Provisional presidents of the Republic of China
[
edit
]
Presidents of the Beiyang government
[
edit
]
|
Portrait
|
Title
President
(Lifespan)
|
Term of office & mandate
Duration in years and days
|
Party
|
Vice President
|
Governments
|
|
|
|
Father of the Republic of China
Sun Yat-sen
孫文
(1886?1925)
|
1 January
1912
|
1 April
1912
|
1911
|
Tongmenghui
|
|
Li Yuanhong
(
Beiyang clique
)
|
Nanking Provisional
|
92 days
|
|
|
Generalissimo
Yuan Shikai
袁世?
(1859?1916)
|
1 April
1912
|
10 October
1913
|
1912
|
Beiyang clique
(military)
|
|
Li Yuanhong
(Republican)
|
Tang I
|
Aloof
|
Zhao
|
Duan Provisional
|
Talented
|
1 year and 215 days
|
Presidents of the
Beiyang government
(1913?1915, 1916?1928)
[
edit
]
|
|
|
Generalissimo
Yuan Shikai
袁世?
(1859?1916)
|
10 October
1913
|
12 December
1915
|
1913
|
Beiyang clique
(military)
|
|
Li Yuanhong
(Progressive)
|
Sun Provisional
|
Xu Shichang I
|
2 years and 64 days
|
|
Between 12 December 1915?22 March 1916,
Yuan Shikai
proclaimed an empire
and was declared as the
Hongxian Emperor
.
|
Beiyang clique
(military)
|
Position vacant
|
Lou II
|
|
Generalissimo
Yuan Shikai
袁世?
(1859?1916)
(died in office)
|
22 March
1916
|
6 June
1916
|
-
|
Beiyang clique
(military)
|
|
Li Yuanhong
(
Progressive
)
|
Xu Shichang II
|
Duan I
|
77 days
|
|
|
Generalissimo
Li Yuanhong
黎元洪
(1864?1928)
(forced out)
|
6 June
1916
|
17 July
1917
|
-
|
Progressive
|
|
Feng Guozhang
(
Zhili clique
)
|
Wu Provisional
|
Jiang Provisional
|
Li
|
Duan II
|
1 year and 42 days
|
|
|
Between 17 July 1917?10 October 1918, then-incumbent Vice President
General
Feng Guozhang
(
Zhili clique
) became Acting President.
|
Zhili clique
(military)
|
Position vacant
|
Wang Shizhen
|
Duan III
|
|
|
Xu Shichang
徐世昌
(1855?1939)
(forced out)
|
10 October
1918
|
2 June
1922
|
1918
|
Anhui clique
(civilian)
|
Position vacant
|
Qian Provisional
|
Qian
|
Gong Provisional
|
Jin Provisional
|
Jin I
|
Sa Provisional
|
Jin II
|
Jin III
|
Liang
|
Zhou Caretaker
|
3 years and 236 days
|
|
|
Between 2?11 June 1922, former Finance Minister
Zhou Ziqi
(
Communications clique
) became Acting President.
|
Communications clique
(civilian)
|
Position vacant
|
|
|
Generalissimo
Li Yuanhong
黎元洪
(1864?1928)
(forced out)
|
11 June
1922
|
13 June
1923
|
-
|
Research clique
(civilian)
|
Position vacant
|
Yan I
|
Tang II
|
Good People's
|
Wang Daxie
|
C.T. Wang
|
Zhang Shaozeng
|
1 year and 3 days
|
|
|
Between 14 June?10 October 1923, then-incumbent
Premier
Gao Lingwei
(
Zhili clique
) became Acting President.
|
Zhili clique
(military)
|
Position vacant
|
Gao Caretaker
|
|
|
General
Cao Kun
曹?
