Dutch cycling team
Visma?Lease a Bike
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Jumbo_Visma%2C_2023_Paris-Nice_%2852917659860%29.jpg/220px-Jumbo_Visma%2C_2023_Paris-Nice_%2852917659860%29.jpg) |
|
UCI code
| TVL
|
---|
Registered
| Netherlands
|
---|
Founded
| 1984
(
1984
)
|
---|
Discipline(s)
| Road
|
---|
Status
| UCI WorldTeam
|
---|
Bicycles
| Colnago
(1984?2008)
Giant
(2009?2013)
Bianchi
(2014?2020)
Cervelo
(2021?)
|
---|
Components
| SRAM Corporation
|
---|
Website
| Team home page
|
---|
|
General manager
| Richard Plugge
|
---|
|
1984?1986
| Kwantum?Decosol
| 1987?1989
| Superconfex?Yoko
| 1990?1992
| Buckler?Colnago
| 1993?1994
| WordPerfect
| 1995
| Novell
| 1996?2012
| Rabobank
| 2013
| Blanco
| 2013?2014
| Belkin
| 2015?2018
| LottoNL?Jumbo
| 2019?2023
| Team Jumbo?Visma
| 2024?
| Visma?Lease a Bike
|
|
Current season
|
Visma?Lease a Bike
is a Dutch professional
bicycle racing
team, successor of the former
Rabobank
. The team consists of four sections: ProTeam (the
UCI WorldTeam
team),
Women's Team
(the
UCI Women's Team
),
Development Team
(a
UCI Continental team
racing in the
UCI Europe Tour
), and
cyclo-cross
.
The cycling team was founded for the 1984 season under the name
Kwantum?Decosol
, anchored by
Jan Raas
, with mostly cyclists coming from the
TI?Raleigh
cycling team.
[1]
With Raas as directeur sportif from 1985 onwards, the head sponsor was succeeded by
Superconfex
,
Buckler
,
WordPerfect
and
Novell
, respectively, before Raas signed a contract with
Rabobank
, a Dutch association of credit unions, in 1996. After Rabobank sponsorship ended in 2012, it was known as
Blanco
,
Belkin
, Lotto-
Jumbo
, Jumbo?Visma and now Visma-Lease a Bike.
Since 1984, the team has entered every
Tour de France
[2]
and since the introduction of divisions in 1998, the team has always been in the
first division
.
[3]
A 2012 investigation by Dutch newspaper
de Volkskrant
concluded that doping was at least tolerated, from the team's 1996 beginnings as Rabobank until at least 2007.
[4]
Team Jumbo-Visma cyclist
Jonas Vingegaard
won the
2022 Tour de France
, delivering the team its first
Tour de France victory in the General Classification
, as well as the
King of the Mountains title
[5]
while his team-mate
Wout van Aert
won the
Points Classification title
.
[6]
In
2023
, Vingegaard repeated his feat and Jumbo-Visma won the
team classification
for the first time. That year, fellow Jumbo-Visma riders
Primo? Rogli?
and
Sepp Kuss
also won the
Giro d'Italia
and the
Vuelta a Espana
respectively, making the team the first to win all three
Grand Tours
in a single calendar year.
[7]
History
[
edit
]
In
road bicycle racing
, teams usually take their names from their main sponsors. The team has had the following sponsors, and thus names.
Kwantum?Decosol?Yoko (1984?1986)
[
edit
]
After the season of 1983, the
TI?Raleigh
team split up because of tension between former world champion
Jan Raas
and team leader
Peter Post
,
[8]
with seven cyclists following Post to the new
Panasonic
-team and six cyclists joining Raas to the Kwantum team.
[9]
The team captains of the Kwantum team were Guillaume Driessens, Jan Gisbers and
Walter Godefroot
.
[10]
In their first year, the team managed to win the
intermediate sprints classification
and one stage in the
1984 Tour de France
, the
Amstel Gold Race
and the Dutch national road championship.
[10]
After the 1984 season,
Jan Raas
stopped as an active cyclist and became team manager. In 1985 the Kwantum team had a successful year. Victories included two
Tour de France
stages, the
Tour of Luxembourg
,
Paris?Tours
,
Paris?Brussels
, the
Tirreno?Adriatico
, the
Tour of Belgium
, again the Dutch national road championship, and the
World cycling championship
(
Joop Zoetemelk
).
[11]
1986 was less successful; the most important victory was
Tour of Belgium
.
