French mass media holding company
Vivendi SE
is a French
mass-media
holding company
headquartered in Paris. It owns
Gameloft
,
Groupe Canal+
,
Havas
, Prisma Media, Vivendi Village, and
Dailymotion
, and is a majority owner of the
Lagardere Group
. The company has activities in
television
,
film
,
video games
,
book publishing
, print press,
communication
,
tickets
, and
video hosting services
.
In 2000
Vivendi Universal
was created from the merger with
Groupe Canal+
and
Seagram Company Ltd
(owner of
Universal Studios
). In 2006 it sold off most of the Universal components and its name reverted to Vivendi.
As of 2021
[update]
, Vivendi's chairman
Yannick Bollore
is also CEO of
Havas
, which was spun off from Vivendi in 2000 but has since become a subsidiary. The company is known for its stake in
Universal Music Group
, which it partially spun off in 2021.
History
[
edit
]
Origins
[
edit
]
On 14 December 1853, a water company named
Compagnie generale des eaux
(
CGE
) was created by an imperial decree of
Napoleon III
.
[1]
In 1854, CGE obtained a concession in order to supply water to the public in
Lyon
, serving in that capacity for over a hundred years. In 1861, it obtained a 50-year concession with the
City of Paris
.
[4]
CGE also supplied water to
Nantes
,
Venice
(from 1880),
Constantinople
(from 1882) and
Porto
(from 1883).
[1]
For more than a century, Compagnie generale des eaux remained largely focused on the water sector.
Following the appointment of
Guy Dejouany
as CEO in 1976, CGE extended its activities into other sectors with a series of takeovers.
[1]
Beginning in 1980, CGE began diversifying its operations from water into waste management, energy, transport services, and
construction
and property. It acquired the
Compagnie generale d'entreprises automobiles
(CGEA), specialized in industrial vehicles, which was later divided into two branches:
Connex
(later Veolia Transport) in 1999 and
Onyx Environnement
(later Veolia Environmental Services) in 1989.
[5]
CGE then acquired the
Compagnie generale de chauffe
, and the Montenay group, with these companies later becoming the Energy Services division of CGE, and later renamed "
Dalkia
" in 1998.
[5]
In 1983, CGE helped to found
Canal+
, the first
pay-TV
channel in France, and in the 1990s, they began expanding into telecommunications and
mass media
, especially after
Jean-Marie Messier
succeeded
Guy Dejouany
on 27 June 1996, acquiring companies such as the
Babelsberg Studio
.
[
citation needed
]
In 1996, CGE created
Neuf Cegetel
to take advantage of the 1998 deregulation of the French telecommunications market, accelerating the move into the media sector which would culminate in the 2000 demerger into Vivendi Universal and Vivendi Environnement (
Veolia
).
[6]
[
better source needed
]
Creation of
Vivendi
[
edit
]
In 1997, Compagnie Generale des Eaux changed its name to
Vivendi
(derived from the Latin "vivendus"), and sold off its property and construction divisions the following year to what would become
Vinci SA
. Vivendi went on to acquire stakes in or merge with
Maroc Telecom
,
Havas
,
Cendant Software
, Grupo Anaya, and NetHold, a large Continental European pay-TV operator. Beginning in 1998, Vivendi launched digital channels in Italy, Spain, Poland, Scandinavia, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
In June 1999, Vivendi merged with
Pathe
, and the exchange ratio for the merger was fixed at three Vivendi shares for every two Pathe shares.
The Wall Street Journal
estimated the value of the deal at US$2.59 billion. Following the completion of the merger, Vivendi retained Pathe's interests in
British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC
and CanalSatellite, a French broadcasting corporation, then sold all remaining assets to Jerome Seydoux's family-owned holding company,
Fornier SA
, which changed its name to Pathe.
In early December 2000 Vivendi acquired
Groupe Canal+
, the French television network and film production company.
[7]
On 11 December 2000 Vivendi Universal was created from the merger of Groupe Canal+, Canadian company
Seagram Company Ltd
(owner of
Universal Studios
), and Vivendi.
[8]
Vivendi Universal acquired
MP3.com
and the leading American publisher
Houghton Mifflin
in the year 2001. To raise the funds, Vivendi Universal sold its trade and medical publishing businesses to a group led by
Cinven
.
