Ceremony marking the start of a new presidential term
Between 73 and 79 days after the
presidential election
, the
president-elect of the United States
is
inaugurated
as
president
by taking the
presidential oath of office
. The inauguration takes place for each new presidential term, even if the president is continuing in office for a second term.
The first inauguration of George Washington took place on April 30, 1789. All subsequent public inaugurations from 1793 until 1933 were held on March 4, except in 1821, 1849, 1877, and 1917, when March 4 fell on a Sunday and the public inauguration ceremony took place on Monday, March 5. Since 1937, it has taken place at noon
EST
on January 20, the first day of the new term, except in 1957, 1985, and 2013, when January 20 fell on a Sunday. In those years, the presidential oath of office was administered on that day privately and then again in a public ceremony the next day, on Monday, January 21. The most recent presidential inauguration was held on
January 20, 2021
, when
Joe Biden
assumed office.
Recitation
of the presidential oath of office is the only component in this ceremony mandated by the
United States Constitution
(in
Article II, Section One, Clause 8
). Though it is not a constitutional requirement, the
Chief Justice of the United States
typically administers the presidential oath of office. Since 1789, the oath has been administered at 59 scheduled public inaugurations, by 15 chief justices, one
associate justice
, and one New York state judge. Others, in addition to the chief justice, have administered the oath of office to several of the nine
vice presidents
who have succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation intra-term.
Since the
1981 inauguration of Ronald Reagan
, the ceremony has been held at the west front of the
United States Capitol
facing the
National Mall
with its iconic
Washington Monument
and distant
Lincoln Memorial
. From 1829 through 1977, most swearing-in ceremonies had taken place on a platform over the steps at the Capitol's east portico. They have also been held inside the
Old Senate Chamber
, the chamber of the
House of Representatives
, and the
Capitol rotunda
.
[1]
The most recent regularly scheduled inauguration not to take place at the Capitol was the
fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
in 1945, which was held at the
White House
.
Over the years, various traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long event, including parades and multiple social gatherings. The ceremony itself is carried live via the major U.S.
commercial television
and
cable news
networks; various ones also stream it live on their websites.
When a president has assumed office intra-term, the inauguration ceremony has been conducted without pomp or fanfare. To facilitate a quick
presidential transition
under extraordinary circumstances, the new president takes the oath of office in a simple ceremony and usually addresses the nation afterward. This has happened nine times in United States history: eight times after the previous president had died while in office, and once after the previous president had resigned.
Inauguration ceremonies
[
edit
]
Dates
[
edit
]
The
first inauguration
, that of George Washington, took place on April 30, 1789. All subsequent (regular) inaugurations from 1793 until 1933, were held on March 4, the day of the year on which the federal government began operations under the U.S. Constitution in 1789. The exception to this pattern was those years in which March 4 fell on a Sunday. When it did, the public inauguration ceremony would take place on Monday, March 5. This happened on four occasions, in 1821, 1849, 1877, and 1917. Inauguration Day moved to January 20, beginning in 1937, following ratification of the
Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution
, where it has remained since. A similar Sunday exception and move to Monday is made around this date as well (which happened in 1957, 1985, and 2013).
This resulted in several anomalies. It has been alleged that in 1849, Senate President pro tempore
David Rice Atchison
was president for a day, although all scholars dismiss that claim.
[2]
[3]
In 1877, due to the controversy over the
Compromise of 1877
,
Rutherford B. Hayes
was sworn in secretly on March 3 before
Ulysses S. Grant
's term ended on March 4?raising the question if the United States had two presidents at the same time for one day.
[2]
In modern times, the president took the oath on a Sunday in a private ceremony and repeated it the following day with all the pomp and circumstance. In 1985 and 2013, these ceremonies were televised. Irregular inaugurations occurred on nine occasions intra-term, after the death or, in one case, resignation of a president.
Inauguration Day, while not a
federal holiday
, is observed as a holiday by federal employees who would be working in the "Inauguration Day Area" and who are regularly scheduled to perform non-overtime work on Inauguration Day.
[4]
There is no in-lieu-of holiday for employees or students who are not regularly scheduled to work or attend school on Inauguration Day. The Inauguration Day Area consists of the District of Columbia;
Montgomery
and
Prince George's
counties in Maryland;
Arlington
and
Fairfax
counties in Virginia (the
City of Fairfax
is considered part of Fairfax County for this purpose), and the cities of
Alexandria
and
Falls Church
in Virginia.
[4]
Locations
[
edit
]
Most presidential inaugurations since 1801 have been held in Washington D.C. at the
Capitol Building
. Prior inaugurations were held, first at
Federal Hall
in
New York City
(1789),
[5]
and then at
Congress Hall
in
Philadelphia
,
Pennsylvania
(1793 and 1797). Each city was, at the time, the nation's
capital
. The location for
James Monroe
's 1817 swearing in was moved to the
Old Brick Capitol
in Washington due to ongoing restoration work at the Capitol building following the War of 1812.
[6]
Three other inaugurations?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
's fourth (1945),
Harry S. Truman
's first (1945), and
Gerald Ford
's (1974)?were held at the
White House
.
Presidential inaugurations (aside from intra-term ceremonies following the death or resignation of a president) have traditionally been outdoor public ceremonies.
[7]
In 1909,
William H. Taft
's inauguration was moved to the
Senate
Chamber due to a blizzard.
[8]
Then, in 1985, the public second inauguration of
Ronald Reagan
was held indoors in the Capitol Rotunda because of harsh weather conditions.
The first inauguration of
Andrew Jackson
, in 1829, was the first of 35 held on the east front of the Capitol. Since the 1981 first inauguration of Ronald Reagan, they have been held on the Capitol's west front; a move designed to both cut costs and to provide more space for spectators.
