Royalty-free lossy audio encoding format
Not to be confused with
Vobis
.
Vorbis
is a
free and open-source software
project headed by the
Xiph.Org Foundation
. The project produces an
audio coding format
and software reference encoder/decoder (
codec
) for
lossy
audio compression
,
libvorbis
.
[10]
Vorbis is most commonly used in conjunction with the
Ogg
container format
[11]
and it is therefore often referred to as
Ogg Vorbis
.
Vorbis is a continuation of audio compression development started in 1993 by
Chris Montgomery
.
[12]
[13]
Intensive development began following a September 1998 letter from the
Fraunhofer Society
announcing plans to charge licensing fees for the
MP3
audio format.
[14]
[15]
The Vorbis project started as part of the Xiphophorus company's Ogg project (also known as OggSquish multimedia project).
[16]
[17]
Chris Montgomery began work on the project and was assisted by a growing number of other developers. They continued refining the
source code
until the Vorbis file format was frozen for 1.0 in May 2000.
[2]
[3]
[18]
Originally licensed as
LGPL
, in 2001 the Vorbis license was changed to the
BSD license
to encourage adoption, with the endorsement of
Richard Stallman
.
[19]
[20]
A stable version (1.0) of the reference software was released on July 19, 2002.
[21]
[22]
[23]
Since February 2013,
[24]
Xiph.Org has stated that the use of Vorbis should be deprecated in favor of the
Opus
codec, which is also a Xiph.Org Foundation project and also free and open-source. Compared to Vorbis, Opus can simultaneously achieve higher compression efficiency?per both Xiph.Org itself and third-party listening tests
[25]
[26]
?and lower encode/decode latency (in most cases, low enough for real-time applications such as
internet telephony
or live singing, rarely possible with Vorbis).
[27]
Name
[
edit
]
Vorbis is named after the character Exquisitor Vorbis in the
Discworld
novel
Small Gods
by
Terry Pratchett
. The
Ogg
format is named after
ogging
,
jargon
from the computer game
Netrek
.
[13]
Usage
[
edit
]
Vorbis faces competition from other audio formats, such as MP3. Though Vorbis is technically superior (addressing many of the limitations inherent to the MP3 design), MP3 has a far higher public profile.
[28]
Because Vorbis does not have financial support from large organisations, support for the format is not as widespread, though programs such as
Audacity
can convert to more popular formats,
[29]
and support in games has gradually improved.
[30]
The Vorbis format has proven popular among supporters of
free software
.
[31]
They argue that its higher fidelity and completely free nature, unencumbered by patents, make it a well-suited replacement for patented and restricted formats.
Vorbis has different uses for consumer products. Many
video games
store in-game audio as Vorbis, including
Amnesia: The Dark Descent
,
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
,
Halo: Combat Evolved
,
Minecraft
, and
World of Warcraft
, among others.
[32]
Popular software players support Vorbis playback either natively or through an external
plugin
. A number of websites, including
Wikipedia
, use it.
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
Others include
Jamendo
and
Mindawn
, as well as several national radio stations
[33]
like JazzRadio,
Absolute Radio
,
NPR
,
Radio New Zealand
[37]
and
Deutschlandradio
.
[38]
The
Spotify
audio streaming service primarily uses Vorbis
[39]
[40]
as well as
AAC
.
[41]
Also, the French music site Qobuz offers its customers the possibility to download their purchased songs in Vorbis format, as does the American music site
Bandcamp
.
[42]
Technical details
[
edit
]
Vorbis nominal bitrate at quality levels for 44.1 kHz stereo input. The new libvorbis v1.2 usually compresses better than these values (effective bitrate may vary).
Quality
|
Nominal bitrate
|
|
Official Xiph.Org Foundation Vorbis
|
|
-q-1
|
45 kbit/s
|
48 kbit/s
|
-q0
|
64 kbit/s
|
-q1
|
80 kbit/s
|
-q2
|
96 kbit/s
|
-q3
|
112 kbit/s
|
-q4
|
128 kbit/s
|
-q5
|
160 kbit/s
|
-q6
|
192 kbit/s
|
-q7
|
224 kbit/s
|
-q8
|
256 kbit/s
|
-q9
|
320 kbit/s
|
-q10
|
500 kbit/s
|
Outline of coder algorithm
[
edit
]
Vorbis I is a forward-adaptive monolithic transform codec based on the
modified discrete cosine transform
(MDCT).