[12]
Superconfex?Yoko?Colnago (1987?1989)
[
edit
]
For the 1987 season, the main sponsor became Superconfex. In that year, the team was officially known as
Superconfex ? Kwantum ? Yoko ? Colnago
. Jan Raas remained the team leader. After a victory in
Kuurne?Brussels?Kuurne
for
Ludo Peeters
, the new sprinter
Jean-Paul van Poppel
, coming from the Skala cycling team, gave the team a great year, with five stage wins in the
Tour de France
(of which two for van Poppel) and the victory in the
points classification in the Tour de France
for Jean-Paul van Poppel. Joop Zoetemelk ended his career with a victory in the
Amstel Gold Race
.
[13]
From 1988 on, the team was known as
Superconfex ? Yoko ? Opel ? Colnago
. 1988 was also a successful season for the team, with victories in
Paris?Brussels
, the
Tour of Ireland
, the
Tour of Belgium
, the
Amstel Gold Race
, and six stages in the
Tour de France
.
[14]
In the 1989 season,
Jean-Paul van Poppel
changed to the
Panasonic team
. In 1989 his sprinting capacities were missed, and the number of victories was reduced. Still,
Paris?Brussels
, the
Tour of Flanders
and
Paris?Tours
were won, together with two stages in the
1989 Tour de France
.
[15]
Buckler?Colnago?Decca (1990?1992)
[
edit
]
A Buckler jersey
After the 1989 season, the main sponsoring was taken over by
Buckler
. The
Tour of Belgium
was won again, and the
Ronde van Nederland
was won as well. That year, the team had the winner of the Dutch national road race championships again, as
Peter Winnen
won the race.
[16]
In 1991, the team won the
Amstel Gold Race
, the
Ronde van Nederland
and
Tour of Flanders
. The team had taken over
Steven Rooks
from the Panasonic team, who immediately became the Dutch national road race champion.
[17]
The worst year in the team's history was 1992. Only 26 races were won in the season, compared to 64 victories in the successful 1988 season.
[18]
1992 also saw a young
Erik Dekker
entering the team. After that season, Buckler decided to stop sponsoring.
Wordperfect?Colnago?Decca (1993?1994)
[
edit
]
Raul Alcala
with Wordperfect in 1993
A new sponsor was found in
WordPerfect
.
Steven Rooks
left the team,
Raul Alcala
joined the team. Still, the 1993 season did not turn out a great season, with only 29 victories, the most important being
Three Days of De Panne
and the
Tour DuPont
.
[19]
In 1993 and 1994,
Michael Boogerd
and
Leon van Bon
started their professional career in the team, and
Viatcheslav Ekimov
also came. The Tour DuPont was won again, together with the
Tour de Luxembourg
. The year still was disappointing with only 25 victories.
Novell?Decca (1995)
[
edit
]
In 1995, the team was joined by
Djamolidine Abdoujaparov
, the winner of the
points classification
in the
1994 Tour de France
. Abdoujaparov won one stage in the
Tour de France
, but other than that, the year was still not what the sponsors had hoped, so a new sponsor had to be found. The title sponsor of the previous two years, WordPerfect, was a product of Novell Software, which carried the team's name this one season.
Rabobank (1996?2012)
[
edit
]
Erik Dekker
at the
2005 Tour de France
Raas became the team manager of the Rabobank team while Theo de Rooy, Adrie van Houwelingen and Zoetemelk were
directeur sportifs
.
[20]
As a Dutch
cycling team
, the team signed many of the prominent Dutch cyclists of the 1990s including
Adri van der Poel
,
Richard Groenendaal
and
Erik Breukink
as well as keeping the prominent Dutch cyclists from the Novell team that included
Leon van Bon
,
Erik Dekker
and
Michael Boogerd
. In addition, the team had many successful cyclists of other nationalities such as
Edwig van Hooydonck
,
Rolf Sørensen
,
Johan Bruyneel
and
Robbie McEwen
.
[20]
The Rabobank team dominated the Dutch national championships over several disciplines, and had world champions in both cyclo-cross (
Adri van der Poel
in 1996,
Richard Groenendaal
in 2000 and
Sven Nys
in 2004) and road racing (
Oscar Freire
in 2004).
In the 2000 cyclo-cross world championships there was a conflict between the commercial team interests and the national team interests. Groenendaal attacked during the first lap and was chased by defending cyclo-cross world champion
Mario De Clercq
who was followed by Groenendaal's Rabobank teammate
Sven Nys
. Team manager
Jan Raas
allegedly told Nys not to cooperate in the chase and De Clercq was unable to catch Groenendaal. Nys received much criticism from the Belgian team manager
Erik De Vlaeminck
as well as the Belgian public.