[9]
Above the west front inaugural platform are five large
United States flags
. The current 50-star flag is displayed in the center.
[7]
On either side are earlier variations of the national flag: two are the official flag adopted by Congress after the
admission to the Union
of the new president's home state and two are the 13-star flag popularly known as the
Betsy Ross flag
.
[10]
Organizers
[
edit
]
Prior to Inauguration Day, the president-elect will name a Presidential Inaugural Committee. This committee is the legal entity responsible for fundraising for and the planning and coordination of all official events and activities surrounding the inauguration of president and vice president (other than the ceremony), such as the balls and parade.
[11]
Since 1901, the
Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
has been responsible for the planning and execution of the swearing-in ceremonies.
[12]
Since 1953, it has also hosted a luncheon at the U.S. Capitol for the new president, vice president, and guests. Three
senators
and three
representatives
make up the committee.
The
Joint Task Force National Capital Region
, composed of service members from all branches of the
United States Armed Forces
, including Reserve and National Guard components, is responsible for all military support to ceremonies and to civil authorities for the inaugural period (in 2017, January 15?24). U.S. military personnel have participated in Inauguration Day ceremonies since 1789 when members of the
Continental Army
, local
militia units
and
Revolutionary War
veterans escorted George Washington to his first inauguration ceremony. Their participation traditionally includes musical units,
color guards
,
salute batteries
and
honor cordons
. Military support to the inauguration honors the new president, who is
commander-in-chief
of the armed forces, and recognizes civilian control of the military.
[13]
Attendees
[
edit
]
In addition to the public, the attendees at the inauguration generally include the
vice president
, members of Congress, Supreme Court justices, high-ranking military officers, former presidents and vice-presidents, living Medal of Honor recipients, and other dignitaries. The outgoing president and vice president also customarily attend the ceremony.
While most outgoing presidents have appeared on the inaugural platform with their successor, six did not:
Communication
[
edit
]
The way inauguration ceremony events are communicated to the public has changed over the years with each advance in technology. Improvements in
mass media
technologies have allowed presidents to reach substantially greater numbers of their constituents. In 1829, Andrew Jackson spoke to approximately 10,000 people at his inauguration.
[18]
Most recently, in 2017, it is estimated that about 160,000 people were in the
National Mall
areas in the hour leading up to
Donald Trump
's swearing in.
[19]
An additional 30.6 million people in the United States watched it on television,
[20]
and more than 6.8 million worldwide
streamed it live
on
Twitter
.
[21]
Among the inauguration
mass communication
milestones are:
[22]
- 1801
first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
, first newspaper extra of an inaugural address, printed by the
National Intelligencer
- 1845
inauguration of James K. Polk
, first inauguration to be covered by telegraph, and first known newspaper illustration of a presidential inauguration (
The Illustrated London News
)
- 1857
inauguration of James Buchanan
, first inauguration known to have been photographed
- 1897
first inauguration of William McKinley
, first inauguration to be recorded on film
- 1905
second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
, first time that telephones were installed on the Capitol Grounds for an inauguration
- 1925
second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
, first inauguration to be broadcast nationally by radio
- 1929
inauguration of Herbert Hoover
, first inauguration to be recorded by a talking newsreel
- 1949
second inauguration of Harry S. Truman
, first inauguration to be televised
- 1961
inauguration of John F. Kennedy
, first inauguration to be televised in color
- 1981
first inauguration of Ronald Reagan
, first closed-captioning of television broadcast for the deaf and hard of hearing
- 1997
second inauguration of Bill Clinton
, first time that the ceremony was broadcast live on the Internet
Ceremony elements
[
edit
]
Inauguration procedure is governed by tradition rather than the Constitution, the only constitutionally required procedure being the presidential oath of office (which may be taken anywhere, with anyone in attendance who can legally witness an oath, and at any time prior to the actual beginning of the new president's term).
[14]
Traditionally, the president-elect arrives at the White House and then proceeds to the Capitol Building with the out-going president. Around or after 12 noon, the president takes the oath of office, usually administered by the
chief justice of the United States
, and then delivers the inaugural address.
Oaths of office
[
edit
]
The vice president is sworn into office in the same ceremony as the president. Prior to 1937, the
vice presidential oath
was administered in the
Senate Chamber
(in keeping with the vice president's position as president of the Senate). The oath is administered to the vice president first. Immediately afterwards, the
United States Marine Band
will perform four "
ruffles and flourishes
", followed by "
Hail, Columbia
". Unlike the presidential oath, however, the Constitution does not specify specific words that must be spoken. Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789. The current form, which is also recited by senators, representatives, and other government officers, has been in use since 1884:
I do solemnly swear (or
affirm
) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.
[23]
At noon, the new presidential and vice presidential terms begin. At about that time, the president recites the constitutionally mandated oath of office:
I do solemnly swear (or
affirm
) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.
According to
Washington Irving
's biography of George Washington, after reciting the oath at his (and the nation's) first inauguration, Washington added the words "so help me God".
[24]
However, the only contemporaneous source that fully reproduced Washington's oath completely lacks the religious codicil.
[25]
The first newspaper report that actually described the exact words used in an oath of office, Chester Arthur's in 1881,
[26]
repeated the "query-response" method where the words, "so help me God" were a personal prayer, not a part of the constitutional oath. The time of adoption of the current procedure, where both the chief justice and the president speak the oath, is unknown.
The oath of office was administered to Washington in 1789 by
Robert Livingston
, Chancellor of New York State. Four years later, the oath was administered by
Supreme Court associate justice
William Cushing
. Since the 1797 inauguration of
John Adams
, it has become customary for the new president to be sworn into office by the
Chief Justice of the United States
. Others have administered the oath on occasions when a new president assumed office intra-term due to the incumbent's death or resignation.