[43]
Vorbis uses the modified discrete cosine transform for converting sound data from the
time domain
to the
frequency domain
. The resulting frequency-domain data is broken into
noise floor
and residue components, and then
quantized
and
entropy coded
using a
codebook
-based
vector quantization
algorithm. The decompression algorithm reverses these stages. The noise-floor approach gives Vorbis its characteristic analog noise-like failure mode when the bitrate is too low to encode the audio without perceptible loss. The sound of compression artifacts at low bitrates is similar to
reverberations
in a large space.
Container formats
[
edit
]
Vorbis streams can be encapsulated in other media
container formats
besides Ogg.
[44]
A commonly used alternative is
Matroska
. It is also used in
WebM
, a container format based on a subset of Matroska.
[45]
[46]
[47]
Vorbis streams can also be encapsulated in an
RTP
payload format.
[48]
Metadata
[
edit
]
Vorbis
metadata
, called
Vorbis comments
, supports metadata tags similar to those implemented in the
ID3
standard for MP3. The metadata is stored in a vector of
byte strings
of arbitrary length and size. The size of the vector and the size of each string in bytes is limited to 2
32
???1 (about 4.3
billion
, or any positive integer that can be expressed in 32 bits). This vector is stored in the second header packet that begins a Vorbis bitstream.
[49]
The strings are assumed to be encoded as
UTF-8
. Music tags are typically implemented as strings of the form "[TAG]=[VALUE]", for instance, "ARTIST=The John Smith Band". The tag names are case-insensitive, thus typing "ARTIST=The John Smith Band" would be the same as "artist=The John Smith Band". Like the current version of ID3, users and encoding software are free to use whichever tags are appropriate for the content. For example, an encoder could use localized tag labels, live music tracks might contain a "Venue=" tag or files could have multiple genre definitions. Most applications also support common de facto standards such as disc number and
ReplayGain
information.
Variants
[
edit
]
aoTuV
is a notable
forks
which adds support for encoding at lower bitrates.
[50]
aoTuV's changes were intended to be merged into the reference encoder periodically, but that only happened once in libvorbis 1.1,
[51]
due to future merges being a "taks [
sic
] that requires uninterrupted time, something I [
Chris Montgomery
] don't have alot [
sic
] of."
[52]
Licensing
[
edit
]
Knowledge of Vorbis' specifications is in the
public domain
.
[8]
Concerning the specification itself, the Xiph.Org Foundation reserves the right to set the Vorbis specification and certify compliance. Its libraries are released under the revised 3-clause
BSD license
and its tools are released under the
GNU General Public License
. The libraries were originally released under the
GNU Lesser General Public Licence
, but a BSD license was later chosen with the endorsement of
Richard Stallman
.
[53]
The
Xiph.Org Foundation
states that Vorbis, like all its developments, is completely free from the licensing or
patent
issues raised by
proprietary
formats. Although the Xiph.Org Foundation states it has conducted a patent search that supports its claims, outside parties (notably engineers working on rival formats) have expressed doubt that Vorbis is free of patented technology.
[54]
[
original research?
]
The Xiph.Org Foundation has not released an official statement on the patent status of Vorbis, pointing out that such a statement is technically impossible due to the number and scope of patents in existence and the questionable validity of many of them. Such issues can only be resolved by a court of law.
Vorbis is supported by several large
digital audio player
manufacturers such as
Samsung
,
SanDisk
,
Rio
,
Neuros Technology
,
Cowon
, and
iriver
.
Support
[
edit
]
Hardware
[
edit
]
Tremor
, a version of the Vorbis decoder which uses
fixed-point arithmetic
(rather than
floating point
), was made available to the public on September 2, 2002 (also under a
BSD-style license
).
[55]
Tremor, or platform-specific versions based on it, is more suited to implementation on the limited facilities available in commercial portable players. A number of versions that make adjustments for specific platforms and include customized optimizations for given embedded microprocessors have been produced. Several hardware manufacturers have expressed
[
citation needed
]
intentions to produce Vorbis-compliant devices and new Vorbis devices seem to be appearing at a steady rate.
[
citation needed
]
- Sailfish OS
devices
- Tizen
devices
- Openmoko Neo 1973 and Neo Freerunner
- Devices based on
Google
's
Android
platform support Ogg Vorbis media files.