[21]
The Rabobank team during the 2005
Rund um den Henninger Turm
race
Jan Raas
was the team manager for the first eight years of the team's existence. In 2003 Raas was removed rather abruptly which surprised the other members of staff including
Theo De Rooy
,
Erik Dekker
and
Michael Boogerd
.
[22]
De Rooy was promoted to team manager and a former Rabobank rider, who had been working as a PR man for Rabobank,
Erik Breukink
, was named as the new
directeur sportif
to replace De Rooy. In August 2007 in the aftermath of the affair in which
Michael Rasmussen
was removed during the
2007 Tour de France
, De Rooy resigned from his position as team manager.
[23]
Following the
United States Anti-Doping Agency
(USADA) report on doping in professional cycling in October 2012, Rabobank announced it would end its sponsorship of professional cycling at the end of 2012. Rabobank said that doping was so rampant that it was "no longer convinced the international professional world of cycling can make this a clean and fair sport."
[24]
Blanco then Belkin (2013?2014)
[
edit
]
Mark Renshaw
for Belkin in 2013
The team was able to continue, as Rabobank agreed to fund the team during 2013 until a new sponsor could be found. The deadline for finding new sponsorship was the end of the
2013 UCI World Tour
.
[25]
Racing under the name
Blanco
to refer to its formally unsponsored status,
Tom-Jelte Slagter
of the team won its first stage race, the
2013 Tour Down Under
.
Belkin was announced as the team's new sponsor in June 2013 with a
2
+
1
⁄
2
-year deal. In June 2014 they announced that they were exercising a clause in their contract to end their sponsorship of the team at the end of the 2014 season, forcing the team to find a new backer for the second time in 18 months.
[26]
Subsequently, in July 2014 it was announced that the team had signed a formal declaration of intent with the Dutch lottery Lotto and marketing agency BrandLoyalty which would ensure their backing for two years, with an option for an additional two years. As part of the deal the cycling team would join forces with the
BrandLoyalty speed skating team
managed by
Jac Orie
and featuring Olympic and World Champions
Sven Kramer
and
Stefan Groothuis
.
[27]
[28]
LottoNL?Jumbo (2015?2018)
[
edit
]
Team LottoNL-Jumbo leading the
Peloton
on the 3rd stage of
Tour of Slovenia
2018, which was won by
Primo? Rogli?
(Team LottoNL-Jumbo)
Robert Gesink
for LottoNL at the
2015 Tour de Suisse
In June 2014 it was announced that Belkin would stop sponsoring the cycling team. On 20 July 2014, the team announced they had an agreement in place with the Brand Loyalty skating team. A day later, the team also released the news that the Dutch Lotto will also sponsor the team. On 29 September 2014, the contracts were signed between the two teams, meaning that the new name would be TEAMLottoNL, with the renaming taking effect from 1 January 2015.
[29]
On 23 October 2014, the team was unveiled in
Utrecht
as Team LottoNL?Jumbo showing their new black and yellow team kit. Lotto had previously been confirmed as the team's title sponsor, supermarket chain,
Jumbo
, was presented as the second sponsor of the WorldTour team.
[30]
In September the team confirmed they would continue to ride on Bianchi bikes for the 2016 and 2017 seasons.
[31]
On the first rest day of the
2016 Tour de France
, the team announced LottoNL had agreed to extend their sponsorship of the team through to the end of the 2018 season.
[32]
Jumbo?Visma (2019?2023)
[
edit
]
Team Jumbo-Visma 2022.
After signing a new sponsorship deal with
Visma
, a
Norwegian
software company, the team was renamed to
Team Jumbo?Visma
on 1 January 2019.
[33]
From the start of 2021, the team has a new bicycle sponsor,
Cervelo
, and the team is equipped with
disc brakes
instead of rim brakes.
[34]
Visma-Lease A Bike (2024-)
[
edit
]
Jumbo would pull out of professional sports with a new CEO by the end of 2024.
[35]
They would end their sponsorship one year earlier and become Visma-Lease A Bike with Lease A Bike becoming a main sponsor after being a minor one in 2023.
