French-speaking university in Brussels, Belgium
The
Universite libre de Bruxelles
(
French:
[yniv??site
lib?
d?
b?ys?l]
; English:
Free University of Brussels
; abbreviated
ULB
) is a
French
-speaking
research university
in
Brussels
,
Belgium
. ULB is one of the two institutions tracing their origins to the
Free University of Brussels
, founded in 1834 by the lawyer and
liberal
politician
Pierre-Theodore Verhaegen
.
The split occurred along linguistic lines, forming the French-speaking ULB in 1969, and
Dutch
-speaking
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
(VUB) in 1970. One of the leading Belgian universities open to
Europe
and the world,
[2]
[3]
the ULB now has about 24,200 students, 33% of whom come from abroad, and an equally cosmopolitan staff.
[4]
Name
[
edit
]
Brussels has two universities whose names mean
Free University of Brussels
in
English
: the
French
-speaking
Universite libre de Bruxelles
(ULB) and the
Dutch
-speaking
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
(VUB). Neither uses the
English
translation, since it is ambiguous.
History
[
edit
]
Establishment of a university in Brussels
[
edit
]
The history of the
Universite libre de Bruxelles
is closely linked with that of
Belgium
itself. When the
Belgian State was formed in 1830
by nine breakaway provinces from the
Kingdom of the Netherlands
, three state universities existed in the cities of
Ghent
,
Leuven
and
Liege
, but none in the new capital, Brussels. Since the government was reluctant to fund another state university, a group of leading
intellectuals
in the fields of arts, science, and education ? amongst whom the study prefect of the Royal Athenaeum of Brussels,
Auguste Baron
, as well as the astronomer and mathematician
Adolphe Quetelet
? planned to create a
private university
, which was permitted under the
Belgian Constitution
.
[5]
[6]
In 1834, the Belgian
episcopate
decided to establish a
Catholic
university in
Mechelen
with the aim of regaining the influence of the Catholic Church on the academic scene in Belgium, and the government had the intent to close the
university at Leuven
and donate the buildings to the Catholic institution.
[7]
The country's
liberals
strongly opposed to this decision, and furthered their ideas for a university in Brussels as a counterbalance to the Catholic institution. At the same time, Auguste Baron had just become a member of the
freemasonic
lodge
Les Amis Philantropes
. Baron was able to convince
Pierre-Theodore Verhaegen
, the president of the lodge, to support the idea for a new university. On 24 June 1834, Verhaegen presented his plan to establish a free university.
[6]
After sufficient funding was collected among advocates, the
Universite libre de Belgique
("Free University of Belgium") was inaugurated on 20 November 1834, in the Gothic Room of
Brussels Town Hall
. The date of its establishment is still commemorated annually, by students of its successor institutions, as a holiday called
Saint-Verhaegen/Sint-Verhaegen
(often shortened to
St V
) for Pierre-Theodore Verhaegen.
[8]
In 1836, the university was renamed the
Universite libre de Bruxelles
("
Free University of Brussels
").
[5]
After its establishment, the Free University faced difficult times, since it received no
subsidies
or grants from the government; yearly fundraising events and tuition fees provided the only financial means. Verhaegen, who became a professor and later head of the new university, gave it a mission statement which he summarised in a speech to
King Leopold I
: "the principle of
free inquiry
and academic freedom uninfluenced by any political or religious authority."
[6]
In 1858, the Catholic Church established the
Saint-Louis Institute
in the city, which subsequently expanded into a university in its own right.
Growth, internal tensions and move
[
edit
]
The Free University grew significantly over the following decades. In 1842, it moved to the
Granvelle Palace
, which it occupied until 1928. It expanded the number of subjects taught and, in 1880, became one of the first institutions in Belgium to allow female students to study in some faculties. In 1893, it received large grants from
Ernest
and
Alfred Solvay
and
Raoul Warocque
to open new faculties in the city. A disagreement over an invite to the
anarchist
geographer
Elisee Reclus
to speak at the university in 1893 led to some of the liberal and socialist faculty splitting away from the Free University to form the
New University of Brussels
(
Universite nouvelle de Bruxelles
) in 1894. The institution failed to displace the Free University, however, and closed definitively in 1919.
[9]
In
1900
, the Free University's
football
team won the bronze medal at the
Summer Olympics
. After
Racing Club de Bruxelles
declined to participate, a student selection with players from the university was sent by the Federation.