[56]
[57]
- Digital audio players such as
Cowon
's
D2
and
iAudio X5
ship with Ogg Vorbis support.
- Samsung YP series of digital audio players
[58]
ships with Ogg Vorbis support.
- The majority of
iriver
devices provide Ogg Vorbis support up to Q10 bitrates.
[59]
[60]
[61]
(as July 2008)
- Cowon C2 (Ogg and FLAC support)
- Sandisk added Vorbis capability to the
1.01.29 firmware
for the Sansa Clip player. (added in May 2008)
- Sandisk added Vorbis capability for the Sansa Fuze player in the
1.01.15
firmware update. (added October 3, 2008)
- Sandisk Sansa Clip+
- Sandisk Sansa Fuze+
- Meizu's
M6
and M3 Digital Audio Players
- Elta 8844 MPEG4 DVD/DivX player can play music files in both MP3 or Ogg Vorbis format
- Vedia A10 plays Ogg Vorbis and FLAC in addition to MP3, AAC and other formats
- S1 MP3 Players
also supports Ogg Vorbis since at least 2006, though this is not typically listed on the player's packaging.
- GamePark Holding's Linux based portable gaming consoles (GP32, GP2X F100-F200, GP2X Wiz) officially support Ogg Vorbis.
- RIM BlackBerry 9800 "Torch" and 9670 "Style"
- VDO Dayton
CD1737X
car radio supports 8-192kbit/s Ogg Vorbis files
- HP TouchPad was given support for Ogg Vorbis with the webOS 3.0.4 update
- Denon SC5000 Prime media player
- Ultra HD Blu-ray
players support decoding of
4K resolution
VP8
/
VP9
video with Ogg Vorbis audio.
Apple's
iPod
does not natively support Vorbis but through the use of
Rockbox
, an open-source firmware project, is capable of decoding Vorbis files on certain models. Similar statements apply to other devices capable of running Rockbox, as well. The Xiph.Org Foundation wiki has an up-to-date list of Vorbis-supporting hardware, such as portables, PDAs, and microchips.
[62]
Also see
Internet radio device
for an overview.
Application software
[
edit
]
Software supporting Vorbis exists for many platforms. The multi-platform open-source
VLC media player
and
MPlayer
can play Ogg Vorbis files, as can
Winamp
and
foobar2000
.
Windows Media Player
does not natively support Vorbis; however,
DirectShow
filters exist to decode Vorbis in Windows Media Player and other Windows multimedia players that support DirectShow.
[63]
Vorbis is also supported in the multi-platform audio editing software
Audacity
, in the multi-platform
multimedia frameworks
FFmpeg
,
GStreamer
and
Helix DNA
. Vorbis is well-supported on the
Linux
platform in programs like
XMMS
,
xine
,
Amarok
. A list of Vorbis-supporting software can be found at the Xiph.Org Foundation wiki and Vorbis.com website.
[64]
[65]
Users can test these programs using the list of Vorbis audio streams available on the same wiki.
[66]
For more information about support in software media players there is a
comparison of media players
available.
Some newer
Ubisoft
games use Vorbis files renamed with the
filename extension
.sb0. It can therefore be played using a compatible player, although sometimes one must force a different
sampling rate
to hear it correctly. A number of tools are available for extracting sound from
archived files
such as the .m4b of
Myst IV: Revelation
.
As originally recommended by
HTML 5
, these
web browsers
natively support Vorbis audio (without a plug-in) using the
<audio>
element:
Mozilla Firefox 3.5
(and later versions),
[67]
[68]
Google Chrome
(from version 3.0.182.2),
[69]
SeaMonkey
(from version 2.0).
[70]
Opera
9.5 experimental video builds released in 2007 and 2008 have only
<video>
support and play back Vorbis audio included in Ogg video files.
[71]
[72]
Opera 10.5
browser has support for Vorbis audio,
WAVE PCM
audio and
Theora
video.
[73]
[74]
The game design software
RPG Maker
MV, released in October 2015, is the first version of that program to drop MP3 support in favor of Ogg Vorbis.
In October 2017, Microsoft released support for Ogg media container, and Theora and Vorbis media formats as an optional add-on to Windows 10 and Xbox One, available for free in the
Microsoft Store
.