[9]
[10]
Vivendi Environnement
[
edit
]
Vivendi Environnement
was formed in 1999 by Vivendi to consolidate its environmental divisions, which were
CGEA Transport
,
Onyx Environnement
(now Veolia Environmental Services),
Dalkia
and CGE water division. As a result, CGEA Transport was renamed Connex (later Veolia Transport), and CGE's water division was renamed Vivendi Water (now
Veolia Water
).
[5]
In July 2000, Vivendi Environnement was divested through
IPOs
in Paris and later New York in October 2001. Initially, Vivendi Universal retained a 70% stake in Vivendi Environnement in 2000, but by December 2002, it was reduced to 20.4%.
[11]
In 2003, Vivendi Environnement was renamed to Veolia Environnement.
Corporate loss
[
edit
]
Vivendi Universal disclosed a corporate loss of €23.3 billion in its 2002 annual report. It responded with financial reshuffling, trying to shore up media holdings while selling off shares in its
spin-off
companies. Amid intense media scrutiny, its chairman and CEO,
Jean-Marie Messier
(who had overseen the most dramatic phase of the company's diversification), was subsequently replaced by Jean-Rene Fourtou. Messier was found guilty of embezzlement in 2011, but not before he was paid over US$20 million as part of his severance package. The company reduced its stake in
Vivendi Environnement
to 40% and sold its stake in
Vinci SA
. The company then began reorganizing to stave off
bankruptcy
, announcing a strategy to sell non-strategic assets. Its largest single shareholder was the family of
Edgar Bronfman Jr.
, who was head of Seagram at the time of the merger. Vivendi sold its stake in
Vizzavi
to
Vodafone
, with the exception of Vizzavi France. It also sold 20.4% of Vivendi Environnement's capital to a group of investors, and its stake in North American satellite operator
EchoStar Communications Corporation
. It also sold its European book publishing to
Lagardere
.
[12]
It also sold Houghton Mifflin to Thomas H Lee,
Blackstone
and
Bain
consortium for US$1.66 billion.
[13]
Also, in 2002, Vivendi Universal sold the Belgian and Dutch activities of its subsidiary Scoot Europe to Kapitol, the parent company of online directory
Infobel
.
[14]
In 2003, Vivendi Universal sold Canal+ Technologies to
Thomson SA
; Tele+ to
News Corporation
and
Telecom Italia
. It also sold its 26.3% interest in
Xfera
. Also in 2003, it sold its consumer magazines to
Socpresse
and its free newspapers to
France Antilles
.
[15]
On 1 December, Vivendi Universal closed a deal to sell
MP3.com
to
CNET
. Despite predictions that it would be unable to raise the cash needed, Vivendi Universal bought out one of the two minority shareholders in Cegetel, taking its holding to 60 percent, with Vodafone holding the remaining 40 percent. Management viewed the mobile communications firm as a core asset once the bulk of media assets had been sold off.
Further acquisitions, mergers and divestments
[
edit
]
In 2004, 80% of the Vivendi Universal subsidiary was sold to
GE
, to form
NBC Universal
, with Vivendi retaining a 20 percent stake. At the same time, it sold a 50% stake in
Canal+
and
StudioCanal
to the new company. Vivendi also sold its interests in Kencell (re-branded Celtel, Kenya),
Monaco Telecom
and
Sportfive
(which it held through Canal+ Group), and sold
Newsworld International
to the business partnership of
Joel Hyatt
and former
Vice-President of the United States
Al Gore
. Vivendi also sold
Babelsberg Studio
.
On 16 December 2005, it was announced that Canal Plus would merge with
TPS
, France's second largest Pay-TV provider. Vivendi owned 85% of the combined entity.
[
needs update
]
On 17 January 2006, Vivendi Universal announced it would end its
American Depositary Receipt
program and its listing on the
New York Stock Exchange
by the end of the second quarter of 2006, due to lowered trading volume on its shares and high costs.
[16]
On 20 April, Vivendi in its current form came into existence, following the sale of an 80% stake in the Vivendi Universal unit to
General Electric
to form
NBC Universal
(merging GE's NBC unit and Vivendi's Vivendi Universal unit) and the gradual recovery of the company from its disastrous over-expansion in the late 1990s and the early 2000s. The company announced that shareholders had approved the name change to "Vivendi".
[
citation needed
]
In August, Vivendi signed a deal with
Spiralfrog
to distribute Vivendi's songs online in the United States and Canada.
