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Viral disease

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Viral disease
Other names Viral infection
Types of viral diseases
Specialty Infectious disease
Causes Virus
Medication Antiviral drugs

A viral disease (or viral infection ) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses , and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells. [1]

Examples are the common cold, gastroenteritis and pneumonia. [2]

Structural characteristics [ edit ]

Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands as for SARS as for COVID-19 , variola viruses for smallpox .

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family. [ citation needed ]

Pragmatic rules [ edit ]

Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists / virologists . [ citation needed ]

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm . Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus. [ citation needed ]

Baltimore group [ edit ]

This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups: [ citation needed ]

Clinically important virus families and species with characteristics
Family Baltimore group Important species Envelopment
Adenoviridae I [4] [5] Adenovirus [4] [5] N [4] [5]
Herpesviridae I [4] [5] Herpes simplex, type 1 , Herpes simplex, type 2 , Varicella-zoster virus , Epstein?Barr virus , Human cytomegalovirus , Human herpesvirus, type 8 [6] [7] [8] Y [4] [5]
Papillomaviridae I [4] [9] Human papillomavirus [4] [9] N [4] [9]
Polyomaviridae I [4] [10] BK virus , JC virus [4] [10] N [4] [10]
Poxviridae I [4] [5] Smallpox [4] [5] Y [4] [5]
Parvoviridae II [4] [5] Parvovirus B19 [4] [5] N [4] [5]
Reoviridae III [11] Rotavirus , [11] Orbivirus , Coltivirus , Banna virus N [5]
Astroviridae IV [12] Human astrovirus [5] N [5]
Caliciviridae IV [11] Norwalk virus [5] N [5]
Coronaviridae IV [13] Human coronavirus 229E , Human coronavirus NL63 , Human coronavirus OC43 , Human coronavirus HKU1 , Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus , [5] Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Y [5]
Flaviviridae IV [4] [5] [14] Hepatitis C virus , [4] yellow fever virus , [4] dengue virus , [4] West Nile virus , [4] TBE virus , [5] Zika virus Y [4] [5]
Hepeviridae IV [15] Hepatitis E virus [5] N [5] [15]
Matonaviridae IV [4] [5] [16] Rubella virus [4] [17] Y [4] [5]
Picornaviridae IV [18] coxsackievirus , hepatitis A virus , poliovirus , [5] rhinovirus N [5]
Arenaviridae V [19] Lassa virus [5] [19] Y [5] [19]
Bunyaviridae V [20] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus , Hantaan virus [5] Y [5] [20]
Filoviridae V [21] Ebola virus , [21] Marburg virus [21] Y [5]
Orthomyxoviridae V [4] [22] Influenza virus [4] [22] Y [4] [22]
Paramyxoviridae V [23] Measles virus , [4] Mumps virus , [4] Parainfluenza virus [4] [5] Y [4] [23]
Pneumoviridae V [24] Respiratory syncytial virus [4] Y [4]
Rhabdoviridae V [25] Rabies virus [4] [5] Y [4] [5]
Unassigned [26] V [26] Hepatitis D [26] Y [26]
Retroviridae VI [4] [27] HIV [4] [5] Y [4] [5]
Hepadnaviridae VII [4] Hepatitis B virus [4] [5] Y [4] [5]

Clinical characteristics [ edit ]

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type Family Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention
Adenovirus Adenoviridae None [4]
  • Adenovirus vaccine
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae None [4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae
  • hand washing
  • avoid sharing food and drinks with others
  • safe sex
Epstein?Barr virus Herpesviridae None [4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae Immunoglobulin ( post-exposure prophylaxis ) [4]
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae

Vertical and sexual [33]

Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions [4]
  • safe sex [4]
HIV Retroviridae HAART , [4] such as protease inhibitors [35] and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors [35]
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) Coronaviridae
Human herpesvirus, type 8 Herpesviridae many in evaluation-stage [4]
  • avoid close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Human papillomavirus Papillomaviridae
Influenza virus Orthomyxoviridae
  • droplet contact [4]
Measles virus Paramyxoviridae None [4]
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • close human contact
Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae None [4]
Parainfluenza virus Paramyxoviridae None [4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus Picornaviridae None [4]
Rabies virus Rhabdoviridae Post-exposure prophylaxis [4]
Respiratory syncytial virus Pneumoviridae ( ribavirin ) [4]
  • hand washing [4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick [4]
  • palivizumab in high risk individuals [4]
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus Togaviridae None [4]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Varicella-zoster virus Herpesviridae
  • droplet contact [4]
  • direct contact

Varicella :

Zoster :

Varicella :

Zoster :