(1862?1938)
(
deposed
)
|
10 October
1923
|
2 November
1924
|
1923
|
Zhili clique
(military)
|
Position vacant
|
Gao Provisional
|
Sun
|
Koo Provisional
|
Yan II
|
Huang Caretaker
|
1 year and 3 days
|
|
|
Between 2?24 November 1924, then-incumbent Acting Premier
Huang Fu
(
Zhili clique
) became Acting President.
|
Zhili clique
(military)
|
Position vacant
|
|
|
General
Duan Qirui
段祺瑞
(1865?1936)
(forced out)
|
24 November
1924
|
20 April
1926
|
-
|
Anhui clique
(military)
|
Position vacant
|
Provisional Governance
|
Xu Shiying
|
Jia
|
1 year and 148 days
|
|
|
Between 20 April?13 May 1926, former Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs
Hu Weide
(
Zhili clique
) assumed the positions of both Premier and President as
Acting Provisional Chief Executive
.
|
Zhili clique
(military)
|
Position vacant
|
Hu Provisional Caretaker
|
|
|
Between 13 May?22 June 1926, former Premier
Yan Huiqing
(
Anhui clique
) assumed the position of both Acting Premier and Acting President.
|
Anhui clique
(military)
|
Position vacant
|
Yan Caretaker
|
|
|
Between 22 June?1 October 1926,
Admiral
Du Xigui
(
Zhili clique
) assumed the position of both Acting Premier and Acting President.
|
Zhili clique
(military)
|
Position vacant
|
Du Provisional Caretaker
|
|
|
Between 1 October 1926?17 June 1927, former Premier
Wellington Koo
(
nonpartisan
) assumed the position of both Acting Premier and Acting President.
(
resigned
)
|
Nonpartisan
|
Position vacant
|
Koo Provisional Caretaker
|
Koo Caretaker
|
|
|
Generalissimo
Zhang Zuolin
張作霖
(1875?1928)
(
assassinated
)
|
18 June
1927
|
4 June
1928
|
-
|
Fengtian clique
(military)
|
Position vacant
|
Pan
|
353 days
|
|
|
|
General
Tan Yankai
譚延?
(1880?1930)
|
7 February
1928
|
10 October
1928
|
Feb. 1928
|
Kuomintang
|
|
|
Tan
|
247 days
|
|
|
|
|
Generalissimo
Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正
(1887?1975)
(
resigned
)
|
10 October
1928
|
15 December
1931
|
August 1928
|
Kuomintang
|
|
|
March 1929
|
Chiang I
|
3 years and 67 days
|
|
|
Between 15 December?1 January 1932, then-incumbent President of the Legislative Yuan
Lin Sen
(
Kuomintang
) became
Acting Chairman
.
|
Kuomintang
|
|
|
Sun Ke I
|
|
|
Lin Sen
林森
(1868?1943)
(
died in office
)
|
1 January
1932
|
1 August
1943
|
Dec. 1931
|
Kuomintang
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wang Jingwei
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chiang II
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kung
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chiang III
|
11 years and 213 days
|
|
|
|
|
|
Between 1 August?1 Oct. 1943, former Chairmen
Chiang Kai-shek
(
Kuomintang
) became Acting Chairman.
|
Kuomintang
|
|
|
|
|
Generalissimo
Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正
(1887?1975)
|
1 October
1943
|
20 May
1948
|
Sept. 1943
|
Kuomintang
|
|
|
|
|
|
Soong I
|
|
|
|
Zhang Qun
|
4 years and 233 days
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Generalissimo
Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正
(1887?1975)
|
20 May
1948
|
21 January
1949
|
1948
|
Kuomintang
|
|
|
|
247 days
|
|
|
|
|
|
Between 21 Jan. 1949?1 March 1950, then-incumbent Vice President
Li Zongren
(
Kuomintang
) became Acting President.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Generalissimo
Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正
(1887?1975)
|
1 March
1950
|
5 April
1975
|
1954
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1960
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1966
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1972
|
|
|
|
|
25 years and 36 days
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yen Chia-kan
嚴家?
(1905?1993)
|
5 April
1975
|
20 May
1978
|
-
|
|
|
|
3 years and 46 days
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
General
Chiang Ching-kuo
嚴家?