[36]
Road racing team
[
edit
]
The road racing team has won several
Classics
such as the
Tour of Flanders
in 1997, Championship of Hamburg in 1998, the
Amstel Gold Race
in 1999 and 2001,
Paris?Tours
in 1999, 2004 and 2010,
Clasica de San Sebastian
in 2000 and
Milan?San Remo
in 2004, 2007 and 2010.
Erik Dekker
won the UCI World Cup in 2001 due to his Classic win and high placings in many of the classics.
Rabobank becoming a Grand Tour team
[
edit
]
Rabobank team, 2004 Tour de France
The team signed American
Levi Leipheimer
in 2002 as a rider for the
Tour de France
. Leipheimer finished eighth in his first Tour but crashed out of the race on the first stage of the
2003 Tour de France
. Leipheimer finished ninth overall the following year. The team became more of a Grand Tour team as could be seen by
Michael Rasmussen
's win in the Mountains Classification of the
2005 Tour de France
. When
Denis Menchov
took the lead in the
2005 Vuelta a Espana
, he was not expecting to be competing for the overall classification
[37]
The Rabobank team at that year's Vuelta were not seen as particularly strong or able to assist Menchov in the mountain stages.
[38]
Menchov finished second to
Roberto Heras
which was the highest placing of a Rabobank team rider at a grand tour after
Michael Boogerd
's fifth place in the
1998 Tour de France
. Heras was later disqualified for doping and Menchov was made the winner.
[39]
In 1999 Menchov focused on the Tour de France where the team rode strongly with Menchov, Boogerd, and Rasmussen.
During the
2007 Tour de France
, Rabobank fired
Michael Rasmussen
(
2005 Tour de France
,
2006 Tour de France
K.O.M.
) for code-violations while he was in the
yellow jersey
.
[40]
The remaining riders of the Rabobank team were given the choice to start the 17th stage without Michael Rasmussen, or to withdraw. That evening they decided to withdraw, but the team changed its mind and announced the following morning that the riders would be starting the 17th stage.
[41]
Although he started with the rest of the team,
Denis Menchov
(team leader on the road, who deferred to Rasmussen when the latter seemed to have a better chance at winning) abandoned the race in the middle of the stage.
[42]
The Rabobank team was invited for the
2008 Tour de France
.
[43]
Denis Menchov had decided to focus on the Tour de France. To do that, he did not defend his
Vuelta a Espana
-title, and rode the
2008 Giro d'Italia
as preparation for the Tour de France.
[44]
Menchov finished 4th place in the
2008 Tour de France
, and
Oscar Freire
won the
points classification
. The team had to wait until 2009 for the first successes in the
Giro d'Italia
, when
Denis Menchov
won two stages; a mountain finish and a time trial. This second win earned him the pink leader jersey, which the team defended to the end of the race, earning Menchov, and Rabobank, their third Grand Tour GC win.
Affiliated teams
[
edit
]
Cyclo-cross team
[
edit
]
The Rabobank
cyclo-cross
team has dominated the sport in the past with
Sven Nys
and
Richard Groenendaal
winning the General Classification competitions such as the Superprestige, the World Cup and the Gazet van Antwerpen trophy over the last eight years. Groenendaal dominated the Dutch cyclo-cross championships for many years. Groenendaal left the team after the 2006?2007 season. He was at that time one of the few remaining Rabobank riders from the 1996 team.
Lars Boom
joined the team in 2002 as a junior cyclo-cross rider and has already achieved success in the Elite cyclo-cross championships as well as showing promise riding in the UCI Europe Tour with the Rabobank Continental team.
[
citation needed
]
Team bus of LottoNL Jumbo during
2017 UCI Road World Championships
in Bergen
Mercedes
? support car in 2019
Rabobank announced in October 2012 that it would end its sponsorship of professional cycling at the end of the year, with the team announcing its intention to continue as a ‘white label’ under a new foundation yet to be established.
[45]
On 13 December 2012 it was announced the team would participate in 2013 under the
Blanco
name, with the intention to find a sponsor for 2014 or to stop the team otherwise.
[46]
During the
2013 Giro d'Italia
it emerged that the technology firm
Belkin
was a possible new sponsor.
[47]
The deal was confirmed towards the end of May 2013,
[48]
and the team's new identity was launched a week before the
2013 Tour de France
.
The team formerly rode
Colnago
frames but as of 1 January 2009 began a two-year contract riding
Giant
frames equipped with
Shimano
components.
[49]
Starting in 2014,
Bianchi
supplies the team bicycles.