[10]
[11]
The team was enforced with a few non-students.
The Institute of Sociology was founded in 1902, then in 1904 the Solvay School of Commerce, which would later become the
Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management
. In 1911, the university obtained its
legal personality
under the name
Universite libre de Bruxelles - Vrije Hogeschool te Brussel
.
[13]
The
German occupation
during
World War I
led to the suspension of classes for four years in 1914?1918. In the aftermath of the war, the Free University moved its principle activities to the
Solbosch
in the southern suburb of
Ixelles
and a purpose-built university campus was created, funded by the
Belgian American Educational Foundation
. The university was again closed by the German occupiers during
World War II
on 25 November 1941. Students from the university were involved in the
Belgian Resistance
, establishing
Groupe G
which focused on sabotage.
Splitting of the university
[
edit
]
Until the early 20th century, courses at the Free University were taught exclusively in French, the language of the
upper class
in Belgium at that time, as well as of law and
academia
. However, with the Dutch-speaking population asking for more rights in Belgium (see
Flemish Movement
), some courses began being taught in both French and Dutch at the Faculty of Law as early as 1935. Nevertheless, it was not until 1963 that all faculties offered their courses in both languages.
[14]
Tensions between French- and Dutch-speaking students in the country came to a head in 1968 when the
Catholic University of Leuven
split along linguistic lines
, becoming the first of several national institutions to do so.
On 1 October 1969, the French and Dutch entities of the Free University separated into two distinct sister universities. This splitting became official with the act of 28 May 1970, of the
Belgian Parliament
, by which the French-speaking
Universite libre de Bruxelles
(ULB) and the Dutch-speaking
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
(VUB) officially became two separate legal, administrative and scientific entities.
[15]
[16]
Campuses
[
edit
]
The ULB comprises three main
campuses
: the
Solbosch
campus, on the territories of the
City of Brussels
and
Ixelles
municipalities in the
Brussels-Capital Region
, the
Plaine
campus in Ixelles, and the
Erasmus
campus in
Anderlecht
, beside the
Erasmus Hospital
.
The main and largest campus of the university is the
Solbosch
, which hosts the administration and general services of the university. It also includes most of the faculties of the humanities, the
Ecole polytechnique
, the large library of social sciences, and among the museums of the ULB, the Museum of Zoology and Anthropology,
[17]
the
Allende
exhibition room and the Michel de Ghelderode Museum-Library.
The
Plaine
campus hosts the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Pharmacy. There are also the Experimentariums of physics and chemistry, the Museum of Medicinal Plants and Pharmacy
[18]
and student housing. This site is served by
Delta station
.
The
Erasmus
campus houses the
Erasmus Hospital
and the
Pole Sante
, the Faculty of Medicine, the School of Public Health and the Faculty of Motor Sciences. There is also the School of Nursing (with the Haute ecole libre de Bruxelles ? Ilya Prigogine), the Museum of Medicine
[19]
and the Museum of Human Anatomy and Embryology.
[20]
This site is served by
Erasme/Erasmus metro station
.
The university also has buildings and activities in the Brussels municipality of
Auderghem
, and outside of Brussels, in
Charleroi
on the
Aeropole Science Park
and
Nivelles
.
