Theme park in the United States
Universal Islands of Adventure
|
Pharos Lighthouse with the park's old logo at its entrance
|
Location
| Universal Orlando Resort
,
Orlando
, Florida, United States
|
---|
Coordinates
| 28°28′18″N
81°28′17″W
/
28.47167°N 81.47139°W
/
28.47167; -81.47139
|
---|
Opened
| May 28, 1999
; 25 years ago
(
1999-05-28
)
|
---|
Owner
| NBCUniversal
[1]
|
---|
Operated by
| Universal Destinations & Experiences
|
---|
Theme
| Islands with myths, legends, dinosaurs, cartoons, superheroes, children's stories, and
Universal
franchises
|
---|
Slogan
| It's More Than Magic. It's Real.
(as Universal Orlando Resort)
|
---|
Operating season
| Year-round
|
---|
|
Total
| 18
|
---|
Roller coasters
| 5
|
---|
Water rides
| 3
|
---|
Website
| Official website
|
---|
Universal Islands of Adventure
(also known as
Islands of Adventure
or
IOA
), originally called
Universal Studios Islands of Adventure
and later
Universal's Islands of Adventure
, is a
theme park
located in
Orlando, Florida
. It opened on May 28, 1999, along with
CityWalk
, as part of an expansion that converted
Universal Studios Florida
into the
Universal Orlando Resort
. The resort's slogan
Vacation Like You Mean It
was introduced in 2013.
[2]
Islands of Adventure is modeled after a journey of exploration, where guests embark on an adventure to visit a variety of themed islands. Initially, the park featured six islands. A seventh,
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
, was added in 2010, themed to the highly successful
Harry Potter
franchise
. It was Universal's largest investment since the resort's founding in 1990. The expansion led to a significant increase in attendance, and in 2013, Islands of Adventure ranked seventh domestically and eleventh internationally after hosting approximately 8.1 million guests.
[3]
The newest island,
Skull Island
, opened on July 13, 2016, and is themed to the
King Kong
franchise.
Licensed properties
[
edit
]
Like
Universal Studios Florida
next door, Islands of Adventure has not limited itself to Universal's own library, because it licensed other characters from rival studios, many of whom did not own theme parks of their own, as attractions and lands. Some of these include:
History
[
edit
]
Before Islands of Adventure was built, the site was originally planned as a shopping mall called Galleria Orlando.
[4]
Plans were first drawn up for the mall in 1985, but it was ultimately canceled in 1990,
[5]
the same year
Universal Studios Florida
opened next door.
Preview Center
[
edit
]
During the construction of IOA, Universal opened the
Islands of Adventure Preview Center
at adjacent Universal Studios Florida. Opening two years before the new theme park, the Preview Center was designed to give guests a sneak peek at some of the themes and attractions for
Islands of Adventure
. The attraction was located in the Paradise Theater building located in the
New York
section of Universal Studios Florida, next to the
Kongfrontation
attraction. In the attraction, guests would walk through various rooms themed to the various "Islands" in the new park. The final room stated when the
Islands of Adventure
park would open, and showed guests Universal's future plans for the
Universal Orlando Resort
. The Preview Center was closed shortly after the opening of Islands of Adventure. The space that was used for the preview center is now a locker room and a year round "Tribute Store".
Opening
[
edit
]
Islands of Adventure had a
soft opening
beginning March 27, 1999,
[6]
during which visitors could preview the park at a discounted price while the staff conducted a
technical rehearsal
and worked on the "finishing touches." During this soft opening, guests were informed that attractions might open and close throughout the day without notice and that some attractions might not be open at all. Initial plans were to open the park in mid-May, but this was ultimately delayed until May 28, 1999.
[7]
[8]
After the enormous capital expenditure required to build Islands of Adventure, CityWalk, and the resort hotels, Universal sought to overtake nearby
Walt Disney World
in attendance. However, with the addition of the second park, new resorts, and entertainment district, the resort was named
Universal Studios Escape
. Essentially, it seemed that visitors were confused by the name, assuming that Islands of Adventure was a new area added to the already-existing
Universal Studios Florida
theme park. For the first two years, attendance did not rise as expected.
[9]
By 2001, the marketing was revamped, clarifying that Islands of Adventure was indeed a second, completely separate park with new rides and attractions. Universal Studios Escape was renamed
Universal Orlando Resort
, and ended up being the only resort in the Orlando area to actually have an increase in attendance after the
September 11 attacks
on the United States.
