1428?1471 Shaybanid state preceding the Khanate of Bukhara
The
Uzbek Khanate
, also known as the
Abulkhair Khanate
[3]
was a
Shaybanid
state preceding the
Khanate of Bukhara
. During the few years it existed, the Uzbek Khanate was the preeminent state in
Central Asia
, ruling over most of modern-day
Uzbekistan
, much of
Kazakhstan
and
Turkmenistan
, and parts of southern
Russia
. This is the first state of the
Abulkhairids
, a branch of the Shaybanids.
Etymology
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The dynasty of
Abu'l-Khayr Khan
and his descendants is named after him, and the states ruled by them are known as Abulkhairids, such as in the
Khanate of Bukhara
. They may also be referred to as Shaybanids, although this is more of an umbrella term as a rival dynasty called the
Arabshahids
of
Khwarezm
were also Shaybanids, but not Abulkhairids.
[4]
History
[
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]
Before Abu'l-Khayr Khan
[
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]
Starting with
Shiban
, brother of
Batu Khan
who was the ruler of the
Golden Horde
, the Shaybanids and their descendants held land and sway over many tribes granted to Shiban by Batu. These lands included the Golden Horde domains east of the
Urals
, and lands north of the
Syr Darya
river.
Central control in the Golden Horde eroded away quickly in the east and breakaway states like the
Nogai Horde
and the
Khanate of Sibir
appeared in the region.
Abu'l-Khayr Khan
[
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]
By the time of Abu'l-Khayr's birth in 1412, the
ulus
of Shiban was fractured. At this time the eastern part of the Golden Horde (
Blue Horde
) had become outside of complete control of the Golden Horde khans and pretenders, especially after the assassination of
Barak Khan
in 1427. Abu'l-Khayr was taken prisoner after a battle in 1427 and was released in 1428. After the passing of the then Khan of the Uzbeks and pretender to the throne of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan,
Ulug Beg
, the leader of the
Timurid Empire
, secretly orchestrated the title of khan to pass to Abu'l-Khayr. He began his rule by consolidating tribes in
Siberia
around his capital at Chimgi-Tura (Modern-day
Tyumen
). He was able to depose the reigning
Khan of Sibir
,
Hajji Muhammad
, a former khan of the Golden Horde from 1419 to 1423, and took the entirety of the area under Shaybanid control.
[4]
In 1430 or 1431, Abu'l-Khayr and his army marched south into
Timurid
-held
Khwarezm
and occupied
Urganj
. Between 1430 and 1446 the Uzbek Khanate took land in Transoxiana from the Timurids.
Abu'l-Khayr invaded the Golden Horde sometime after this and defeated Mustafa Khan near
Astrakhan
. The Uzbeks lost around 4,500 men during this campaign.
Prior to the death of
Shah Rukh
in 1448
Sighnaq
and other cities in
Turan
such as
Uzkend
and
Sozak
were invaded and captured by the Uzbeks. Sighnaq became one of the principal cities of Central Asia during this time.
In 1451, Abu'l-Khayr allied with the Timurid
Abu Sa'id
against his rival
'Abdullah
and the two both marched on
Samarkand
. The Uzbek-Abu Sa'id alliance was successful and in return Abu Sa'id paid tribute to the Uzbeks.
Kazakh Insurrection
[
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Starting in the 1460s, the Kazakh khans warred for control of modern-day
Kazakhstan
, led by Janibeg and Kerei Khan, the sons of the claimant to the throne of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan, founded the
Kazakh Khanate
. This war was made especially difficult for the Uzbeks because of a recent war with the
Dorben Oirat
Mongols
on the Uzbeks' eastern borders. Janibeg and Kerei sought to capitalize on Uzbek weakness following the conflict.
[2]
Regarding these events, 16th century
Khaidar Duglati
in his
Tarikh-i Rashidi
reports:
[5]
At that time, Abulkhair Khan exercised full power in Dasht-i-Kipchak. He had been at war with the Sultanis of Juji; while Jani Beg Khan and Karay Khan fled before him into Moghulistan. Isan Bugha Khan received them with great honor, and delivered over to them Kuzi Bashi, which is near Chu, on the western limit of Moghulistan, where they dwelt in peace and content. On the death of Abulkhair Khan the Ulus of the Uzbegs fell into confusion, and constant strife arose among them. Most of them joined the party of Karay Khan and Jani Beg Khan. They numbered about 200,000 persons, and received the name of Uzbeg-Kazak. The Kazak Sultans began to reign in the year 870 [1465?1466] (but God knows best), and they continued to enjoy absolute power in the greater part of Uzbegistan, till the year 940
[1533?1534 A. D.].
Death of Abu'l-Khayr Khan and Successors
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Somewhere around 1468?1470, Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in battle against the Kazakhs along with several of his sons. Sheikh Haidar, also known as Baruj Oghlan (Some sources have them as the same person or different persons), the eldest of Abu'l-Khayr's sons, succeeded him. Sheikh Haidar's reign was short and was ended after conflicts with a rival khan,
Ibak
.
[4]
Muhammad Shaybani
, Abu'l-Khayr's grandson, succeeded his father, Sheikh Haidar. Shaybani had been, along with his brother, Mahmud Sultan, given refuge by the
Khan of Astrakhan
,
Qasim
.
After Shaybani was helped by the
Moghul
Khans to reclaim land in Transoxiana, he became a Moghul vassal from 1488 until around 1500. After this point, Shaybani led his own conquests which largely consisted of cities in the fractured Timurid successor states (Such as
Samarkand
and
Bukhara
). Shaybani's main rivals were the
Timurid
Babur
and the
Persian
Shah Ismail
.
[6]
In 1500, Shaybani officially conceded all the Kazakh held lands in
Dasht-i Qipchaq
to the
Kazakh Khanate
. Shortly after this in 1506, Shaybani captured Bukhara and the Uzbek Khanate became the
Khanate of Bukhara
.
[7]
Muhammad Shaybani was killed in the
Battle of Marv
by the
Safavids
ruled by
Shah Ismail
in 1510, and had his skull turned into a jeweled drinking goblet.
Rulers
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Khans of Shaybanid Domains
[
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]
These are the khans ruling over the domains of the Uzbeks prior to the Abulkhairids.
[6]
[8]
- Shiban
- Bahadur Oghul
- Jochi Buqa
- Bad Oghul
- Mengu Timur Oghlan
- Fulad Oghul
- Ibrahim Sultan
- Dawlat Shaykh Oghlan
Abulkhairids
[
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See also
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References
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]