William Cranch
, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath of office to
John Tyler
in 1841 when he succeeded to the presidency upon
William Henry Harrison
's death, and to
Millard Fillmore
in 1850 when
Zachary Taylor
died. In 1923, upon being informed of
Warren Harding
's death, while visiting his
family home
in
Plymouth Notch, Vermont
,
Calvin Coolidge
was sworn in as president by his father,
John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.
, a
notary public
.
[27]
[28]
Most recently,
federal judge
Sarah T. Hughes
administered the oath of office to
Lyndon B. Johnson
aboard
Air Force One
after
John F. Kennedy's assassination
on November 22, 1963.
Since 1789 there have been 59 inaugural ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year term of a president of the United States, and an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president. With the
2021 inauguration
of
Joe Biden
, the oath has been taken 73 different times by 45 people. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because the day of inauguration has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inaugural ceremonies.
[22]
There is no requirement that any book, or in particular a book of sacred text, be used to administer the oath, and none is mentioned in the Constitution. By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a
Bible
or other book while taking the oath of office. While most have,
John Quincy Adams
did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1825;
[29]
neither did
Theodore Roosevelt
in 1901.
[30]
In 1853,
Franklin Pierce
affirmed the oath of office rather than swear it.
[31]
More recently, a Catholic
missal
was used for Lyndon B. Johnson's 1963 swearing in ceremony.
[32]
[33]
Bibles of historical significance have sometimes been used at inaugurations.
George H. W. Bush
,
Jimmy Carter
and
Dwight D. Eisenhower
used the
George Washington Inaugural Bible
.
Barack Obama
placed his hand upon the
Lincoln Bible
for his oaths in 2009 and 2013,
[34]
as did Donald Trump in 2017.
[35]
Joe Biden
placed his hand upon a large leather-bound family Bible.
[36]
Immediately after the presidential oath, the
United States Marine Band
will perform four "ruffles and flourishes", followed by "
Hail to the Chief
", while simultaneously, a
21-gun salute
is fired using
artillery pieces
from the Presidential Guns Salute Battery,
3rd United States Infantry Regiment "The Old Guard"
located in Taft Park, north of the Capitol. The actual gun salute begins with the first "ruffle and flourish", and "run long" (i.e. the salute concludes after "Hail to the Chief" has ended). The Marine Band, which is believed to have made its inaugural debut in 1801 for Thomas Jefferson's first inauguration, is the only musical unit to participate in all three components of the presidential inauguration: the swearing-in ceremony, the inaugural parade, and an inaugural ball. During the ceremony, the band is positioned directly below the presidential podium at the U.S. Capitol.
[37]
Inaugural address
[
edit
]
The inaugural address, in full, made by
Joe Biden
after being
sworn
in as the
46th
president of the United States on January 20, 2021.
Newly sworn-in presidents usually give a
speech
referred to as an inaugural address. As with many inaugural customs, this one was started by George Washington in 1789. After taking his oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall, he proceeded to the Senate chamber where he read a speech before members of Congress and other dignitaries. Every president since Washington has delivered an inaugural address. While many of the early presidents read their addresses before taking the oath, current custom dictates that the chief justice administer the oath first, followed by the president's speech.
[12]
William McKinley
requested the change in 1897, so that he could reiterate the words of the oath at the close of his first inaugural address.
William Henry Harrison
delivered the longest inaugural address, at 8,445 words, in 1841. John Adams' 1797 address, which totaled 2,308 words, contained the longest sentence, at 737 words. In 1793, Washington gave the shortest inaugural address on record, just 135 words.
[12]
Most presidents use their inaugural address to present their vision of America and to set forth their goals for the nation. Some of the most eloquent and powerful speeches are still quoted today. In 1865, in the waning days of the
Civil War
,
Abraham Lincoln
stated, "With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." In 1933,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
avowed, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” And in 1961,
John F. Kennedy
declared, "And so my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you ? ask what you can do for your country."
[12]
On the eight occasions where the new president succeeded to the office upon their predecessor's death intra-term, none gave an address, but each did address Congress soon thereafter.
[14]
When
Gerald Ford
became president in 1974, following the resignation of
Richard Nixon
, he addressed the nation after taking the oath, but he characterized his speech as "Not an inaugural address, not a
fireside chat
, not a campaign speech – just a little straight talk among friends".
[38]
(
Full text
)
Prayers
[
edit
]
Since 1937, the ceremony has incorporated one or more prayers.
[39]
[40]
Since 1933 an associated prayer service either public or private attended by the president-elect has often taken place on the morning of the day.
[41]
At times a major public or broadcast prayer service takes place after the main ceremony most recently on the next day.
[42]
Poems
[
edit
]
Six inaugural ceremonies since 1961 have included a reading by a poet.
[43]
The following poetry readings have taken place:
Other elements
[
edit
]
Over the years, various inauguration traditions have arisen that have expanded the event from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long one, including parades, speeches, and balls. In fact, contemporary inaugural celebrations typically span 10 days, from five days before the inauguration to five days after. On some occasions however, either due to the preferences of the new president or to other constraining circumstances, they have been scaled back. Such was the case in 1945, because of
rationing
in effect during
World War II
. More recently, in 1973, the celebrations marking Richard Nixon's second inauguration were altered because of the death of former president
Lyndon B. Johnson
two days after the ceremony. All pending events were cancelled so preparations for Johnson's
state funeral
could begin. Because of the construction work on the center steps of the East Front, Johnson's casket was taken up the Senate wing steps of the Capitol when taken into the rotunda to
lie in state
.
[50]
When it was brought out, it came out through the House wing steps of the Capitol.
[50]
In 2021, due to the
COVID-19
pandemic, the festivities were scaled back.