(1910?1988)
|
20 May
1978
|
13 January
1988
|
1978
|
|
|
|
1984
|
|
|
|
9 years and 239 days
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lee Teng-hui
李登輝
(1923?2020)
|
13 January
1988
|
20 May
1996
|
1990
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 years and 129 days
|
|
|
|
Presidents post-democratization (1996 onwards)
[
edit
]
|
|
|
Lee Teng-hui
李登輝
(1923?2020)
|
20 May
1996
|
20 May
2000
|
1996
|
Kuomintang
|
|
|
|
4 years and 1 day
|
|
|
|
|
Chen Shui-bian
陳水扁
(b. 1950)
|
20 May
2000
|
20 May
2008
|
2000
|
Democratic Progressive
|
|
|
|
2004
|
|
|
|
8 years and 1 day
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ma Ying-jeou
馬英九
(b. 1950)
|
20 May
2008
|
20 May
2016
|
2008
|
Kuomintang
|
|
|
|
2012
|
|
|
|
8 years and 1 day
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tsai Ing-wen
蔡英文
(b. 1956)
|
20 May
2016
|
Incumbent
|
2016
|
Democratic Progressive
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
|
8 years and 16 days
|
|
|
|
List 1
[
edit
]
The
prime minister of Malaysia
(
Malay
:
Perdana Menteri Malaysia
;
Jawi
:
????? ????? ??????
) is the
head of government
of
Malaysia
. The prime minister directs the
executive branch
of the
federal government
. The
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
appoints the prime minister as a
member of Parliament
(MP) who, in his opinion, is most likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs. This person is usually the leader of the party winning the most seats in a general election.
After the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963,
Tunku Abdul Rahman
, the chief minister of the
Federation of Malaya
, became the first prime minister of Malaysia.
Appointment
[
edit
]
According to the
Federal Constitution
, the
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
shall first appoint a prime minister to preside over the
Cabinet
. The prime minister is to be a member of the
Dewan Rakyat
(House of Representatives), and who in his majesty's judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House. This person must be a Malaysian citizen, but cannot have obtained their citizenship by means of naturalisation or registration. The
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
shall appoint other ministers from either the Dewan Rakyat or
Dewan Negara
(Senate) with the prime minister's advice.
The prime minister and his cabinet ministers must take and subscribe to the oath of office and allegiance as well as the oath of secrecy in the presence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong before they can exercise functions of office. The
Cabinet
is collectively accountable to the
Parliament of Malaysia
. The members of the Cabinet shall not hold any office of profit and engage in any trade, business or profession that will cause a
conflict of interest
. The
Prime Minister's Department
(sometimes referred to as the Prime Minister's Office) is the body and ministry in which the prime minister exercises his/her functions and powers.
In the case where a government cannot get its
appropriation
(budget) legislation passed by the House of Representatives, or when the House passes a vote of "no confidence" in the government, the prime minister is bound by convention to resign immediately. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong's choice of replacement prime minister will be dictated by the circumstances. All other ministers shall continue to hold office by the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, unless if the appointment of any minister is revoked by his majesty upon the advice of the prime minister. Any minister may resign his office.
Following a resignation in other circumstances, defeat in an election, or the death of a prime minister, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong would generally appoint as the new leader of the governing party or coalition as new Prime Minister.
Malaysia uses
first-past-the-post-voting
system, which means a party or coalition who gets 112 seats in lower house will lead the government.
[2]
Powers
[
edit
]
The power of the prime minister is subject to a number of limitations. Prime ministers removed as leader of his or her party, or whose government loses a
vote of no confidence
in the House of Representatives, must advise a new election of the lower house or resign the office. The defeat of a
supply bill
(one that concerns the spending of money) or unable to pass important policy-related legislation is seen to require the resignation of the government or dissolution of
Parliament
, much like a non-confidence vote, since a government that cannot spend money is hamstrung, also called
loss of supply
.
The prime minister's party will normally have a majority in the
House of Representatives
and party discipline is exceptionally strong in Malaysian politics, so passage of the government's legislation through the House of Representatives is mostly a formality.