  • vaccine
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ Taylor M, Kobiler O, Enquist LW (2012). "Alphaherpesvirus axon-to-cell spread involves limited virion transmission" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 (42). PNAS: 17046?17051. Bibcode : 2012PNAS..10917046T . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1212926109 . PMC   3479527 . PMID   23027939 .
  2. ^ see below in this article
  3. ^ Hunt M. "Arboviruses" . University of South Carolina School of Medicine.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi Fisher B, Harvey RP, Champe PC (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (PDF) . Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series. Hagerstown MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 354?366. ISBN   978-0-7817-8215-9 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2020 . Retrieved 7 September 2020 .
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Table 1 in: Dimitrov DS (2004). "Virus entry: molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications" . Nature Reviews Microbiology . 2 (2): 109?22. doi : 10.1038/nrmicro817 . ISSN   1740-1526 . PMC   7097642 . PMID   15043007 .
  6. ^ Adams MJ, Carstens EB (Jul 2012). "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)" (PDF) . Arch. Virol . 157 (7): 1411?22. doi : 10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6 . PMC   7086667 . PMID   22481600 .
  7. ^ Whitley RJ (1996). Baron S, et al. (eds.). Herpesviruses. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN   0-9631172-1-1 .
  8. ^ Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA (2005). Medical Microbiology (5th ed.). Elsevier Mosby. ISBN   978-0-323-03303-9 .
  9. ^ a b c de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H (2004). "Classification of papillomaviruses" . Virology . 324 (1): 17?27. doi : 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033 . PMID   15183049 .
  10. ^ a b c "Polyomavirus" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics . Retrieved 2015-10-03 .
  11. ^ a b c Page 273 in: Lennette's Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. 2010. ISBN   978-1420084962 .
  12. ^ Murillo A, Vera-Estrella R, Barkla BJ, Mendez E, Arias CF (2015). "Identification of Host Cell Factors Associated with Astrovirus Replication in Caco-2 Cells" . J. Virol . 89 (20): 10359?70. doi : 10.1128/JVI.01225-15 . PMC   4580174 . PMID   26246569 .
  13. ^ Stapleford KA, Miller DJ (2010). "Role of Cellular Lipids in Positive-Sense RNA Virus Replication Complex Assembly and Function" . Viruses . 2 (5): 1055?68. doi : 10.3390/v2051055 . ISSN   1999-4915 . PMC   3187604 . PMID   21994671 .
  14. ^ Cook S, Moureau G, Harbach RE, Mukwaya L, Goodger K, Ssenfuka F, Gould E, Holmes EC, de Lamballerie X (2009). "Isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in Uganda" . Journal of General Virology . 90 (11): 2669?78. doi : 10.1099/vir.0.014183-0 . ISSN   0022-1317 . PMC   2885038 . PMID   19656970 .
  15. ^ a b "Hepeviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics . Retrieved 2015-10-03 .
  16. ^ Simon-Loriere E, Holmes EC (2011). "Why do RNA viruses recombine?" . Nature Reviews Microbiology . 9 (8): 617?26. doi : 10.1038/nrmicro2614 . ISSN   1740-1526 . PMC   3324781 . PMID   21725337 .
  17. ^ "2018.013S.R.Matonaviridae" . International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) . Retrieved 2020-05-28 . [ dead link ]
  18. ^ Tuthill TJ, Groppelli E, Hogle JM, Rowlands DJ (2010). Picornaviruses . Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 343. pp. 43?89. doi : 10.1007/82_2010_37 . ISBN   978-3-642-13331-2 . ISSN   0070-217X . PMC   3018333 . PMID   20397067 .
  19. ^ a b c "Arenaviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04 . Retrieved 2015-10-03 .
  20. ^ a b "Bunyaviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04 . Retrieved 2015-10-03 .
  21. ^ a b c "Filoviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04 . Retrieved 2015-10-03 .
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h "Orthomyxoviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics . Retrieved 2015-10-03 .
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Paramyxoviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04 . Retrieved 2015-10-10 .
  24. ^ "Pneumoviridae ~ ViralZone page" . viralzone.expasy.org . Retrieved 2020-08-17 .
  25. ^ a b c d "Rhabdoviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04 . Retrieved 2015-10-03 .
  26. ^ a b c d "Deltavirus" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics . Retrieved 2015-10-03 .
  27. ^ "Retroviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04 . Retrieved 2015-10-03 .
  28. ^ a b c d "Enterovirus" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics . Retrieved 2015-10-12 .
  29. ^ Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF (September 2014). "Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome" . Cleve Clin J Med . 81 (9): 537?43. doi : 10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132 . PMID   25183845 .
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Herpesviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02 . Retrieved 2015-10-10 .
  31. ^ a b c d e f "Babies Born with CMV (Congenital CMV Infection)" . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 13, 2017 . Retrieved June 17, 2017 . Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
  32. ^ a b c d "Picornaviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-12-20 . Retrieved 2015-10-10 .
  33. ^ a b c d e f g "Hepadnaviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2015-10-10 .
  34. ^ a b "Flaviviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-17 . Retrieved 2015-10-10 .
  35. ^ a b c d e "Human immunodeficiency virus 1" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics . Retrieved 2015-10-10 .
  36. ^ a b c d "Papillomaviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-03-05 . Retrieved 2015-10-10 .
  37. ^ a b c "Togaviridae" . ViralZone . SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20 . Retrieved 2015-10-10 .

External links [ edit ]

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