Congressional luncheon
[
edit
]
Since 1953, the president and vice president have been guests of honor at a luncheon held by the leadership of the
United States Congress
immediately following the inaugural ceremony. The luncheon is held in
Statuary Hall
and is organized by the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, and attended by the leadership of both houses of Congress as well as guests of the president and vice president. By tradition, the outgoing president and vice president will not attend. In 2021, due to the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic, the luncheon was replaced by a gift-giving ceremony.
Inaugural parade
[
edit
]
Following the arrival of the presidential entourage to the
White House
, it is customary for the president, vice-president, their respective families and leading members of the government and military to review an inaugural parade from an enclosed stand at the edge of the
North Lawn
, a custom begun by
James Garfield
in 1881. The parade, which proceeds along 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the stand and the Front Lawn in view of the presidential party, features both military and civilian participants from all 50 states and the District of Columbia; this parade largely evolved from the post-inaugural procession to the White House, and occurred as far back as
Jefferson's second inauguration
in 1805, when workers from the
Washington Navy Yard
, accompanied by military music, marched with the president
[51]
on foot as he rode on horseback from the Capitol to the White House. By the time of
William Henry Harrison
's inauguration in 1841, political clubs and marching societies would regularly travel to Washington for the parade. That year was also the first in which floats were part of the parade. It was at Lincoln's second inauguration, in 1865, that Native Americans and African Americans participated in the inaugural parade for the first time.
[52]
Women were involved for the first time in 1917.
[53]
In 1829, following his first inaugural parade,
Andrew Jackson
held a public reception at the White House, during which 20,000 people created such a crush that Jackson had to escape through a window. Nevertheless, White House receptions continued until lengthy afternoon parades created scheduling problems. Reviving the idea in 1989, President
George H. W. Bush
invited the public to a "White House American Welcome" on the day after the inaugural.
[54]
Grover Cleveland
’s 1885 inaugural parade lasted three hours and showcased 25,000 marchers. Eighty years later,
Lyndon Johnson
’s parade included 52 select bands.
[54]
Dwight D. Eisenhower
's 1953 parade included about 22,000 service men and women and 5,000 civilians, which included 50 state and organization floats costing $100,000. There were also 65 musical units, 350 horses, 3 elephants, an Alaskan dog team, and the
280-millimeter atomic cannon
.
[55]
In 1977,
Jimmy Carter
became the first president to set out by foot for more than a mile on the route to the White House. The walk has become a tradition that has been matched in ceremony if not in length by the presidents who followed.
[56]
Twice during the 20th century, an inaugural parade down Pennsylvania Avenue was not held. In 1945, at the height of
World War II
,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
's fourth Inauguration was simple and austere with no fanfare or formal celebration following the event. There was no parade because of
gas rationing
and a lumber shortage.
[57]
In 1985, with the
temperature near
7 °F (?14 °C),
[58]
[59]
all outdoor events for
Ronald Reagan
's second inauguration were canceled or moved indoors.
[51]
Interfaith national prayer service
[
edit
]
A tradition of an
interfaith
national prayer service, usually the day after the inauguration, dates back to
George Washington
and since
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
, the prayer service has been held at the
Washington National Cathedral
.
[60]
This is not the same as the Inaugural Prayer, a tradition also begun by Washington, when on June 1, 1789, Methodist bishops Francis Asbury and Thomas Coke, Rev. John Dickins, the pastor of Old St. George's (America's oldest Methodist Church) and Major Thomas Morrell, one of President Washington's former aides-de-camp called upon Washington in New York City.
[61]
This tradition resumed in 1985 with President Reagan and continues under the auspices of a Presidential Inaugural Prayer Committee based at Old St. George's.
Inaugural balls
[
edit
]
The first Inaugural Ball was held on the night of
James Madison
's first inauguration in 1809. Tickets were $4 and it took place at Long's Hotel.
[53]
Security
[
edit
]
The security for the inaugural celebrations is a complex matter, involving the
Secret Service
,
Department of Homeland Security
,
Federal Protective Service
(DHS-FPS), all five branches of the
Armed Forces
, the
Capitol Police
, the
United States Park Police
(USPP), and the
Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
(MPDC). Federal law enforcement agencies also sometimes request assistance from various other state and local law-enforcement agencies throughout the United States.
Presidential medals
[
edit
]
Beginning with George Washington, there has been a traditional association with Inauguration festivities and the production of a
presidential medal
. With the District of Columbia attracting thousands of attendees for inauguration, presidential medals were an inexpensive souvenir for the tourists to remember the occasion. However, the once-simple trinket turned into an official presidential election memento. In 1901, the first Inauguration Committee
[62]
[
failed verification
]
on Medals and Badges was established as part of the official Inauguration Committee for the re-election of President McKinley. The Committee saw official medals as a way to raise funding for the festivities. Gold medals were to be produced as gifts for the president, vice president, and committee chair; silver medals were to be created and distributed among Inauguration Committee members, and bronze medals would be for sale for public consumption. McKinley's medal was simple with his portrait on one side and writing on the other side.
[63]
Unlike his predecessor, when Theodore Roosevelt took his oath of office in 1905, he found the previous presidential medal unacceptable. As an art lover and admirer of the ancient Greek high-relief coins, Roosevelt wanted more than a simple medal?he wanted a work of art. To achieve this goal, the president hired
Augustus Saint-Gaudens
, a famous American sculptor, to design and create his inauguration medal. Saint-Gaudens' obsession with perfection resulted in a forestalled release and the medals were distributed after the actual inauguration. Nonetheless, President Roosevelt was very pleased with the result. Saint-Gaudens' design, executed by
Adolph A. Weinman
, was cast by
Tiffany & Company
and was proclaimed an artistic triumph.