[75]
Vorbis support by different operating systems
|
Microsoft Windows
|
macOS
|
Linux
|
Android
|
iOS
|
Codec support
|
Yes
[75]
|
Via third-party applications
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Via third-party apps
|
Container support
|
On Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (1709) with Web Media Extensions add-on
:
Ogg
(.ogg is not recognised; requires pseudo extension)
[a]
Matroska
(.mka, .mkv)
On Windows 10 October 2018 Update (1809)
:
WebM
(.webm is recognised officially)
On Windows 10 May 2019 Update (1903)
:
Ogg
(.ogg is recognised officially)
|
depends on application
|
Ogg
(.ogg)
Matroska
(.mka, .mkv)
WebM
(.webm)
|
Ogg
(.ogg, .oga)
Matroska
(.mka, .mkv)
WebM
(.webm)
|
depends on application
|
Notes
|
On
Windows 10
:
- Requires
Fall Creators Update
(1709) and installation of
Web Media Extensions
package.
- On
April 2018 Update
(1803) with Web Media Extensions preinstalled, Microsoft Edge (EdgeHTML 17) supports Vorbis audio embedded in <audio> tags.
- Supported on
Universal Windows Platform
apps (
Groove Music
,
Microsoft Movies & TV
). Unsupported on
Windows Media Player
.
- Up till October 2018 update (1809), the filename extension .ogg was not recognised. (substitute with a pseudo file extension such as .m4a)
[76]
On
Windows 8.1
and older
:
- Requires installation of a third-party multimedia framework,
LAV Filters
.
|
No native support in the macOS native multimedia framework.
In versions of Mac OS X prior to 10.11 El Capitan, Vorbis support could be added to
QuickTime
using the
Xiph QuickTime Components
.
[77]
|
-
|
-
|
No native support in the iOS native multimedia framework.
|
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"MIME Types and File Extensions - XiphWiki"
.
wiki.xiph.org
.
- ^
a
b
Montgomery, Christopher (May 8, 2000).
"Merge done"
.
vorbis-dev
. Retrieved
September 3,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
"Ogg Vorbis"
. Xiph.Org Foundation
. Retrieved
September 11,
2009
.
- ^
Xiph.Org Foundation (January 20, 2012).
"Vorbis I specification"
. Xiph.Org Foundation
. Retrieved
January 31,
2012
.
- ^
"PlayOgg! - FSF - Free Software Foundation"
. March 17, 2010
. Retrieved
October 1,
2013
.
- ^
Ogg Vorbis Audio Format
(Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. February 19, 2008
. Retrieved
December 13,
2021
.
- ^
Giles, Ralph (July 4, 2020).
"[Vorbis] vorbis 1.3.7 release"
.
- ^
a
b
"Vorbis.com FAQ"
. Xiph.Org Foundation. Archived from
the original
on October 1, 2005
. Retrieved
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2009
.
- ^
"Sample Xiph.Org Variant of the BSD License"
. Xiph.Org Foundation
. Retrieved
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2009
.
- ^
Xiph.Org (January 22, 2014).
"libVorbis 1.3.4 released"
. Retrieved
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2014
.
- ^
"MIME Types and File Extensions"
.
Xiph.org wiki
. Retrieved
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2007
.
- ^
"Interview: Christopher Montgomery of Xiphophorus"
. Advogado. April 4, 2000. Archived from
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on June 28, 2017
. Retrieved
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2009
.
- ^
a
b
"naming"
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on April 11, 2020.
- ^
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. Xiph.org
. Retrieved
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Robertson, Michael (September 11, 1998).
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on August 16, 2000
. Retrieved
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- ^
Zisk, Brian (April 19, 2000).
"Dvorak Interviews Monty"
.
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. Xiph
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"Ogg"
(project homepage). Xiphophorus. May 20, 2000. Archived from
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on May 20, 2000
. Retrieved
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- ^
"The Ogg Vorbis CODEC project"
. Xiphophorus co. May 11, 2000. Archived from
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on June 10, 2000
. Retrieved
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2009
.
- ^
February 2001
on xiph.org
"With the Beta 4 release, the Ogg Vorbis libraries have moved to the BSD license. The change from LGPL to BSD was made to enable the use of Ogg Vorbis in all forms of software and hardware. Jack Moffitt says, "We are changing the license in response to feedback from many parties. It has become clear to us that adoption of Ogg Vorbis will be accelerated even further by the use of a less restrictive license that is friendlier toward proprietary software and hardware systems. We want everyone to be able to use Ogg Vorbis.""