Under the Constitution, the prime minister's role includes advising the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on:
- the appointment of the federal ministers (full members of cabinet);
- the appointment of the federal deputy ministers, parliamentary secretaries (non-full members of cabinet);
- the appointment of 44 out of 70 Senators in the
Dewan Negara
;
- the summoning and adjournment of sittings of the
Dewan Rakyat
;
- the appointment of judges of the superior courts (which are the High Courts, the Court of Appeal, and the Federal Court);
- the appointment of the attorney-general and the auditor-general; and
- the appointment of the chairmen and members of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission,
Election Commission
, Police Force Commission, Education Service Commission, National Finance Council, and
Armed Forces Council
;
Under Article 39 of the Constitution, executive authority is vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. However, Article 40(1) states that in most cases, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is bound to exercise his powers on the advice of the Cabinet or a minister acting under the Cabinet's general authority. Thus, most of the day-to-day work of governing is actually done by the prime minister and the Cabinet.
[
citation needed
]
Acting prime minister
[
edit
]
From time to time, prime ministers are required to leave the country on business and a deputy is appointed to take their place during that time. In the days before jet aeroplanes, such absences could be for extended periods. However, the position can be fully decided by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the king of Malaysia when the position remains empty following the sudden resignation or death of the prime minister.
[
citation needed
]
Caretaker prime minister
[
edit
]
Under Article 55(3) of
Constitution of Malaysia
, the
lower house of Parliament
, unless sooner dissolved by the
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
with his own discretion on the advice of the prime minister, shall continue for five years from the date of its first meeting. Article 55(4) of the Constitution permits a delay of 60 days of general election to be held from the date of dissolution and Parliament shall be summoned to meet on a date not later than 120 days from the date of dissolution. Conventionally, between the dissolution of one Parliament and the convening of the next, the prime minister and the
cabinet
remain in office in a
caretaker
capacity.
[
citation needed
]
Interim prime minister
[
edit
]
The office of interim prime minister was created by the king before the appointment of the new prime minister during the
2020 Malaysian political crisis
. However, caretaker prime minister is mentioned as the cabinet tendered resignation to the king until a new prime minister is appointed.
[
citation needed
]
List of prime ministers of Malaysia
[
edit
]
Colour key
(for political coalitions/parties):
Alliance Party
(2)
Barisan Nasional
(6)
Pakatan Harapan
(2)
Perikatan Nasional
(1)
Portrait
|
Prime Minister
(Lifespan)
Constituency
|
Term of office
|
Mandate
|
Party
[c]
|
Government
|
Monarch(s)
|
Start
|
Left
|
Duration
|
|
|
His Highness
Tunku Abdul Rahman
????? ??? ??????
(1903?1990)
MP
for
Kuala Kedah
|
31 August
1957
|
22 September
1970
|
13 years, 22 days
|
1955
|
Alliance
(
UMNO
)
|
Rahman I
|
Abdul Rahman
Hisamuddin
Putra
Ismail Nasiruddin
Abdul Halim
|
1959
|
Rahman II
|
1964
|
Rahman III
|
1969
|
Rahman IV
|
|
|
Tun Haji
Abdul Razak Hussein
??? ?????? ????
(1922?1976)
MP for
Pekan
|
22 September
1970
|
14 January
1976
[d]
|
5 years, 114 days
|
?
|
Alliance
(
UMNO
)
|
Razak I
|
Abdul Halim
Yahya Petra
|
1974
|
BN
(
UMNO
)
|
Razak II
|
|
|
Tun
Hussein Onn
???? ???
(1922?1990)
MP for
Sri Gading
|
15 January
1976
|
16 July
1981
|
5 years, 182 days
|
?
|
BN
(
UMNO
)
|
Hussein I
|
Yahya Petra
Ahmad Shah
|
1978
|
Hussein II
|
|
|
Tun Dr.
Mahathir Mohamad
?????? ????
(b. 1925)
MP for
Kubang Pasu
|
16 July
1981
|
30 October
2003
|
22 years, 106 days
|
?
|
BN
(
UMNO
)
|
Mahathir I
|
Ahmad Shah
Iskandar
Azlan Shah
Ja'afar
Salahuddin
Sirajuddin
|
1982
|
Mahathir II
|
1986
|
Mahathir III
|
1990
|
Mahathir IV
|
1995
|
Mahathir V
|
1999
|
Mahathir VI
|
|
|
Tun
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
??? ???? ???? ????