Faculties and institutes
[
edit
]
International Partnerships
[
edit
]
University of California, Berkeley
,
University of Oxford
,
University of Cambridge
,
Universite de Montreal
,
Waseda University
,
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI
,
BeiHang University
,
Universidade de Sao Paulo
,
Universite de Lausanne
,
Universite de Geneve
,
University Ouaga I Pr. Joseph Ki-Zerbo
,
University of Lubumbashi
[22]
Faculty or Institute
|
Bachelor's degrees
|
Master's degrees
|
Complementary master's degrees
|
Faculty of Architecture
|
Architecture
|
Architecture
|
|
Faculty of Philosophy and Letters
|
Ancient Languages and Literature:
1. Classic orientation;
2. Oriental orientation
|
Ancient Languages and Literature:
1. Classic orientation (1 or 2 years)
2. Oriental orientation (1 or 2 years)
|
African Languages and Cultures
|
Pedagogy in Higher Education
|
Language Sciences
|
Art History and Archaeology
|
Art History and Archaeology (1 or 2 years)
|
|
Art History and Archaeology: Musicology
|
Art History and Archaeology: Musicology (1 or 2 years)
|
|
French and Roman Languages and Literature
|
Cultural Management
|
|
History
|
Ethics
|
|
Information and Communication
|
French and Roman Languages and Literature (1 or 2 years)
|
|
Modern Languages and Literature
|
French and Roman Languages and Literature: French Foreign Language
|
|
Modern Languages and Literature:
1. General orientation
2. Germanic orientation
3. Oriental orientation
4. Slavic orientation
|
History (1 or 2 years)
|
|
Philosophy
|
Information and Communication (1 or 2 years)
|
|
Religious and Secular Studies
|
Information and Communication Sciences and Technologies
|
|
|
Linguistics
|
|
|
Modern Languages and Literature (1 or 2 years)
|
|
|
Modern Languages and Literature:
1. Arab orientation
2. Germanic orientation (1 or 2 years)
3. Oriental orientation (1 or 2 years)
4. Slavic orientation (1 or 2 years)
|
|
|
Multilingual Communication
|
|
|
Performing Arts
|
|
|
Philosophy (1 or 2 years)
|
|
|
Religious and Secular Studies
|
|
Faculty of Law and Criminological Science
|
Law
|
Criminology
|
Economic Law
|
|
Law
|
International Law
|
|
|
Notaries
|
|
|
Public and Administrative Law
|
|
|
Social Law
|
|
|
Tax Law
|
Faculty of Psychological Science, and of Education
|
Psychology and Educational Sciences
|
Educational Sciences
|
Pedagogy in Higher Education
|
Psychology and Educational Sciences: Speech Therapy
|
Psychology
|
Psychoanalytic Theories
|
|
Speech Therapy
|
Risk Management and Well-being at Work
|
Faculty of Sciences
(recently absorbed the Institute of Environment Gestion (IGEAT))
|
Biology
|
Actuarial Science
|
Nanotechnology
|
Chemistry
|
Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology
|
|
Computer Sciences
|
Bioengineering: Agricultural Sciences
|
|
Engineering: Bioengineering
|
Bioengineering: Chemistry and Bio-industries
|
|
Geography
|
Bioengineering: Environmental Sciences and Technologies
|
|
Geology
|
Bioinformatics and Modeling
|
|
Mathematics
|
Biology (1 year)
|
|
Physics
|
Chemistry (1 or 2 years)
|
|
Sciences (Polyvalent first year)
|
Computer Sciences (1 or 2 years)
|
|
|
Environmental Sciences and Management (1 or 2 years)
|
|
|
Geography (1 or 2 years)
|
|
|
Geology (1 or 2 years)
|
|
|
Mathematics (1 or 2 years)
|
|
|
Organismal Biology and Ecology
|
|
|
Physics (1 or 2 years)
|
|
|
Statistics
|
|
|
Tourism Sciences and Management (1 or 2 years)
|
|
Faculty of Applied Sciences/Polytechnic School
|
Engineering: Bioengineering
|
Bioengineering: Agricultural Sciences
|
Conservation and Restoration of Immovable Cultural Heritage
|
Engineering: Civil
|
Bioengineering: Chemistry and Bio-industries
|
Nanotechnology
|
Engineering: Civil Architect
|
Bioengineering: Environmental Sciences and Technologies
|
Nuclear Engineering
|
|
Civil Engineering: Architectural
|
Transportation Management
|
|
Civil Engineering: Biomedical
|
Urban and Regional Planning
|
|
Civil Engineering: Chemistry and Material Science
|
|
|
Civil Engineering: Computer
|
|
|
Civil Engineering: Constructions
|
|
|
Civil Engineering: Electrical
|
|
|
Civil Engineering: Electro-mechanical
|
|
|
Civil Engineering: Mechanical
|
|
|
Civil Engineering: Physicist
|
|
Faculty of Medicine
|
Biomedical Sciences
|
Biomedical Sciences
|
|
Dentistry
|
Dentistry
|
|
Medicine
|
Medicine
|
|
Veterinary Medicine
|
|
|
Institute of Pharmacy
|
Pharmaceutical Sciences
|
Biomedical Sciences
|
Clinical Biology (for pharmacists)
|
|
Pharmaceutical Sciences
|
Hospital Pharmacy
|
|
|
Industrial Pharmacy
|
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
|
Human and Social Science
|
Anthropology
|
|
Political Science
|
Human Resources Management
|
|
Sociology and Anthropology
|
Political Science (1 or 2 years)
|
|
|
Political Science: International Relations
|
|
|
Population and Development
|
|
|
Public Administration
|
|
|
Sociology
|
|
|
Sociology and Anthropology (1 year)
|
|
|
Work Science (1 or 2 years)
|
|
Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management
|
Business Engineering
|
Business Engineering
|
Industrial Management and Technology
|
Economics
|
Economics (1 or 2 years)
|
Microfinance
|
Institute of European Studies
|
|
European Studies
|
European Law
|
|
|
Interdisciplinary Analysis of European Construction
|
Research
[
edit
]
At the heart of the Free University of Brussels there are at least 2000 PhD students and around 3600 researchers and lecturers who work around different scientific fields and produce cutting-edge research.