- ^
RMS on license change
on lwn.net
- ^
"OGG Vorbis 1.0 officially released"
. AfterDawn. July 19, 2002
. Retrieved
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2009
.
- ^
"Ogg Vorbis official release is here"
.
News
. CNET. July 19, 2002
. Retrieved
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2009
.
- ^
Montgomery, Christopher
(July 19, 2002).
"Vorbis 1.0 released"
.
vorbis
(Mailing list)
. Retrieved
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2009
.
- ^
"OpusFAQ - XiphWiki"
.
wiki.xiph.org
. February 3, 2013.
Archived
from the original on December 4, 2020
. Retrieved
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2020
.
- ^
Hoene, Christian; Valin, Jean-Marc; Vos, Koen; Skoglund, Jan (May 17, 2013).
"Summary of Opus listening test results"
.
Ietf Datatracker
.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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2020
.
- ^
"Results of the public multiformat listening test (July 2014)"
.
listening-test.coresv.net
.
Archived
from the original on November 12, 2020
. Retrieved
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2020
.
- ^
"OpusFAQ - XiphWiki"
.
wiki.xiph.org
. October 3, 2020.
Archived
from the original on November 17, 2020
. Retrieved
December 4,
2020
.
- ^
Sharpless Smith, Susan (2010).
Web-based Instruction: A Guide for Libraries
. American Library Association. p. 138.
ISBN
978-0-8389-1056-6
.
- ^
Brown, Andrew (2007).
Computers in Music Education: Amplifying Musicality
. Routledge. p.
148
.
ISBN
978-0-4159-7850-7
.
- ^
Dawes, Adam (2010).
Windows Mobile Game Development: Building games for the Windows Phone and other mobile devices
. Apress. p. 158.
ISBN
978-1-4302-2929-2
.
- ^
"Recordings about our Philosophy"
.
GNU Project
. Free Software Foundation (FSF). Archived from
the original
on November 26, 2007
. Retrieved
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2008
.
- ^
"Xiph.Org Wiki, Games that use Vorbis"
. March 3, 2018
. Retrieved
January 25,
2024
.
- ^
a
b
"Ogg Sites"
. Free Software Foundation
. Retrieved
October 2,
2009
.
- ^
"Ogg Vorbis ? no future?"
. November 4, 2007
. Retrieved
October 2,
2009
.
- ^
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia
, Retrieved 2009
- ^
"First steps/Quality and description"
.
Wikimedia Commons
. Retrieved
October 2,
2009
.
- ^
"Radio New Zealand Oggcasts"
. Retrieved
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2009
.
- ^
"Deutschlandradio im Internet mit OGG-Vorbis-Stream"
. Archived from
the original
on August 30, 2009
. Retrieved
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2009
.
- ^
"Audio Quality on Spotify"
. February 3, 2019. Archived from
the original
on February 3, 2019.
- ^
"Bumping up the Bitrate"
. Spotify News. June 25, 2009. Archived from
the original
on March 28, 2018
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
"Audio Quality"
. June 6, 2020
. Retrieved
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2018
.
- ^
"Qobuz FAQ"
. Archived from
the original
on April 24, 2013
. Retrieved
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2013
.
- ^
Xiph.Org Foundation (June 2, 2009).
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. Xiph.Org Foundation
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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. Xiph.Org Foundation.
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"Xiph.Org announces support for the WebM open media project"
. Xiph.Org. May 19, 2010
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
"Introducing WebM, an open web media project"
. May 19, 2010
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
"FAQ"
.
WebM
. Google. May 19, 2010.
- ^
Barbato, Luca (August 2008).
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. IETF.
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:
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
Xiph.Org Foundation.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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. September 22, 2004
. Retrieved
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2022
.
- ^
"Xiph.Org Monthly Meeting, 2007/02"
. February 7, 2007. Archived from
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on September 30, 2008
. Retrieved
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2022
.
- ^
Jack Moffitt (February 26, 2001).
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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. September 3, 2002
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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.
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.
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.
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.
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on April 28, 2009.
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"Redesign Your Life Style, IRIVER"
.
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.
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.
- ^
"illiminable Ogg Directshow Filters for Speex, Vorbis, Theora and FLAC"
. Retrieved
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.
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, MozillaWiki
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External links
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