Laboratories owned by the United States Department of Energy
The
United States Department of Energy National Laboratories and Technology Centers
is a system of
laboratories
overseen by the
United States Department of Energy
(DOE) for scientific and technological
research
. The primary mission of the DOE national laboratories is to conduct
research and development
(R&D) addressing national priorities:
energy and climate
, the environment,
national security
, and
health
.
[1]
Sixteen of the seventeen DOE national laboratories are
federally funded research and development centers
administered, managed, operated and staffed by
private-sector
organizations under management and operating (M&O) contracts with the DOE.
[2]
The National Laboratory system was established in the wake of World War II, during which the United States had quickly set-up and pursued advanced scientific research in the sprawling
Manhattan Project
.
The laboratories and their research mission
[
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]
The DOE is the nation's largest sponsor of research in the physical sciences and engineering, and is second to the Department of Defense in supporting computer sciences and mathematics.
[3]
Most of that research is performed by the national laboratories.
[4]
Although the national laboratories form an integrated system, each of them has its individual mission, capabilities, and structure.
The chart shows the nature of the research done at each laboratory.
- Each multipurpose science laboratory possesses a number of core capabilities and facilities that enable a wide range of multidisciplinary research.
- Each of the single program science laboratories focuses its research on fundamental research in a particular field of physical science.
- Three multipurpose security labs principally support the nuclear security mission, while also using their capabilities to perform a wide range of research.
- Each of the three energy technology labs focuses its research on a particular sector of energy technologies.
- One multipurpose environmental laboratory focuses on the research supporting the DOE's environmental management work.
All 17 of the laboratories are listed below, along with the location, establishment date, and the organization that currently operates each.
Name
|
Location & Establishment date
|
Operating organization
|
Number of employees/ Annual budget (FY2021)
|
Office of Science
|
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
(LBNL)
|
Berkeley, California
, 1931
|
University of California
(since 1931)
|
3,395
US$
1,051,000,000
|
Argonne National Laboratory
(ANL)
|
DuPage County, Illinois
, 1941 (Argonne was named the first National Laboratory in 1946)
|
UChicago Argonne, LLC
|
3,532
US$
1,100,000,000
|
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(ORNL)
|
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
, 1943
|
UT?Battelle
(since April 2000)
[5]
|
4,368
US$
2,130,000,000
|
Ames National Laboratory
|
Ames, Iowa
, 1947
|
Iowa State University
(since 1947)
|
310
US$
58,000,000
|
Brookhaven National Laboratory
(BNL)
|
Upton, New York
, 1947
|
Brookhaven Science Associates (since 1998)
[6]
|
2,989
US$
572,000,000
|
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
(PPPL)
|
Princeton, New Jersey
, 1951
|
Princeton University
(since 1951)
|
414
US$
83,000,000
|
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
|
Menlo Park, California
, 1962
|
Stanford University
(since 1962)
|
1,684
US$
434,000,000
|
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
(PNNL)
|
Richland, Washington
, 1965
|
Battelle Memorial Institute
(since 1965)
|
4,100
US$
727,000,000
|
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
(FNAL)
|
Batavia, Illinois
, 1967
|
Fermi Research Alliance (since 2007)
[7]
|
1,757
US$
596,000,000
|
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
(TJNAF)
|
Newport News, Virginia
, 1984
|
Jefferson Science Associates, LLC (since 2006)
|
759
US$
135,000,000
|
National Nuclear Security Administration
|
Los Alamos National Laboratory
(LANL)
|
Los Alamos, New Mexico
, 1943
|
Triad National Security, LLC (Since 2018)
[8]
|
14,150
US$
3,648,000,000
|
Sandia National Laboratories
(SNL)
|
Albuquerque, New Mexico
, 1948
|
Honeywell International
(since 2017)
[9]
|
13,400
US$
2,813,000,000
|
Livermore, California
, 1956
|
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
(LLNL)
|
Livermore, California
, 1952
|
Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (since 2007)
[10]
|
8,000
US$
2,217,000,000
|
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
|
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL)
|
Golden, Colorado
, 1977
|
Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (since 2008)
[11]
|
2685
US$
393,000,000
|
Office of Environmental Management
|
Savannah River National Laboratory
(SRNL)
|
Aiken, South Carolina
, 1952
|
Battelle Savannah River Alliance (Since 2021)
[12]
|
900
US$
400,000,000
[13]
|
Office of Fossil Energy & Carbon Management
|
National Energy Technology Laboratory
(NETL)
|
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
, 1910
|
Department of Energy
|
1,400
US$
681,000,000
|
Morgantown, West Virginia
, 1946
|
Albany, Oregon
, 2005
|
Office of Nuclear Energy
|
Idaho National Laboratory
(INL)
|
Idaho Falls, Idaho
, 1949
|
Battelle Memorial Institute
(since 2005)
[14]
|
5,700
US$
1,818,000,000
|
National Scientific User Facilities
[
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]
The DOE Office of Science operates an extensive network of 28 national scientific user facilities.