The projects of these scientists span thematics that concern exact, applied and human sciences and researchers at the heart of the ULB have been awarded numerous international awards and recognitions.
The research carried out at the ULB is financed by different bodies such as the European Research Council, the Walloon Region, the Brussels Capital Region, the National Fund for Scientific Research, or one of the foundations that are dedicated to research at the ULB; the ULB Foundation or the Erasme Funds.
Since the early 2000s, the
MAPP
project
has started studying
political party
membership evolution through the time.
Rankings
[
edit
]
Notable people
[
edit
]
- Count Richard Goblet d'Alviella
(b. 1948), businessman
- Jules Anspach
(1829?1879), politician and mayor of Brussels
- Philippe Autier
(b. 1956), epidemiologist and clinical oncologist
- Zenon-M. Bacq
(1903?1983), radiobiologist, laureate of the 1948
Francqui Prize
- Radu B?lescu
(1932?2006), Romanian and Belgian physicist, laureate of the 1970 Francqui Prize
- Saeed Bashirtash
(b. 1965), Iranian dentist, writer and political activist
- Didier Bellens
(1955?2016), businessman, CEO of
Belgacom
- Vincent Biruta
(b. 1958), Rwandan physician and politician,
Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Jules Bordet
(1870?1961), physician, laureate of the 1919
Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine
- Karel Bossart
(1904?1975), aeronautical engineer, designer of the
SM-65 Atlas
- Jean Brachet
(1909?1998), biochemist
- Robert Brout
(1928?2011), American physicist, laureate of the 2004
Wolf Prize
- Jean Bourgain
(1954?2018), mathematician, laureate of the 1994
Fields Medal
- Albert Claude
(1899?1983), biologist, laureate of the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- Heidi Cruz
(b. 1972), American businesswoman, wife of
U.S. Senator
Ted Cruz
- Herman De Croo
(b. 1937),
liberal
politician
- Theophile de Donder
(1872?1957), physicist, mathematician, and father of irreversible
thermodynamics
- V? đ?c đam
(b. 1963), Vietnamese politician,
Deputy Prime Minister
- Pierre Deligne
(b. 1944), mathematician, laureate of the 1978
Fields Medal
- Antoine Depage
(1862?1925), surgeon, founder and president of the Belgian
Red Cross
, and one of the founders of
Scouting in Belgium
- Mathias Dewatripont
(b. 1959), economist, laureate of the 1998 Francqui Prize
- Francois Englert
(b. 1932), physicist, laureate of the 2004 Wolf Prize, laureate of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics
- Jacques Errera
(1896?1977), physicochemist, laureate of the 1938 Francqui Prize
- Aleth Felix-Tchicaya
(b. 1955), Congolese writer
- Louis Franck
(1868?1937),
lawyer
, liberal politician and statesman
- Matyla Ghyka
(1881?1965), Romanian poet, novelist, mathematician, historian, and diplomat
- Michel Goldman
(b. 1955), immunologist
- Nico Gunzburg
(1882?1984), lawyer and criminologist
- Camille Gutt
(1884?1971), economist, politician, and industrialist, first Managing Director of the
International Monetary Fund
- Marc Henneaux
(b. 1955), physicist, laureate of the 2000 Francqui Prize
- Amir Abbas Hoveida
(1919?1979), Iranian economist and politician,
Prime Minister
- Enver Hoxha
(1908?1985), Albanian politician, leader of
Communist Albania
- Julius Hoste Jr.