Timeline
[
edit
]
Universal's Islands of Adventure Timeline
Year
|
Events
|
1990s
|
The first concepts for the Islands of Adventure park were conceived by
MCA Recreation Services
. Known as "Cartoon World" designed by Universal Parks & Resorts co-founder Robert Ward, the park would feature rides and attractions based on
DC Comics
,
Dr. Seuss
,
Jay Ward
,
Popeye
, and
Warner Bros.
'
Looney Tunes
cartoons.
[10]
|
1993
|
Universal
released the blockbuster film
Jurassic Park
in June. Its success resulted in a
Jurassic Park
attraction opening in Hollywood followed by the second version at Islands of Adventure when that park opened. On September 16, Universal announced plans to add a second theme park and several resorts at its
Florida complex
.
[11]
|
1995
|
Construction was expected to begin on Islands of Adventure.
[11]
|
1997
|
Construction finally began on Islands of Adventure.
[12]
Shortly after, the Islands of Adventure Preview Center opened at the adjacent
Universal Studios Florida
, replacing The Screen Test Home Video Adventure. It allowed guests to preview all six original islands at Islands of Adventure and their rides and attractions within. The Preview Center also included Universal's plans for an expansion into
Universal Orlando Resort
.
|
1999
|
Islands of Adventure began soft openings on March 27. Islands of Adventure was officially opened on May 28 with a grand opening ceremony, with the islands Port of Entry, Seuss Landing, The Lost Continent, Jurassic Park, Toon Lagoon, and Marvel Super Hero Island. The Islands of Adventure Preview Center at Universal Studios Florida was closed shortly afterwards.
[13]
|
2000
|
Pandemonium Cartoon Circus closed on February 29.
Flying Unicorn
and
Storm Force Accelatron
debuted in the park's The Lost Continent and Marvel Super Hero Island areas, on May and June 29, respectively. The annual GrinchMas event began in the park's Seuss Landing area and in Universal Studios Florida in December.
|
2002
|
Universal's
Halloween Horror Nights
event was held for the first time ever at Islands of Adventure on October. Each "island" was transformed into a different twisted world: Port of Entry into Port of Evil, Seuss Landing into Boo-Ville, The Lost Continent into Island of Evil Souls, Jurassic Park into JP Extinction, Toon Lagoon into Treaks and Foons, and Marvel Super Hero Island into Island Under Siege.
|
2004
|
Halloween Horror Nights was held in both Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Florida in October.
|
2006
|
Sylvester McMonkey McBean's Very Unusual Driving Machines was rebuilt into a new concept and officially opened as
The High in the Sky Seuss Trolley Train Ride!
in June.
|
2007
|
Universal Pictures
and
Warner Bros.
officially announced on May 31, the seventh island at Islands of Adventure,
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
, at a joint press conference with an expected opening of late 2009 or early 2010.
|
2008
|
Flying Unicorn
and the Enchanted Oak Tavern closed on July 7 to be replaced by The Wizarding World of Harry Potter.
|
2009
|
Universal officially revealed The Wizarding World of Harry Potter's attractions on September 16, including Zonko's, Honeydukes, Owl Post, Dervish and Banges,
Ollivander's Wand Shop Experience
, Frog Choir, Triwizard Spirit Rally,
Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey
, Filch's Emporium of Confiscated Goods, and
Dragon Challenge
and
Flight of the Hippogriff
, which will replace the
Dueling Dragons
and
Flying Unicorn
rides.
Oh, The Stories You'll Hear!
opened in October in the park's Seuss Landing area.
|
2010
|
Mat Hoffman's Aggro Circus
debutec on March in the park's Toon Lagoon Amphitheater. Dueling Dragons was closed for its final transformation into the
Dragon Challenge
on May 5; Ice was renamed Hungarian Horntail and Fire was renamed Chinese Fireball.
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
began soft openings for the general public on June 1. The grand opening ceremony took place on June 16 with
book series
author
J. K. Rowling
and
film series
actors
Daniel Radcliffe
,
Rupert Grint
,
Emma Watson
,
Michael Gambon
,
Warwick Davis
,
Tom Felton
,
Matthew Lewis
,
James and Oliver Phelps
and
Bonnie Wright
attending.