[64]
Saint-Gaudens' practice of creating a portrait sculpture of the newly elected president is still used today in presidential medal creation. After the president sits for the sculptor, the resulting clay sketch is turned into a life mask and plaster model. Finishing touches are added and the epoxy cast that is created is used to produce the die cuts. The die cuts are then used to strike the president's portrait on each medal.
[65]
From 1929 through 1949, the official medal was struck by the
U.S. Mint
. This changed in 1953 when the
Medallic Art Company
was chosen to strike
Walker Hancock
's portrait of President Eisenhower. The official medals have been struck by private mints ever since.
[64]
The Smithsonian Institution
and
The George Washington University
hold the two most complete collections of presidential medals in the United States.
Gerald Ford
's unscheduled inauguration also had a medal.
[66]
List of inauguration ceremonies
[
edit
]
The 59 inauguration ceremonies marking the start of a new four-year presidential term of office and also the nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president are listed in the table below.
No.
|
Date
|
Event
[a]
|
Location
|
Oath administered by
|
Address length
[67]
|
1st
|
April 30, 1789
(Thursday)
|
First inauguration of George Washington
|
Front balcony,
Federal Hall
New York
,
New York
|
Robert Livingston
,
Chancellor of New York
|
1431 words
Full text
|
2nd
|
March 4, 1793
(Monday)
|
Second inauguration of George Washington
|
Senate
Chamber,
Congress Hall
Philadelphia
,
Pennsylvania
|
William Cushing
,
Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court
|
135 words
Full text
|
3rd
|
March 4, 1797
(Saturday)
|
Inauguration of John Adams
|
House
Chamber,
Congress Hall
|
Oliver Ellsworth
,
Chief Justice of the United States
|
2308 words
Full text
|
4th
|
March 4, 1801
(Wednesday)
|
First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
|
Senate Chamber
,
U.S. Capitol
Washington, D.C.
|
John Marshall
,
Chief Justice
|
1730 words
Full text
|
5th
|
March 4, 1805
(Monday)
|
Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
|
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
|
John Marshall,
Chief Justice
|
2166 words
Full text
|
6th
|
March 4, 1809
(Saturday)
|
First inauguration of James Madison
|
House
Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
|
John Marshall,
Chief Justice
|
1177 words
Full text
|
7th
|
March 4, 1813
(Thursday)
|
Second inauguration of James Madison
|
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
|
John Marshall,
Chief Justice
|
1211 words
Full text
|
8th
|
March 4, 1817
(Tuesday)
|
First inauguration of James Monroe
|
Front steps,
Old Brick Capitol
|
John Marshall,
Chief Justice
|
3375 words
Full text
|
9th
|
March 5, 1821
[b]
(Monday)
|
Second inauguration of James Monroe
|
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
|
John Marshall,
Chief Justice
|
4472 words
Full text
|
10th
|
March 4, 1825
(Friday)
|
Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
|
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
|
John Marshall,
Chief Justice
|
2915 words
Full text
|
11th
|
March 4, 1829
(Wednesday)
|
First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
John Marshall,
Chief Justice
|
1128 words
Full text
|
12th
|
March 4, 1833
(Monday)
|
Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
|
House Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
|
John Marshall,
Chief Justice
|
1176 words
Full text
|
13th
|
March 4, 1837
(Saturday)
|
Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Roger B. Taney
,
Chief Justice
|
3843 words
Full text
|
14th
|
March 4, 1841
(Thursday)
|
Inauguration of William Henry Harrison
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
|
8460 words
Full text
|
?
|
April 6, 1841
[c]
(Tuesday)
|
Inauguration of John Tyler
(Extraordinary inauguration)
|
Brown's Indian Queen Hotel,
Washington, D.C.
|
William Cranch
Chief Judge,
U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia
|
?
|
15th
|
March 4, 1845
(Tuesday)
|
Inauguration of James K. Polk
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
|
4809 words
Full text
|
16th
|
March 5, 1849
[b]
(Monday)
|
Inauguration of Zachary Taylor
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
|
1090 words
Full text
|
?
|
July 10, 1850
[d]
(Wednesday)
|
Inauguration of Millard Fillmore
(Extraordinary inauguration)
|
House
Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
|
William Cranch
Chief Judge, U.S. Circuit Court of the D.C.
|
?
|
17th
|
March 4, 1853
(Friday)
|
Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
|
3336 words
Full text
|
18th
|
March 4, 1857
(Wednesday)
|
Inauguration of James Buchanan
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
|
2831 words
Full text
|
19th
|
March 4, 1861
(Monday)
|
First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Roger B. Taney,
Chief Justice
|
3637 words
Full text
|
20th
|
March 4, 1865
(Saturday)
|
Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Salmon P. Chase
,
Chief Justice
|
700 words
Full text
|
?
|
April 15, 1865
(Saturday)
|
Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
(Extraordinary inauguration)
|
Kirkwood House
,
Washington, D.C.
|
Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice
|
?
|
21st
|
March 4, 1869
(Thursday)
|
First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Salmon P. Chase,
Chief Justice
|
1127 words
Full text
|
22nd
|
March 4, 1873
(Tuesday)
|
Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Salmon P. Chase
Chief Justice
|
1339 words
Full text
|
23rd
|
March 5, 1877
[b]
(Monday)
|
Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Morrison Waite
,
Chief Justice
|
2486 words
Full text
|
24th
|
March 4, 1881
(Friday)
|
Inauguration of James A. Garfield
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice
|
2979 words
Full text
|
?
|
September 20, 1881
[e]
(Tuesday)
|
Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
(Extraordinary inauguration)
|
Chester A. Arthur Home
,
New York, New York
|
John R. Brady
,
Justice of the
New York Supreme Court
|
?