[
citation needed
]
On 2 December 2007, Vivendi announced that it would be merging
its game publishing unit
with
Activision
in a
$
18.8 billion deal.
[17]
[18]
This will allow the merged company,
Activision Blizzard
, to rival
Electronic Arts
, the world's biggest video games publisher.
[18]
The merger closed on 9 July 2008, for $9.8 billion. Vivendi held a 52% majority stake in the new business.
On 8 September 2009, Vivendi announced negotiations to buy the Brazilian phone operator
Global Village Telecom
(GVT).
[19]
Vivendi took control of GVT at a cost of 56 reais per share, on 13 November, trumping
Telefonica
's bid.
[20]
Geneva-based Credit des Alpes was the investment bank to the transaction, originating the acquisition proposal and advising GVT's majority shareholders.
[21]
On 3 December 2009, GE announced it would purchase Vivendi's stake in NBC Universal, which would become a joint venture between GE and
Comcast
.
[22]
Vivendi sold its stake in NBC Universal on 25 January 2011.
On 4 April 2011, Vodafone sold its 44% stake in French mobile service provider
SFR
to Vivendi for about $11 billion
[23]
and giving Vivendi full control of its largest unit.
[24]
In 2012, Vivendi announced having entered a strategic review of its assets and decided to refocus its activities on media and content activities while maximizing its telecoms assets.
[
citation needed
]
On 25 July 2013, Activision Blizzard announced the buyout of 429 million shares from Vivendi for $5.83 billion, dropping the shareholder from a 63% stake to 11.8% by the end of the deal in September, ending Vivendi's majority ownership of Activision Blizzard.
[
citation needed
]
In November, Vivendi also sold its 53% stake in
Maroc Telecom
to
Dubai
-based
Etisalat
for around $4.2 billion.
[25]
Vivendi also confirmed in November 2013 its intention to launch a demerger plan which would result in Vivendi becoming an international media group consisting primarily of Canal+, Universal Music Group, and GVT, while SFR would be listed separately on the stock market. As a result of the foregoing, Vivendi group results for the first semester 2014 are in a strong growth, witnessing the success of its repositioning strategy. Net income was up 84,8% to €1.9 billion.
[26]
In August 2014 Vivendi sells GVT to
Telefonica Vivo
, a subsidiary of
Telefonica
in Brazil.
The moves have allowed Vivendi to rapidly pay down debt and increase cash returns to shareholders while leaving it with ammunition to do acquisitions of its own. Indeed, once the SFR deal closes, Vivendi will have a cash pile of around €5 billion, leaving it with some room to maneuver even after it pays down debt and returns nearly €5 billion in dividends and share buybacks to shareholders.
[27]
Vivendi's priority is now content. The French group is expected to expand its assets in the content industries in the coming year.
[28]
In 2014, Vivendi decided to sell mobile companies
SFR
(France) to
Patrick Drahi
's company,
Altice
,
[29]
and
GVT
(Brazil) to the Brazilian company
Telefonica Vivo
.
[30]
On 28 May, Vivendi sold half of its remaining shares (nearly 41.5 million shares) in Activision Blizzard for $850 million, reducing its stake to 6%.
[31]
In April 2015, it was announced that a shareholder in the company
Bollore
raised its stake from 10.2 percent to 12.01 percent for a total fee of €568 million.
[32]
In 2015, Vivendi bought 80% share in
Dailymotion
.
[33]
According to the Wall Street Journal, the "French media group offered around $273 million for streaming service".
[34]
Vivendi was in talks with Orange, to Buy 80% stake in Dailymotion. Also, Vivendi announced extra payouts in compromise with P. Schoenfeld Asset Management shareholder.
[35]
It was revealed in October 2015 that Vivendi would increase its stake in
Telecom Italia
to around 19% of the ordinary share capital as part of its aims to increase its influence in the group.
[36]
[37]
As of May 2017, Vivendi owns 24.6% of the company with Vivendi's CEO Arnaud de Puyfontaine becoming Executive Chairman of Telecom Italia.
[38]
In October, Vivendi bought minority stakes in the French video game studios
Gameloft
and
Ubisoft
.
[39]
On 17 December 2015, Vivendi acquired a 64.4% majority stake in Belgian online radio aggregator
Radionomy
(including its media player platform
Winamp
and internet radio streaming software
Shoutcast
). Its shareholders, including its employees and U.S.-based investment firm
Union Square Ventures
, however, retained their stakes in the company.