John Williams
conducted the
Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra
into many songs of the
first film's score
, including the film series' prologue, which he composed. The seventh island, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, officially opened on June 18. The area became Islands of Adventure's biggest investment since the park's opening. After five years, Triceratops Discovery Trail was finally reopened to the public for a limited time on December 13, speculated to further remain seasonal during peak season.
|
2011
|
One of the roofs on Dudley Do-Right's Ripsaw Falls caught fire on January 1, causing immediate evacuation of the ride. The ride resumed normal operations on March 3, 2011. Universal announced a major refurbishment of
The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man
ride on May 19, with plans to re-master the ride film in
high-definition
as well as to update the ride's technical system and to replace all of the projectors with new 3-D digital projectors.
[14]
[15]
|
2012
|
The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man
re-opened after refurbishment.
|
2014
|
A Celebration of Harry Potter
, an annual three-day weekend event celebrated on the last weekend of January, debuted at both Universal Studios Florida and Islands of Adventure on January 24. The Hogwarts Express Hogsmeade station opened on July 1 as well as the King's Cross station at
Universal Studios Florida
, connecting park visitors to both
Harry Potter
-themed lands
via a
full-scale replica of the train
that appears in the
Harry Potter
film series
.
Dr. Seuss's ABC
opened on August 24 with 26 big blocks with the letters of the English alphabets in the outdoor playground.
|
2015
|
Skull Island: Reign of Kong
was announced on May 6 as a new land/attraction based on the 2005 film
King Kong
, opening in the summer of 2016.
[16]
On May 7, Universal announced a partnership with
Nintendo
to bring their characters to either Universal Studios Florida or Islands of Adventure park. Raptor Encounter meet & greet attraction officially debuted on May 22.
[17]
The Incredible Hulk
roller coaster closed on September 8 to undergo refurbishment.
|
2016
|
The Incredible Hulk
's refurbishment was completed early April with the placement of the final track piece, and on May 9, Universal revealed new changes to the coaster, which included a new track, story line, ride vehicle and entrance. Without any press release,
Skull Island: Reign of Kong
officially opened as the eighth island of Islands of Adventure on July 13. The Incredible Hulk reopened on August 4.
|
2017
|
Dragon Challenge
closed on September 5, with a new Harry Potter roller coaster experience to take its place in 2019. Permits were filed on December 28 for the new Harry Potter roller coaster under the name "Project 942" relating to "foundation designs for a future pre-engineered metal building and construction of three motor control centers."
[18]
|
2018
|
Construction continued on the new
Harry Potter
-themed coaster, described as "a new generation of thrill ride.".
[19]
The majority of track work was completed as of August 2018.
The Eighth Voyage of
Sinbad
closed on September 15, 2018.
|
2019
|
Construction began for a
Jurassic Park
-themed roller coaster; many areas of the themed land was walled off, moved to a temporary location or removed completely.
A Celebration of Harry Potter
was not celebrated as Universal focused on the construction of the
Harry Potter
-themed roller coaster.
Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure
was announced as the name of the roller coaster that will replace
Dragon Challenge
. The grand opening ceremony of the attraction took place on June 11 with
Evanna Lynch
,
Warwick Davis
,
Tom Felton
,
Rupert Grint
and
James and Oliver Phelps
in attendance.
Robbie Coltrane
, who portrayed
Rubeus Hagrid
, was not in attendance, however, he recorded video messages for the occasion. Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure opened on June 13.
|
2020
|
Universal Parks & Resorts
announced the closure of the resort effective March 15 due to the rapid spread of the
coronavirus in Florida
, initially until the end of the month, later expended to April 19, then May 31. On May 22, Universal announced the official reopening of the resort for June 5. Universal Orlando Resort reopens after almost three months since closing, due to the coronavirus, with safety guidelines implemented in order to prevent contagion. On September 28, after over a year of an extended construction phase going unacknowledged by the theme park, Universal Orlando officially announced the newest addition to
Jurassic Park
, the
VelociCoaster
, for a Summer 2021 opening.
|
2021
|
On April 6,
VelociCoaster
was officially given a June 10 opening date.
|
2023
|
On April 11, Universal's Islands of Adventure announced that
Poseidon's Fury
will be permanently closed in The Lost Continent, on May 9, to make way for "exciting new experiences".
|
Former attractions
[
edit
]
As with almost any amusement park, older attractions are sometimes removed to make way for newer ones. At Islands of Adventure, some have simply been closed with no replacement like Island Skipper Tours while others like The High in the Sky Seuss Trolley Train Ride! were altered from their initial concept to the attraction that operates today.