[50]
The team began a two-year contract (2014?2016) wearing
Santini SMS
clothing.
[51]
A deal was subsequently struck for consumer electronics company
Belkin
to take on sponsorship from the
2013 Tour de France
until the end of 2015.
[52]
In 2015
Lotto
, a Dutch lottery, agreed to sponsor the Team for four years. Between 2015 and 2023, the team was sponsored by a Dutch supermarket chain,
Jumbo
. The "NL" was added to the team's name to differentiate it from
Lotto?Soudal
, a ProTeam that is sponsored by the national lottery of Belgium.
[53]
In 2019, the team began a long-term contract with Norwegian business software provider
Visma
for at least five years, therefore becoming Team Jumbo?Visma.
[54]
From 2021 team will have new bicycle partnership with
Cervelo
, ending previous sponsorship with Bianchi lasting from 2014 to 2020.
[55]
In 2024, the team became Visma?Lease a Bike, following sponsorship by German company Lease a Bike.
Doping accusations
[
edit
]
According to a 2012 investigation by
de Volkskrant
, doping was used by Rabobank riders since 1998 and condoned by the team, with team physicians actively monitoring the health of those riders. According to Stefan Matschiner, a key witness in the
Humanplasma
scandal, three (former) Rabobank riders were customers of the Swiss
blood doping
expert. Matschiner mentioned
Michael Boogerd
, the most successful Dutch Rabobank rider, and said one other team member was a customer.
Theo de Rooij
, Rabo's manager since 2003 and responsible for pulling
Michael Rasmussen
from the
2007 Tour de France
, did not deny doping was used by team riders, but said that the use of doping was neither suggested nor paid for by the team.
[4]
In the 2015 USADA report against Dr. Geert Leinders, it was found that he, and other team doctors, supported and organized a blood doping program within the team for much of the 2000s, which included EPO, blood transfusions, hGH, and cortisones. Riders included in the report that doped during their Rabobank tenure include
Denis Menchov
,
Michael Boogerd
,
Michael Rasmussen
, and
Levi Leipheimer
.
Team roster
[
edit
]
- As of 13 January 2024.
[56]
Major wins
[
edit
]
National, continental, world, and Olympic champions
[
edit
]
- 1984
Netherlands Road Race, Jan Raas
- 1985
Netherlands Road Race, Jacques Hanegraaf
World Road Race, Joop Zoetemelk
- 1989
Netherlands Road Race, Frans Maassen
- 1990
Netherlands Road Race, Peter Winnen
- 1991
Netherlands Road Race, Steven Rooks
- 1996
World Cyclo-cross, Adri van der Poel
Netherlands Time Trial, Erik Dekker
- 1997
Netherlands Road Race, Michael Boogerd
Netherlands Time Trial, Erik Breukink
- 1998
U23 World Cyclo-cross, Sven Nys
Netherlands Road Race, Michael Boogerd
Netherlands Time Trial, Patrick Jonker
Switzerland Time Trial, Beat Zberg
Austria Time Trial, Peter Luttenberger
- 1999
Netherlands Road Race, Maarten den Bakker
- 2000
Belgium Cyclo-cross, Sven Nys
World Cyclo-cross, Richard Groenendaal
Netherlands Road Race, Leon van Bon
Switzerland Road Race, Markus Zberg
Netherlands Time Trial, Erik Dekker
- 2002
U23 World Cyclo-cross, Thijs Verhagen
Netherlands Time Trial, Erik Dekker
Belgium Time Trial, Marc Wauters
- 2003
Belgium Cyclo-cross, Sven Nys
Netherlands Time Trial, Maarten den Bakker
Belgium Time Trial, Marc Wauters
- 2004
Netherlands Road Race, Erik Dekker
Netherlands Time Trial, Thomas Dekker
Finland Time Trial, Jukka Vastaranta
World Road Race, Oscar Freire
- 2005
Belgium Cyclo-cross, Sven Nys
World Cyclo-cross, Sven Nys
Netherlands Time Trial, Thomas Dekker
Belgium Time Trial, Marc Wauters
- 2006
Belgium Cyclo-cross, Sven Nys
U23 World Cyclo-cross, Lars Boom
Netherlands Road Race, Michael Boogerd
- 2007
U23 World Time Trial, Lars Boom
Netherlands Road Race, Koos Moerenhout
- 2008
Belgium Cyclo-cross, Sven Nys
World Cyclo-cross, Lars Boom
Netherlands Road Race, Lars Boom
- 2009
Netherlands Cyclo-cross, Lars Boom
Netherlands Road Race, Koos Moerenhout
Netherlands Time Trial, Stef Clement
- 2010
Netherlands Cyclo-cross, Lars Boom
Netherlands Time Trial, Jos van Emden
- 2011
Netherlands Cyclo-cross, Lars Boom
Netherlands Time Trial, Stef Clement
Spain Time Trial, Luis Leon Sanchez
- 2012
Netherlands Cyclo-cross, Lars Boom
Spain Time Trial, Luis Leon Sanchez
- 2013
Norway Cyclo-cross, Lars Petter Nordhaug
- 2015
Netherlands Time Trial, Wilco Kelderman
- 2016
Slovenia Time Trial, Primo? Rogli?