[40]
In June 2016, after having triggered a mandatory
tender offer
in February 2016 by reaching 30% ownership, and then becoming its largest shareholder, Vivendi completed a
hostile takeover
of Gameloft with the acquisition of its founders' stake. At the same time, Vivendi also further increased its stake in Ubisoft, which had led to concern from the company's management that Vivendi was also planning a hostile takeover of Ubisoft, however as of 2018 Vivendi is no longer in the position to do so.
[41]
[42]
[43]
Vivendi (once the owner of
Blizzard
, later Activision Blizzard),
[44]
searching for a new games publisher property has started investing in both
Ubisoft
and
Gameloft
.
[45]
The brothers in charge of Ubisoft and Gameloft, Yves Guillemot and Michel Guillemot
[46]
respectively, view the investments as a hostile takeover attempt,
[47]
[48]
and are raising capital from within the family
[49]
and from Canadian investors
[50]
to maintain control of the companies. As of 8 June 2016, Vivendi has acquired a controlling stake in Gameloft. In news from 11 September 2016 Yves Guillemot is set to buy an additional 3.5% of Ubisoft shares to raise his stake to 12.5% to attempt to block a takeover from Vivendi. Yves has been attempting to lobby other shareholders to prevent them from selling their shares to Vivendi.
[51]
As of 20 March 2018, Vivendi has sold all its shares in Ubisoft and
Tencent
has bought in in their place.
[52]
In an auction on 6 June, Vivendi won a bid to acquire Flavorus from
SFX Entertainment
for $4 million.
[53]
Also that month, it acquired Paddington and Company Limited-owner of
Paddington Bear
and other properties, and The Copyrights Group. Vivendi declared that it owned 12.3% of
Mediaset
in December 2016.
[54]
In September 2020, Vivendi owns 28.8% of Mediaset.
[55]
In January 2019, Vivendi completed its €900 million acquisition of
Editis
, one of France's major book publishers.
[56]
In 2019, Vivendi acquired Nigeria's film studio ROK Studios which included its linear channels and VOD service, IROKO+.
[57]
At the end of the first quarter of 2020, Vivendi completed a partial sale of
Universal Music Group
(UMG) to a consortium led by
Tencent
, a Chinese media conglomerate. The amount of stake of the world's largest
record label
group that has been sold to the consortium is 10% and the valuation of which was $3.3 billion. The Tencent-led consortium retained an option to purchase another 10% at the same valuation until January 2021, which they opted to exercise in December 2020.
[58]
Pershing Square Holdings
later acquired 10% of UMG prior to its
IPO
on the
Euronext Amsterdam
stock exchange. The company went public on 21 September 2021, at a valuation of €46 billion.
[59]
[60]
In April, Vivendi bought a 10.6% stake in
Lagardere Group
, another French media group, the assets of which include the world's third-largest book publisher
Hachette
.
[61]
By August 2020, Vivendi had doubled its stake in Lagardere to 23.5%, becoming the largest shareholder of the rival group.
[62]
In October, Vivendi acquired a 12% stake in South Africa's media company,
MultiChoice
.
[63]
In December, Vivendi announced a deal to buy the French media conglomerate Prisma Media from
Bertelsmann
.
[64]
In January 2021, Vivendi bought a 9,9% stake in the Spanish media conglomerate
Prisa
.
[65]
[66]
In September 2021, Vivendi distributed 60% of its UMG shares to shareholders and retained 10% of shares in an IPO at
Euronext Amsterdam
.
[67]
Amber Capital informed Vivendi of its intention to sell all its shares in Lagardere (17.93 of the share capital) and invited Vivendi to make an acquisition offer. Vivendi has acquired Amber Capital's shares for 24.1 euros per share. The transaction will be completed by December 15, 2022, after gaining the approvals required by the current regulations in light of the takeover that could result from the mandatory public offer following this acquisition.
[68]
In December 2021, Vivendi announced its plan to accelerate the purchase of Amber's stake in Lagardere.
[69]
As of June 2022
[update]
, Vivendi owns 57.3% of Lagardere following the latter's IPO.
[70]
Vivendi offered to divest the book publisher
Editis
, as Lagardere already owns
Hachette
.
[71]
In July 2022, Vivendi announced its plan to spin off Editis, anticipating the European competition regulators not to allow Editis and Lagardere Publishing to merge.