Islands
[
edit
]
Islands of Adventure consists of eight themed "
islands
", the majority of which are based on
licensed
intellectual properties
, with only two lands based on original
Universal Pictures
works. They are, in clockwise order from entry: Port of Entry, Marvel Super Hero Island, Toon Lagoon, Skull Island, Jurassic Park,
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
, The Lost Continent, and Seuss Landing.
Port of Entry
[
edit
]
Port of Entry
is the park's main entrance and is home to many shops and services including Guest Services aptly named
The Open Arms Hotel
. The park's centerpiece, Pharos Lighthouse, is also located within Port of Entry. Each night, this functioning
lighthouse
sends out a bright beam to lead visitors to and from the park's gates. Like many theme parks using the "hub and spokes" format, this entry Island contains no rides. It has dining options including Croissant Moon Bakery, Backwater Bar, The Grinch & Friends Character Breakfast, Confisco Grille, Starbucks, & Cinnabon. It has shopping options such as Port Provisions, Island Market and Export Candy Shoppe, DeFoto's Expedition Photography, Port of Entry Christmas Shoppe, Ocean Trader Market, and Islands of Adventure Trading Company.
[20]
Marvel Super Hero Island
[
edit
]
Marvel Super Hero Island
is based on the
superhero characters
featured in
Marvel Comics
. The area features comic-book styled architecture; many of the building interiors are created in comic book perspective, with exaggerated lines and angles. Many exteriors are painted in a special paint which appears to change color based on the angle from which it is viewed ? sometimes purple, sometimes orange. The buildings are all labelled generically: "Store", "Shop", "Food", and "Comics", etc.
The area is also home to a variety of dining outlets and merchandise shops. Food and beverage items can be purchased from
Cafe 4
and
Captain America Diner
. Merchandise items can be bought from a variety of themed stores including
Spider-Man Shop
(
The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man
),
Marvel Alterniverse Store
,
Comic Book Shop
, and
Oakley
.
There is also "Meet Spider-Man and the Marvel Super Heroes", a meet-and-greet attraction, where guests can meet superheroes including
Wolverine
,
Storm
,
Cyclops
and
Rogue
,
Spider-Man
, and
Captain America
.
In late 2009,
The Walt Disney Company
(Universal's biggest competitor in the theme park market) announced that it had sought to acquire Marvel Entertainment. Universal announced that Marvel's new ownership would not affect Marvel Super Hero Island, and Disney CEO
Bob Iger
acknowledged that Disney would continue to honor any contracts that Marvel currently has with Disney competitors.
[22]
In March 2012, Bob Iger revealed that Disney had begun preliminary concepts of incorporating Marvel's properties into their parks, although no major negotiations with Universal were announced.
[23]
[24]
Hong Kong Disneyland
has since announced an expansion to its park featuring characters from the
Marvel Universe
.
[25]
Disney California Adventure Park
at the
Disneyland Resort
in California has also since incorporated meet-and-greet Marvel characters, as well as an
Avengers
Super Hero Half
Marathon
Weekend at the resort. Both Hong Kong Disneyland and Disney California Adventure have opened Marvel attractions since the acquisition, with
Iron Man Experience
at the former and
Guardians of the Galaxy ? Mission: Breakout!
at the latter. Both attractions officially opened in 2017. Only Walt Disney World Resort is barred from having Marvel characters in its parks, due to contractual obligations to Universal and Universal's use of Marvel characters in the region.
[26]
However, this only includes characters Universal is currently using, other characters in their "families" (Spider-Man, X-Men, Avengers, Fantastic Four, etc.), the villains associated with said characters, and the Marvel name.
[27]
This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets, merchandise, attractions, and more with other Marvel characters not associated with the characters at Islands of Adventure, such as
Star-Lord
and
Gamora
from
Guardians of the Galaxy
.
[28]
[29]
Toon Lagoon
[
edit
]
Toon Lagoon
is based on the cartoon and comic strip characters from
King Features Syndicate
and
Jay Ward
. With the area's main focus being water-based rides (hence the name).