|
25th
|
March 4, 1885
(Wednesday)
|
First inauguration of Grover Cleveland
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Morrison Waite,
Chief Justice
|
1686 words
Full text
|
26th
|
March 4, 1889
(Monday)
|
Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Melville Fuller
,
Chief Justice
|
4392 words
Full text
|
27th
|
March 4, 1893
(Saturday)
|
Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice
|
2015 words
Full text
|
28th
|
March 4, 1897
(Thursday)
|
First inauguration of William McKinley
|
Front of
original Senate Wing
U.S. Capitol
|
Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice
|
3968 words
Full text
|
29th
|
March 4, 1901
(Monday)
|
Second inauguration of William McKinley
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice
|
2218 words
Full text
|
?
|
September 14, 1901
(Saturday)
|
First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
(Extraordinary inauguration)
|
Ansley Wilcox Home
,
Buffalo, New York
|
John R. Hazel
,
Judge,
U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York
|
?
|
30th
|
March 4, 1905
(Saturday)
|
Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice
|
984 words
Full text
|
31st
|
March 4, 1909
(Thursday)
|
Inauguration of William Howard Taft
|
Senate Chamber,
U.S. Capitol
|
Melville Fuller,
Chief Justice
|
5434 words
Full text
|
32nd
|
March 4, 1913
(Tuesday)
|
First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Edward D. White
,
Chief Justice
|
1704 words
Full text
|
33rd
|
March 5, 1917
[b]
(Monday)
|
Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Edward D. White
Chief Justice
|
1526 words
Full text
|
34th
|
March 4, 1921
(Friday)
|
Inauguration of Warren G. Harding
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Edward D. White
Chief Justice
|
3329 words
Full text
|
?
|
August 3, 1923
[f]
(Friday)
|
First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
(Extraordinary inauguration)
|
Coolidge Homestead
,
Plymouth Notch
,
Vermont
|
John Calvin Coolidge
Vermont
justice of the peace
|
?
|
35th
|
March 4, 1925
(Wednesday)
|
Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
William H. Taft
Chief Justice
|
4055 words
Full text
|
36th
|
March 4, 1929
(Monday)
|
Inauguration of Herbert Hoover
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
William H. Taft
Chief Justice
|
3672 words
Full text
|
37th
|
March 4, 1933
(Saturday)
|
First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice
|
1880 words
Full text
|
38th
|
January 20, 1937
(Wednesday)
|
Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice
|
1800 words
Full text
|
39th
|
January 20, 1941
(Monday)
|
Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Charles E. Hughes
Chief Justice
|
1359 words
Full text
|
40th
|
January 20, 1945
(Saturday)
|
Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
|
South Portico,
White House
|
Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice
|
559 words
Full text
|
?
|
April 12, 1945
(Thursday)
|
First inauguration of Harry S. Truman
(Extraordinary inauguration)
|
Cabinet Room
,
White House
|
Harlan F. Stone
Chief Justice
|
?
|
41st
|
January 20, 1949
(Thursday)
|
Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice
|
2273 words
Full text
|
42nd
|
January 20, 1953
(Tuesday)
|
First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Fred M. Vinson
Chief Justice
|
2459 words
Full text
|
43rd
|
January 21, 1957
[g]
(Monday)
|
Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Earl Warren
Chief Justice
|
1658 words
Full text
|
44th
|
January 20, 1961
(Friday)
|
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Earl Warren
Chief Justice
|
1366 words
Full text
|
?
|
November 22, 1963
(Friday)
|
First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
(Extraordinary inauguration)
|
Air Force One
,
Dallas Love Field
,
Dallas
,
Texas
|
Sarah T. Hughes
Judge,
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas
|
?
|
45th
|
January 20, 1965
(Wednesday)
|
Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Earl Warren
Chief Justice
|
1507 words
Full text
|
46th
|
January 20, 1969
(Monday)
|
First inauguration of Richard Nixon
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Earl Warren
Chief Justice
|
2128 words
Full text
|
47th
|
January 20, 1973
(Saturday)
|
Second inauguration of Richard Nixon
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Warren E. Burger
Chief Justice
|
1803 words
Full text
|
?
|
August 9, 1974
(Friday)
|
Inauguration of Gerald Ford
(Extraordinary inauguration)
|
East Room
,
White House
|
Warren E. Burger
Chief Justice
|
850 words
Full text
|
48th
|
January 20, 1977
(Thursday)
|
Inauguration of Jimmy Carter
|
East Portico,
U.S. Capitol
|
Warren E. Burger
Chief Justice
|
1229 words
Full text
|
49th
|
January 20, 1981
(Tuesday)
|
First inauguration of Ronald Reagan
|
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
|
Warren E. Burger
Chief Justice
|
2427 words
Full text
|
50th
|
January 21, 1985
[g]
(Monday)
|
Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan
|
Rotunda
,
U.S. Capitol
|
Warren E. Burger
Chief Justice
|
2561 words
Full text
|
51st
|
January 20, 1989
(Friday)
|
Inauguration of George H. W. Bush
|
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
|
William Rehnquist
Chief Justice
|
2320 words
Full text
|
52nd
|
January 20, 1993
(Wednesday)
|
First inauguration of Bill Clinton
|
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
|
William Rehnquist
Chief Justice
|
1598 words
Full text
|
53rd
|
January 20, 1997
(Monday)
|
Second inauguration of Bill Clinton
|
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
|
William Rehnquist
Chief Justice
|
2155 words
Full text
|
54th
|
January 20, 2001
(Saturday)
|
First inauguration of George W. Bush
|
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
|
William Rehnquist
Chief Justice
|
1592 words
Full text
|
55th
|
January 20, 2005
(Thursday)
|
Second inauguration of George W. Bush
|
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
|
William Rehnquist
Chief Justice
|
2071 words
Full text
|
56th
|
January 20, 2009
(Tuesday)
|
First inauguration of Barack Obama
|
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
|
John Roberts
Chief Justice
|
2395 words
Full text
|
57th
|
January 21, 2013
[g]
(Monday)
|
Second inauguration of Barack Obama
|
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
|
John Roberts
Chief Justice
|
2096 words
Full text
|
58th
|
January 20, 2017
(Friday)
|
Inauguration of Donald Trump
|
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
|
John Roberts
Chief Justice
|
1433 words
Full text
|
59th
|
January 20, 2021
(Wednesday)
|
Inauguration of Joe Biden
|
West Front,
U.S. Capitol
|
John Roberts
Chief Justice
|
2514 words
Full text
|
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Events (inaugurations) sort alphabetically by president's last name.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Term began Sunday, March 4.