[71]
In June 2023, Vivendi agreed to sell Editis to Czech billionaire
Daniel K?etinsky
's Czech Media Invest.
[72]
In July 2023, Vivendi announced that Prisma Media entered into exclusive negotiations with Groupe Figaro for the sale of Gala magazine.
[73]
The transaction for Editis was finalised in November 2023.
[74]
Description and location
[
edit
]
The official name of the company is Vivendi SE (
societe europeenne
). The headquarters are located at 42 Avenue Friedland, 75008 Paris.
[75]
Corporate governance
[
edit
]
| This section needs to be
updated
.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
May 2024
)
|
As of 31 December 2019, Vivendi ownership is as follows:
[76]
Supervisory board
[
edit
]
| This section needs to be
updated
.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
May 2024
)
|
As of 16 May 2020, the board is comprised as follows:
[77]
- Yannick Bollore
(chairman); also CEO of
Havas
, which was spun off from Vivendi in 2000 but has since become a subsidiary
[78]
- Philippe Benacin, chairman and CEO of
Interparfums
- Cyrille Bollore, former chairman and CEO of
Bollore
- Paulo Cardoso, treasurer of
Canal+
- Laurent Dassault
, co-managing director of
Dassault Group
- Sebastien Bollore
- Veronique Driot-Argentin, Vivendi HR executive
- Aliza Jabes, chairwoman of NUXE
- Cathia Lawson-Hall, executive at
Societe Generale
- Sandrine Le Bihan, Vivendi legal executive
- Michele Reiser, filmmaker and culture commissioner
- Katie Stanton
, general partner of
Moxxie Ventures
- Athina Vasilogiannaki, legal and business affairs director of
Minos EMI
Business units
[
edit
]
Vivendi is a company primarily focused on digital entertainment. It owns the French TV channel and movie producer
Canal+ Group
, communication company
Havas Group
, video games company
Gameloft
, and video hosting service
Dailymotion
.
Vivendi's president
Vincent Bollore
, appointed in June 2014, aims at developing synergies between the company's subsidiaries now refocused on media: Canal+ Group, Vivendi Village,
Dailymotion
, and Gameloft.
[79]
Groupe Canal+
[
edit
]
Groupe Canal+
is the leading pay television group in France. It is also an international movie and television series producer and distributor with
StudioCanal
.
[80]
In November 2013, Vivendi became the exclusive owner of France's biggest pay-TV company.
[81]
Havas
[
edit
]
Havas
is one of the largest global advertising and communications groups in the world.
[82]
Since October 2017, Vivendi owns 94.75% of Havas's Share Capital.
[83]
Gameloft
[
edit
]
In July 2016, Vivendi completed its takeover of
Gameloft
,
[84]
the world's largest mobile-games publisher in terms of downloads. Gameloft reported that their games had amassed over 1 billion downloads in 2016.
[85]
Vivendi Village
[
edit
]
Vivendi Village comprises a group of small companies active in digital and in live entertainment.
[86]
Vivendi Ticketing comprises the ticketing businesses
See Tickets
in the UK, the US, and in France. Both businesses specialize in the retail and distribution of tickets for live entertainment, sport and cultural events, in addition to providing operating platforms for venues to run their own ticketing services. Vivendi Ticketing processes annually over 40 million tickets. The business also operates as an internal service provider to other Vivendi businesses.
MyBestPro provides experts counseling in different fields (Wengo, RDVmedicaux, Juritravail, Bordas, Devispresto).
Vivendi Village also owns the Paris-based concert venue L'Olympia and the Theatre de l'Oeuvre.
[87]
In 2015, Vivendi announced that it will open venues in central and west Africa. These venues will be named CanalOlympia, they will serve as concert halls, theaters and screening rooms.
[88]
Prisma Media
[
edit
]
In 2021, Vivendi purchased Prisma Media from
Gruner + Jahr
for an estimated 100 to 150 million euros.
[89]
Prisma Media is number one magazine publishing group in France.
[90]
Dailymotion
[
edit
]
In 2015, Vivendi purchased an 80% stake in
Dailymotion
from its previous owner,
Orange S.A.
[91]
Vivendi announced that it increased this stake to 90% in September 2015.
[92]
Equity investments
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
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. NewsGateNY.com. 3 November 2009.
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{{
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cite news
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