The area is also home to a variety of dining outlets and merchandise shops. Food and beverage items can be purchased from
Blondie
's,
Cathy
's Ice Cream, Comic Strip Cafe and
Wimpy
's. Merchandise items can be bought from a variety of themed stores including the
Betty Boop
store,
Gasoline Alley
, Toon Extra and Wossamotta U.
Skull Island
[
edit
]
Skull Island
is the newest island at the park, having been opened in the summer of 2016. The area's sole attraction,
Skull Island: Reign of Kong
, opened on July 13, 2016.
[30]
The attraction and island mark the return of the
King Kong
character to the Universal Orlando Resort, after the
Kongfrontation
attraction closed at
Universal Studios Florida
in 2002 to make way for the
Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride
.
Jurassic Park
[
edit
]
Jurassic Park
is themed to the
film series of the same name
. Set after the events of
the first film
, the area undertakes the guise of
John Hammond
's
dinosaur
theme park featured in the series. As such, the area is filled with the attractions and exhibits one would find in the "real" Jurassic Park, including thrill rides and discovery-based exhibits.
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ? Hogsmeade
[
edit
]
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ? Hogsmeade
is themed around the
Harry Potter
universe, authored by
J. K. Rowling
. It officially opened to the public on June 18, 2010. On May 31, 2007, Universal announced that it had secured the licensing rights from
Warner Bros.
and Rowling to incorporate the
Harry Potter
franchise to Islands of Adventure.
[40]
The 20-acre (81,000 m
2
) island features attractions, shops, and restaurants set inside such locations as the
Forbidden Forest
,
Hogsmeade Village
, and the iconic
Hogwarts Castle
. Ground breaking began in 2007, with the official opening scheduled for June 18, 2010, as announced on March 25, 2010. As part of the promotion for the then-upcoming area, a behind-the-scenes documentary on production of the park section is included on the
Blu-ray
and DVD release of
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
.
[41]
There are five main attractions in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter:
There is also a singing
Frog Choir
and a
Triwizard Spirit Rally
held in the town center. These events feature
Hogwarts, Beauxbatons, and Durmstrang
students.
An expansion of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, based on the
Diagon Alley
and
London
settings from the series, opened on July 8, 2014, at the adjacent Universal Studios Florida park in the former site of the park's
Jaws
attraction. The
Hogwarts Express
attraction connects the two areas of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter in each park.
The Lost Continent
[
edit
]
The Lost Continent is themed to ancient
myths
and
legends
, and is divided into two sub-sections; an ancient Arabian marketplace called
Sindbad's
Bazzaar
, and a
Grecian
-
Atlantis
-esque
Lost City
. Formerly, the Lost Continent included a medieval section
Merlinwood
, but the majority of that area was re-themed for the
Wizarding World of Harry Potter
. This land is also home to
Mythos
, which is one of two full-service restaurants in the park and was voted winner of best theme park restaurant by Theme Park Insider for six successive years between 2003 and 2008.
[44]
[45]
[46]
Attraction
|
Year opened
|
Manufacturer
|
Description
|
Height requirements
|
The Mystic Fountain
|
1999
|
|
An interactive fountain attraction that communicates with guests, plays music, and features water spouts.
|
|
Seuss Landing
[
edit
]
Seuss Landing
is based on the works of author
Dr. Seuss
. The island features several Seuss-themed attractions, especially geared towards small children, as well as a
Green Eggs and Ham
Cafe and Circus McGurkus restaurant. As in the books, one of the unique characteristics of this area is that there are almost no straight lines anywhere.
[47]
Palm trees bent by the winds of
Hurricane Andrew
were even planted in the area to continue this theme.
Attractions
|
Year opened
|
Ride manufacturer
|
Description
|
Height requirements
|
The Cat in the Hat
|
1999
|
MTS Systems Corporation
|
A
dark ride
based on the Dr. Seuss
book of the same name
.