- ^
Term began when President Harrison died on April 4.
- ^
Term began when President Taylor died on July 9.
- ^
Term began when President Garfield died on September 19.
- ^
Term began when President Harding died on August 2.
- ^
a
b
c
Term began Sunday, January 20.
Graphical timeline of U.S. presidents
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Williams, Brenna Williams (January 16, 2017).
"Presidents change, Inauguration Day stays the same"
. CNN
. Retrieved
January 29,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
"David Rice Atchison: (Not) President for a Day: March 4, 1849"
. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, United States Senate
. Retrieved
June 20,
2018
.
- ^
Feerick, John D.; Freund, Paul A. (1965).
From Failing Hands: the Story of Presidential Succession
. New York City: Fordham University Press. pp. 100?101.
LCCN
65-14917
.
- ^
a
b
"Federal, state, and local holidays"
. US Department of Commerce. Archived from
the original
on January 26, 2016
. Retrieved
January 20,
2017
.
- ^
"Exhibit: President George Washington's inaugural address"
. National Archives and Records Administration. August 17, 1998
. Retrieved
January 22,
2009
.
George Washington's first inauguration took place at Federal Hall in New York City [...] George Washington's first inaugural address, April 30, 1789
- ^
"The 8th Presidential Inauguration: James Monroe, March 4, 1817"
. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Archived from
the original
on August 9, 2020
. Retrieved
July 18,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
"Inauguration of the President and Vice President of the United States of America"
(PDF)
.
washingtonpost.com
. January 20, 2005
. Retrieved
November 21,
2020
.
- ^
"U.S. Presidential Inaugurations: William Howard Taft (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)"
.
www.loc.gov
. Retrieved
April 8,
2017
.
- ^
"The President's Swearing-in Ceremony"
. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
. Retrieved
January 18,
2017
.
- ^
Pihl, Anton (January 20, 2017).
"What's With The Flags Behind The President?"
. Retrieved
November 21,
2020
.
- ^
"PIC records"
. National Archives. August 15, 2016.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Inaugural Address"
. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
. Retrieved
January 23,
2017
.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
public domain
.
- ^
"JTF-NCR About Us"
. Archived from
the original
on December 7, 2016
. Retrieved
January 27,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Terri Bimes, ed. Michael A. Genovese,
Encyclopedia of the American Presidency
, p 262-63.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Naylor, Brian.
"Trump Won't Attend Inauguration; Congress Pushes Ahead With Capitol Ceremony"
. NPR
. Retrieved
January 8,
2021
.
- ^
Shafer, Ronald G. (January 18, 2017).
"How William Henry Harrison Invented the Inaugural Parade"
.
washingtonpost.com
. Retrieved
January 9,
2021
.
- ^
Hall, Brett (January 20, 2017).
"Taking the Presidential Oath: A Look Back at President Harding's Inauguration 96 Years Ago"
.
hardinghome.org
. Retrieved
January 9,
2021
.
- ^
"June 14, 1922 Harding becomes first president to be heard on the radio"
.
This Day in History
. A&E Television Networks
. Retrieved
January 31,
2017
.
- ^
Wallace, Tim; Parlapiano, Alicia (January 22, 2017).
"Crowd Scientists Say Women's March in Washington Had 3 Times More People Than Trump's Inauguration"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
January 22,
2017
.
- ^
"Nielsen: 31 million viewers saw Trump's swearing-in"
.
Washington Post
. January 21, 2017. Archived from
the original
on January 30, 2017
. Retrieved
January 27,
2017
.
- ^
Edkins, Brett (January 24, 2017).
"Record 6.8 Million Watched Trump's Inauguration On Twitter's Live Stream"
.
Forbes
. Retrieved
January 25,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
"Inauguration at the U.S. Capitol"
. Architect of the Capitol
. Retrieved
January 22,
2017
.
- ^
5 U.S.C.
§ 3331
- ^
"Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present: A Look at the History Behind the Pomp and Circumstance"
. 2002-2009-fpc.state.gov. Archived from
the original
on February 22, 2013
. Retrieved
November 7,
2012
.
- ^
Documentary History of the First Federal Congress
, Vol. 15, pages 404?405
- ^
"The New Administration: President Arthur Formally Inaugurated"
.
The New York Times
. September 22, 1881.
- ^
Glenn D. Kittler,
Hail to the Chief!: The Inauguration Days of our Presidents
, 1965, page 167
- ^
Porter H. Dale, The Calvin Coolidge Inauguration Revisited: An Eyewitness Account by Congressman Porter H. Dale, republished in Vermont History magazine, 1994, Volume 62, pages 214-222
- ^
"U.S. Presidential Inaugurations: John Quincy Adams"
.
Web guides
. Library of Congress
. Retrieved
January 29,
2017
.
- ^
"U.S. Presidential Inaugurations: Theodore Roosevelt"
.
