
"Navigation of the James Caird on the Shackleton Expedition"
(PDF)
.
Records of the Canterbury Museum
.
32
: 23?66.
ISSN
0370-3878
.
- ^
a
b
c
Alexander 1998
, p. 150.
- ^
Alexander 1998
, p. 153.
- ^
Shackleton 1985
, pp. 185?186 and p. 191.
- ^
Quoted by
Huntford 1985
, p. 597.
- ^
"Exploring the explorer ? Traces of Ernest Shackleton"
.
libraryblogs.is.ed.ac.uk/edinburghuniversityarchives
. 9 May 2016
. Retrieved
17 May
2018
.
- ^
"The voyage of the 'James Caird'
"
.
shackletonlegacy.com
. Retrieved
17 May
2018
.
- ^
"Tom Crean, an Irish Antarctic explorer"
.
tomcreandiscovery.com
. 23 May 2017
. Retrieved
17 May
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"The James Caird Society"
. James Caird Society
. Retrieved
19 August
2008
.
- ^
"Eminent Old Alleynians: Sir Ernest Shackleton"
. Dulwich College. Archived from
the original
on 22 June 2013
. Retrieved
23 August
2008
.
- ^
"The James Caird"
. Dulwich College
. Retrieved
19 August
2008
.
- ^
Davidson, Elsa (April 2009).
"The Carr Maritime Gallery, South Georgia Museum"
(PDF)
.
South Georgia Association Newsletter
. Huntingdon. p. 5. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
5 December
2016
.
- ^
Marks, Kathy (2 January 2013).
"Team sets out to recreate Shackleton's epic journey"
.
The Independent
.
Archived
from the original on 7 May 2022
. Retrieved
2 January
2013
.
- ^
"Shackleton legacy honoured with launch of centenary expedition"
(PDF)
. Shackleton Epic. 18 March 2012. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 21 October 2013
. Retrieved
16 March
2012
.
- ^
Tim Jarvis
Archived
19 May 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
. Retrieved on 9 August 2011.
- ^
Taylor, Andrew (24 October 2017).
"Explorer Tim Jarvis on climate change, cannibalism and revolting expedition food"
.
The Sydney Morning Herald
. Retrieved
10 December
2023
.
Bibliography
[
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]