(b. 1939)
MP for
Kepala Batas
|
31 October
2003
|
3 April
2009
|
5 years, 154 days
|
?
|
BN
(
UMNO
)
|
Abdullah I
|
Sirajuddin
Mizan Zainal Abidin
|
2004
|
Abdullah II
|
2008
|
Abdullah III
|
|
|
Dato' Sri Haji
Najib Razak
???? ????
(b. 1953)
MP for Pekan
|
3 April
2009
|
9 May
2018
|
9 years, 36 days
|
?
|
BN
(
UMNO
)
|
Najib I
|
Mizan Zainal Abidin
Abdul Halim
Muhammad V
|
2013
|
Najib II
|
|
|
Tun Dr.
Mahathir Mohamad
?????? ????
(b. 1925)
MP for
Langkawi
|
10 May
2018
|
24 February
2020
|
1 year, 290 days
|
2018
|
PH
(
BERSATU
)
|
Mahathir VII
|
Muhammad V
Abdullah
|
During this interval, incumbent prime minister Mahathir Mohamad was the interim prime minister.
|
Abdullah
|
|
|
Tan Sri Dato' Haji
Muhyiddin Yassin
???? ????? ?????
(b. 1947)
MP for
Pagoh
|
1 March
2020
|
16 August
2021
|
1 year, 168 days
|
?
|
PN
(
BERSATU
)
|
Muhyiddin
|
During this interval, incumbent prime minister Muhyiddin Yassin was the caretaker prime minister.
|
|
|
Dato' Sri
Ismail Sabri Yaakob
??????? ???? ?????
(b. 1960)
MP for
Bera
|
21 August
2021
|
24 November
2022
|
1 year, 95 days
|
?
|
BN
(
UMNO
)
|
Ismail Sabri
|
|
|
Dato' Seri
Anwar Ibrahim
???? ????????
(b. 1947)
MP for
Tambun
|
24 November
2022
|
Incumbent
|
1 year, 193 days
|
(
2022
)
|
PH
(
PKR
)
|
Anwar
|
Timeline
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
This column names only the Prime Minister's party. The government may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.
- ^
This column names only the Prime Minister's party. The government may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.
- ^
This column names only the Prime Minister's party. The government may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.
- ^
Died in office.
List of acting prime ministers of Malaysia
[
edit
]
Colour key
(for political parties):
Alliance Party
Barisan Nasional
List of interim or caretaker prime ministers of Malaysia
[
edit
]
Colour key
(for political parties):
Pakatan Harapan
Perikatan Nasional
Barisan Nasional
Portrait
|
Name
(Birth?Death)
|
Term of office
|
Notes
|
Political Party
|
|
|
Mahathir Mohamad
(b. 1925)
|
24 February 2020
|
1 March 2020
|
During the 2020 Malaysian political crisis,
Mahathir Mohamad
had been appointed as the interim prime minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong following the abrupt resignation of he himself as the 7th Prime Minister of Malaysia since he won the
14th General Election
massively in 2018 while the Yang di-Pertuan Agong decided the appointment of
Muhyiddin Yassin
as the new 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia few days later. This position does not exist in any part of the laws of Malaysia. However, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong created this position to handle the situation during the crisis, based on his powers provided by the Federal Constitution.
[3]
|
Pakatan Harapan
(
BERSATU
)
|
|
|
Muhyiddin Yassin
(b. 1947)
|
16 August 2021
|
21 August 2021
|
The
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
appointed him as the
caretaker
prime minister on 16 August 2021 based on his powers provided by the
Federal Constitution
. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong then decided to appoint
Ismail Sabri
as the 9th Prime Minister of Malaysia five days later. This position does not exist in any part of the laws of Malaysia. However, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong created this position to handle the situation during the crisis, based on his powers provided by the Federal Constitution.
[4]
|
Perikatan Nasional
(
BERSATU
)
|
List 2
[
edit
]
Test
[
edit
]
Colour key
(for political coalitions/parties):
Alliance Party
(2)
Barisan Nasional
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