Web guides
. Library of Congress
. Retrieved
January 29,
2017
.
- ^
"U.S. Presidential Inaugurations: Franklin Pierce"
.
Web guides
. Library of Congress
. Retrieved
January 22,
2024
.
- ^
Glass, Andrew J. (February 26, 1967).
"Catholic Church Missal, Not Bible, Used by Johnson for Oath at Dallas"
(PDF)
.
The Washington Post
. Retrieved
June 15,
2014
.
- ^
Usborne, Simon (November 16, 2013).
"The LBJ missal: Why a prayer book given to John F Kennedy was used to swear in the 36th US President"
.
The Independent
. Retrieved
June 15,
2014
.
- ^
"President-elect Barack Obama to be Sworn in Using Lincoln's Bible"
. Presidential Inaugural Committee. December 23, 2008. Archived from
the original
on January 19, 2009.
- ^
Mettler, Katie (January 18, 2017).
"The symbolism of Trump's two inaugural Bible choices, from Lincoln to his mother"
.
The Washington Post
. Retrieved
January 29,
2017
.
- ^
Schumaker, Erin (January 20, 2021).
"The significance of the Bible Joe Biden is using on Inauguration Day"
.
abcnews.go.com
. Retrieved
January 21,
2021
.
- ^
"Presidential Inauguration 2017"
.
United States Marine Corps
. Retrieved
January 27,
2017
.
- ^
"Gerald R. Ford's Remarks on Taking the Oath of Office as President"
. Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from
the original
on November 10, 2008
. Retrieved
November 18,
2008
.
- ^
"Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present: A Look at the History Behind the Pomp and Circumstance"
.
- ^
Newdow.
"Appendix D: Inaugural Clergy"
(PDF)
.
- ^
"Morning Worship Service"
.
- ^
"Washington National Cathedral: Presidential Inaugural Prayer Services"
. Washington National Cathedral. Archived from
the original
on January 20, 2009
. Retrieved
January 16,
2009
.
- ^
Michael E. Ruane (December 17, 2008).
"Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry"
.
Washington Post
. Retrieved
January 15,
2009
.
- ^
Tuten, Nancy Lewis; Zubizarreta, John (2001).
The Robert Frost Encyclopedia.
Greenwood Publishing Group,
ISBN
9780313294648
- ^
Kelloway, Kate. (January 24, 1993). "Poet for the New America,"
The Observer
.
- ^
Rosenthal, Harry (January 20, 1997).
"Poet Addresses Inaugural Event"
.
The Washington Post
. Retrieved
February 1,
2013
.
- ^
Katharine Q. Seelye (December 21, 2008).
"Poet Chosen for Inauguration Is Aiming for a Work That Transcends the Moment"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
January 15,
2009
.
- ^
Bruce, Mary (January 21, 2013).
"
'One Today': Full Text of Richard Blanco Inaugural Poem"
.
ABC News
. Retrieved
January 22,
2013
.
- ^
Domonoske, Camila (January 20, 2021).
"Poet Amanda Gorman Reads 'The Hill We Climb'
"
.
NPR
. Retrieved
January 20,
2021
.
- ^
a
b
Foley, Thomas (January 25, 1973). "Thousands in Washington Brave Cold to Say Goodbye to Johnson".
Los Angeles Times
. p. A1.
- ^
a
b
"Marine Band Inauguration History"
(PDF)
. Marine Band Public Affairs Office
. Retrieved
January 27,
2017
.
- ^
Bendat, Jim (2012).
Democracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President, 1789-2013
. iUniverse. pp. 106?108.
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978-1-935278-47-4
.
- ^
a
b
Rossman, Sean (January 20, 2017).
"From Washington to Trump: Inauguration firsts"
.
USA Today
. Retrieved
January 27,
2017
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- ^
a
b
"Presidential Inaugurations: Celebrate New Times"
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. Retrieved
January 27,
2017
.
- ^
"1953 Presidential Inauguration"
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on April 1, 2015
. Retrieved
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2017
.
- ^
Hauser (January 19, 2017).
"The Inaugural Parade, and the Presidents Who Walked It"
.
The New York Times
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January 27,
2017
.
- ^
"The 40th Presidential Inauguration Franklin D. Roosevelt January 20, 1945"
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. Retrieved
January 31,
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.
- ^
"Reagan: Peace with mighty defense"
.
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. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. January 22, 1985. p. A1.
- ^
"Inauguration of President Ronald Wilson Reagan, 1985"
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- ^
Knowlton, Brian (January 21, 2009).
"On His First Full Day, Obama Tackles Sobering Challenges"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
January 28,
2009
.
- ^
I The Journal and Letters of Francis Asbury Chap. 18.
- ^
"Presidential Inaugural Committee Announces Inaugural Parade Participant Lineup"
. Retrieved
January 12,
2017
.
- ^
MacNeil, Neil.
The President's medal, 1789?1977
. New York: Published in association with the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, by C. N. Potter, 1977.
- ^
a
b
Levine, H. Joseph.
"History of the Official Inaugural Medal"
. Lori Ferber Collectibles
. Retrieved
January 27,
2017
.
- ^
Levine, H. Joseph.
Collectors Guide to Presidential Medals and Memorabilia
. Danbury, Conn.: Johnson & Jensen, 1981.
- ^
"Gerald R. Ford Presidential Inaugural Medal"
.
Smithsonian American Art Museum
.
- ^
Peters, Gerhard (ed.).
"Inaugural Addresses (including length in words) Washington ? Trump"
. University of California, Santa Barbara: The American Presidency Project
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States
. Bartleby.com. 1989.
ISBN
1-58734-025-9
.
- Bendat, Jim (2008).
Democracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President 1789?2009
. New York: iUniverse Star.
ISBN
9781583484661
.
External links
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