[48]
|
36 in (91 cm)
|
The High in the Sky Seuss Trolley Train Ride!
|
2006
|
Mack Rides
|
A twin-tracked monorail themed around Dr. Seuss' 1961 story
The Sneetches
that tours Seuss Landing and references other Dr. Seuss books.
|
40 in (101 cm)
|
One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish
|
1999
|
Zierer
|
A spinning ride, based on the Dr. Seuss
book of the same name
, that lets riders control their own fish in tandem to the ride audio.
|
Supervision is required for riders under 48 in (121 cm)
|
Caro-Seuss-el
|
1999
|
D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
|
A themed
carousel
with Seuss inspired creatures.
|
Supervision is required for riders under 48 in (121 cm)
|
Oh! The Stories You'll Hear!
|
1999
|
|
A musical show based on the popular Dr. Seuss characters
The Cat in the Hat
, Thing 1 and Thing 2, Sam-I-Am,
The Grinch
, and
The Lorax
|
|
If I Ran the Zoo
|
1999
|
|
An interactive children's play area based on the Dr. Seuss
book of the same name
.
|
|
The area is also home to a variety of dining outlets and merchandise shops. Food and beverage items can be purchased from
Circus McGurkus Cafe Stoo-pendous
(The High in the Sky Seuss Trolley Train Ride!),
Green Eggs and Ham Cafe
(opened seasonally),
Hop on Pop Ice Cream Shop
, and
Moose Juice, Goose Juice
. Merchandise items can be bought from a variety of themed stores including
Cats, Hats & Things
(The Cat in the Hat),
Snookers & Snookers Sweet Candy Cookers
(The High in the Sky Seuss Trolley Train Ride!),
All the Books You Can Read
, and
Mulberry Street Stores Trading Co
.
A live action show entitled
Grinchmas Wholiday Spectacular
, which retells the story of
How the Grinch Stole Christmas
is available seasonally.
Character appearances
[
edit
]
Like the neighboring Universal Studios Florida, Islands of Adventure has a number of
famous characters
:
[49]
Current characters
[
edit
]
- Betty Boop
- Dr. Seuss
:
Cat in the Hat
, Thing 1 and Thing 2,
The Grinch
,
The Lorax
, Sam-I-Am, and Guy-Am-I
- Jurassic Park
: Blue and Bravo the Velociraptors, and Tango and Sierra the baby Velociraptors
- Marvel Comics
:
Spider-Man
,
Captain America
,
Wolverine
,
Cyclops
,
Rogue
,
Storm
,
Green Goblin
, and
Doctor Doom
- Popeye the Sailor Man
:
Popeye
and
Olive Oyl
- She-Ra and the Princesses of Power
:
She-Ra
- Wizarding World
: Hogwarts Train Conductor
Universal Express Pass
[
edit
]
Several attractions in Islands of Adventure allow guests to utilize
Express Pass
. This pass admits users to a separate line for the attraction, which is given priority status when boarding. Express Pass is not a
virtual queuing
service. Instead, passholders may enter the "Universal Express" line whenever they wish. The price of this pass is
not
included in the charge for park admission.
Attendance
[
edit
]
Year
|
Attendance
|
2008
|
5,290,000
[50]
|
2009
|
4,627,000
[51]
|
2010
|
5,949,000
[52]
|
2011
|
7,674,000
[53]
|
2012
|
7,981,000
[3]
|
2013
|
8,141,000
[3]
|
2014
|
8,141,000
[54]
|
2015
|
8,792,000
[55]
|
2016
|
9,362,000
[56]
|
2017
|
9,549,000
[57]
|
2018
|
9,788,000
[58]
|
2019
|
10,375,000
[59]
|
2020
|
4,005,000
[60]
|
2021
|
9,077,000
[61]
|
2022
|
11,025,000
[62]
|
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"NBCUniversal completes takeover of Universal Orlando theme parks"
.
Los Angeles Times
. July 1, 2011.
Archived
from the original on December 20, 2016
. Retrieved
July 11,
2011
.
- ^
"Islands of Adventure"
.
Universal Orlando Archives
. The Florida Project. Archived from
the original
on June 7, 2013
. Retrieved
January 17,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
c
"TEA/AECOM 2013 Global Attractions Report"
(PDF)
.
Themed Entertainment Association
. 2014. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on June 6, 2014
. Retrieved
June 6,
2014
.
- ^
Directory of major malls
. MJJTM Publications Corp. 1990. p. 811.
- ^
Jackson, Jerry (May 1, 1990).
"Major Bows Out of Galleria Plan Entertainment To Be New Theme"
.
Orlando Sentinel
. Tribune Publishing. p. C1, C6.
- ^
"Universal To Offer Soft Opening For Islands of Adventure"
. March 23, 1999.
Archived
from the original on September 6, 2009
. Retrieved
July 10,
2009
.
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External links
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