Belgium Time Trial, Victor Campenaerts
Netherlands Road Race, Dylan Groenewegen
- 2017
European Time Trial, Victor Campenaerts
- 2019
Netherlands Time Trial, Jos van Emden
Belgium Time Trial, Wout van Aert
Germany Time Trial, Tony Martin
Norway Road Race, Amund Grøndahl Jansen
- 2020
Slovenia Road Race, Primo? Rogli?
Belgium Time Trial, Wout van Aert
- 2021
Belgium Cyclo-cross, Wout van Aert
New Zealand Road Race, George Bennett
Netherlands Time Trial, Tom Dumoulin
Norway Time Trial, Tobias Foss
Germany Time Trial, Tony Martin
Netherlands Road Race, Timo Roosen
Norway Road Race, Tobias Foss
Belgium Road Race, Wout van Aert
Olympic Time Trial
, Primo? Rogli?
- 2022
Belgium Cyclo-cross, Wout van Aert
Australia Time Trial, Rohan Dennis
Norway Time Trial, Tobias Foss
Netherlands Road Race, Pascal Eenkhoorn
World Time Trial, Tobias Foss
- 2023
Netherlands Time Trial, Jos van Emden
Hungary Time Trial, Attila Valter
Belgium Time Trial, Wout van Aert
Netherlands Road Race, Dylan van Baarle
Hungary Road Race, Attila Valter
European Road Race, Christophe Laporte
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Kwantum ? decosol ? yoko"
(in Dutch). Cyclebase.
Archived
from the original on 30 September 2018
. Retrieved
20 March
2008
.
- ^
"71eme Tour de France 1984"
(in French). Memoire du cyclisme. 2008.
Archived
from the original on 31 January 2009
. Retrieved
20 March
2008
.
- ^
"Acces equipes Rabobank"
(in French). Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from
the original
on 22 March 2012
. Retrieved
29 September
2009
.
- ^
a
b
Miserus, Mark (5 May 2012).
"Doping werd getolereerd in Raboploeg"
.
de Volkskrant
.
Archived
from the original on 7 May 2012
. Retrieved
5 May
2012
.
- ^
"Jonas Vingegaard Wins Tour de France, Completing His Sudden Ascent to Top"
.
New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on 24 July 2022
. Retrieved
24 July
2022
.
- ^
"Tour de France: Jonas Vingegaard crowned champion as Jasper Philipsen wins in Paris"
.
BBC News
.
Archived
from the original on 24 July 2022
. Retrieved
27 July
2022
.
- ^
"Kuss crowned Vuelta champion as Jumbo-Visma make history"
.
france24.com
. 17 September 2023.
Archived
from the original on 18 September 2023
. Retrieved
17 September
2023
.
- ^
Holthausen, Joop (2005).
Het geheim van Raleigh
. Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers.
ISBN
90-809676-3-7
.
- ^
"New teams of the TI?Raleigh cyclists"
(in Dutch). Archived from
the original
on 8 April 2008
. Retrieved
20 March
2008
.
- ^
a
b
"Kwantum Hallen ? Yoko 1984"
(in Dutch). dewielersite.
Archived
from the original on 14 April 2009
. Retrieved
20 March
2008
.
- ^
"Kwantum Hallen ? Yoko 1985"
(in Dutch). dewielersite.
Archived
from the original on 14 April 2009
. Retrieved
20 March
2008
.
- ^
"Kwantum Hallen ? Yoko 1986"
(in Dutch). dewielersite.
Archived
from the original on 13 April 2009
. Retrieved
20 March
2008
.
- ^
"Superconfex ? Yoko 1987"
(in Dutch). dewielersite.
Archived
from the original on 14 April 2009
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External links
[
edit
]