(1884?1954), businessman and liberal politician
- Leon Van Hove
(1924?1990), physicist, laureate of the 1958 Francqui Prize, Director General of the
CERN
- Paul Hymans
(1865?1941), politician and first President of the
League of Nations
- Paul Janson
(1840?1913), liberal politician
- Bahadir Kaleagasi
(b. 1966), Turkish writer, International co-ordinator of
TUSIAD
- Jeton Kelmendi
(b. 1978), Albanian writer, laureate of the 2010
International Solenzara Prize
- Henri La Fontaine
(1854?1943), lawyer, laureate of the 1913
Nobel Prize for Peace
- Roberto Lavagna
(b. 1942), Argentine economist and politician,
Minister of Economy and Production
- Maurice Lippens
(b. 1943), businessman and banker
- Lucien Lison
(1908?1984), Belgian-Brazilian physician and biochemist, considered the "father of
histochemistry
"
- Amer Husni Lutfi
(b. 1956), Syrian politician,
Minister of Economy and Trade
- Paul Magnette
(b. 1971),
socialist
politician and political scientist, mayor of
Charleroi
, laureate of the 2000 Francqui Prize
- Marguerite Massart
(1900?1979), first Belgian female engineer
- Adolphe Max
(1869?1939), politician, mayor of Brussels
- Adrien-Jean Le Mayeur
(1880?1958), painter
- Fradique de Menezes
(b. 1942), Sao Tomean politician,
President
- Francoise Meunier
, doctor, Director General of the
EORTC
- Charles Michel
(b. 1975), politician,
Prime Minister
and
President of the European Council
- Constantin Mille
(1861?1927), Romanian socialist militant and journalist
- Axel Miller
(b. 1965), businessman, CEO of
Dexia
- Roland Mortier
(1920?2015), philologist, laureate of the 1965 Francqui Prize
- Francois Narmon
(1934?2013), economist and businessman, President of Dexia and the
Belgian Olympic Committee
- Amelie Nothomb
(b. 1967), writer, laureate of the 1999
Grand Prix du roman de l'Academie francaise
- Paul Otlet
(1868?1944), author, entrepreneur, lawyer and peace activist, founding father of
documentation
- Henri De Page
(1894?1969),
jurist
, Professor in Law, generally seen as the most important Belgian lawyer ever
- Marc Parmentier
(b. 1956), scientist, laureate of the 1999 Francqui Prize
- Etienne Pays
(b. 1948), molecular biologist, laureate of the 1996 Francqui Prize and of the
Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology
- Robert Peston
(b. 1960), British journalist, presenter, and author,
ITV News
Political Editor
- Martine Piccart
(b. 1953),
medical oncologist
, President of the
EORTC
- Marie Popelin
(1846?1913), jurist and feminist
- Ilya Prigogine
(1917?2003), physicist and chemist, laureate of the 1955 Francqui Prize and of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- Lodewijk De Raet
(1870?1914), economist and politician
- Eric Remacle
(1960?2013), economist, laureate of the 2000 Francqui Prize
- Jan Van Rijswijck
(1853?1906), lawyer, liberal politician and journalist, mayor of
Antwerp
- David Ruelle
(b. 1935), Belgian-French mathematical physicist
- Pedro Sanchez
(b. 1972), Spanish politician,
Prime Minister
- Jean Auguste Ulric Scheler
(1819?1890), philologist
- Paul-Henri Spaak
(1899?1972), politician, statesman, Prime Minister,
Secretary General of NATO
, and one of the
Founding fathers of the European Union
- Isabelle Stengers
(b. 1949), philosopher
- Jean Stengers
(1922?2002), historian
- Jacques Tits
(1930?2021), Belgian-French mathematician, laureate of the 1993 Wolf Prize and of the 2008
Abel Prize
- Michel Vanden Abeele
, diplomat, Director-General of the
European Commission
- Raoul Vaneigem
(b. 1934), writer and
Situationist
theorist
- Emile Vandervelde
(1866?1938), statesman, socialist leader,
Minister of Justice
, and
Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Adamantios Vassilakis
(1942?2021), Greek ambassador to the
United Nations
- August Vermeylen
(1872?1945), writer and literature critic
- Eliane Vogel-Polsky
(1926?2015), lawyer and feminist
- Raoul Warocque
(1870?1917), industrialist
- Charles Woeste
(1837?1922), lawyer and politician
- Odette De Wynter
(1927?1998), first woman to be a notary in Belgium
Nobel Prize Winners
[
edit
]
For pre-1970 notable faculty and alumni, see
Free University of Brussels
:
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
http://www.cref.be/annuaires/tab_rentr%C3%A9e_2023
- ^
"Universite libre de Bruxelles"
.
QS Top Universities
. Retrieved
17 March
2017
.
- ^
"ARWU World University Rankings 2016 | Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016 | Top 500 universities | Shanghai Ranking - 2016"
.
www.shanghairanking.com
. Retrieved
7 July
2017
.
- ^
"Archived copy"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 9 June 2013
. Retrieved
4 September
2013
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
- ^
a
b
"A University born of an idea"
.
Universite libre de Bruxelles
. Retrieved
4 August
2016
.
- ^
a
b
c
Witte, Els (1996).
Pierre-Theodore Verhaegen (1796?1862)
(in Dutch). Brussels.
ISBN
90-5487-140-7
.
CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
Lamberts, Emiel; Roegiers, Jan (1990).
Leuven University, 1425?1985
. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
ISBN
90-6186-418-6
.
- ^
"Pierre Theodore Verhaegen and St V"
.
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
. Retrieved
25 February
2023
.
- ^
Laqua, Daniel (2013).
The Age of Internationalism and Belgium, 1880?1930: Peace, Progress and Prestige
. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
ISBN
978-0-7190-8883-4
.
- ^
Great Britain's first home Olympic football adventure
by Jon Carter, ESPN, 26 Jun 2012
- ^
Before the World Cup: Who were football’s earliest world champions?
by Paul Brown on Medium Sports, 6 Jun 2018
- ^
Nerincx, Edmond (8 November 1911).
Loi du 12 aout 1911 accordant la personnification civile aux universites de Bruxelles et de Louvain
(PDF)
(in French). Brussels:
Belgian official journal
. p. 4846
. Retrieved
25 February
2023
.
- ^
"About the University: Culture and History"
. Vrije Universiteit Brussel
. Retrieved
25 November
2007
.
- ^
"Chambre des Represen tant"
(PDF)
.
- ^
"Law of 28 May 1970, concerning the splitting of the universities in Brussels and Leuven"
(in Dutch). Belgisch Staatsblad/Flemish Government
. Retrieved
25 November
2007
.
- ^
"Museum de Zoologie et d'Anthropologie"
.
www2.ulb.ac.be
. Retrieved
14 August
2019
.
- ^
"Universite Libre de Bruxelles - page 3"
.
www2.ulb.ac.be
. Retrieved
14 August
2019
.
- ^
"Musee de la Medecine de Bruxelles"
.
Musee de la medecine
. Retrieved
14 August
2019
.
- ^
"Musee d'Anatomie et d'Embryologie humaines - page 2"
.
www2.ulb.ac.be
. Retrieved
14 August
2019
.
- ^
"Home"
.
www.iee-ulb.eu
. Retrieved
25 June
2018
.
- ^
"Les relations internationales de l'ULB"
.
www.ulb.ac.be
. Retrieved
25 June
2018
.
- ^
"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020"
.
ShanghaiRanking
. Retrieved
7 March
2024
.
- ^
"World University Rankings 2020-2021"
.
Center for World University Rankingsg
. Retrieved
7 March
2021
.
- ^
"CWTS Leiden Ranking 2020 - P(top 10%)"
.
CWTS Leiden Ranking
. Retrieved
7 March
2021
.
- ^
"QS World University Rankings 2021"
.
Top Universities
. Retrieved
7 March
2021
.
- ^
"World University Rankings 2024 - Universite libre de Bruxelles"
.
Times Higher Education (THE)
. Retrieved
7 March
2024
.
- ^
"Best Global Universities 2022-23 - Universite Libre de Bruxelles"
.
U.S. News Education (USNWR)
. )
. Retrieved
7 March
2024
.
References
[
edit
]
- Despy, A.,
150 ans de L‘ULB. Universite libre de Bruxelles
, Brussels, 1984
- Noel, F.,
1894. Universite libre de Bruxelles en crise
, Brussels, 1994
External links
[
edit
]
Media related to
Universite libre de Bruxelles
at Wikimedia Commons
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