[15]
A total of over 30,000 scientific users from universities, national laboratories, and technology companies use these facilities to advance their research and development. The staff of experts at each facility who build and operate the associated instruments and work with visiting scientists to mount experiments with them. This access and support is provided without charge to qualified scientific groups, with priority based on recommendations by expert review panels. All six research offices support scientific user facilities at national laboratories.
History
[
edit
]
The system of national laboratories started with the massive scientific endeavors of
World War II
, in which several new technologies, especially the
atomic bomb
, proved decisive for the
Allied
victory. Though the United States government had begun seriously investing in scientific research for national security in
World War I
, it was only in this wartime period that significant resources were committed to scientific problems, under the auspices first of the
National Defense Research Committee
, and later the
Office of Scientific Research and Development
, organized and administered by
Vannevar Bush
.
During the Second World War, centralized sites such as the
Radiation Laboratory
at
MIT
and
Ernest O. Lawrence
's
laboratory
at
Berkeley
and the
Metallurgical Laboratory
at the University of Chicago allowed for a large number of expert scientists to collaborate towards defined goals as never before, and with government resources of unprecedented scale at their disposal.
In the course of the war, the Allied nuclear effort, the
Manhattan Project
, created several secret sites for the purpose of bomb research and material development, including a laboratory in the mountains of
New Mexico
directed by
Robert Oppenheimer
(
Los Alamos
), and sites at
Hanford, Washington
and
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
. Hanford and Oak Ridge were administered by private companies, and Los Alamos was administered by a public university (the
University of California
). Additional success was had at the
University of Chicago
in
reactor
research, leading to the creation of
Argonne National Laboratory
outside Chicago, and at other academic institutions spread across the country.
After the war and its scientific successes, the newly created
Atomic Energy Commission
took over the future of the wartime laboratories, extending their lives indefinitely (they were originally thought of as temporary creations). Funding and infrastructure were secured to sponsor other "national laboratories" for both classified and basic research, especially in
physics
, with each national laboratory centered around one or many expensive machines (such as
particle accelerators
or
nuclear reactors
).
Most national laboratories maintained staffs of local researchers as well as allowing for visiting researchers to use their equipment, though priority to local or visiting researchers often varied from lab to lab. With their centralization of resources (both monetary and intellectual), the national labs serve as an exemplar for
Big Science
.
The national laboratory system, administered first by the Atomic Energy Commission, then the
Energy Research and Development Administration
, and currently the
Department of Energy
, is one of the largest (if not the largest) scientific research systems in the world. The DOE provides about a third of the total national funding for
physics
,
chemistry
,
materials science
, and other areas of the
physical sciences
.
[49]
In popular culture
[
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]
References
[
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]
- ^
"National Laboratories"
.
U.S. Department of Energy
. Retrieved
February 11,
2023
.
- ^
The
National Energy Technology Laboratory
is the only laboratory which is government owned ? government operated (GOGO), or managed directly by the DOE. The others are government owned ? contractor operated (GOCO).
- ^
"Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 2020?21"
.
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (National Science Foundation)
. Retrieved
February 11,
2023
.
- ^
"The State of the DOE National Laboratories (2020 edition)"
(PDF)
.
U.S. Department of Energy
. Retrieved
February 11,
2023
.
- ^
Previous management and operations (M&O) contractors for ORNL were founding
University of Chicago
and the
U.S. Army
;
Monsanto
(ca. 1945?1947),
Union Carbide
(1947?1984),
Martin Marietta
(1984?1995), and
Lockheed Martin
(1995?2000)
"Swords to Plowshares: A Short History of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1943-1993)"
. 2012-10-17. Archived from
the original
on 2012-10-17
. Retrieved
2019-05-03
.
"ORNL Review: Sixty Years of Great Science"
(PDF)
. p. 21.
- ^
Associated Universities, Incorporated managed Brookhaven from 1947 to 1998
- ^
University Research Associates managed Fermilab from 1967 to 2007.
- ^
Previous M&O contractors for LANL were the University of California (1943-2007) and Los Alamos National Laboratory, LLC (2007-2018). See more details at
"Los Alamos National Laboratory"
.
University of California Office of the President
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
- ^
The Z Division of LANL was established as a separate laboratory, Sandia, in 1948. Previous M&O contractors for SNL were the University of California (1948-1949), AT&T Corporation (1949-1993), and Lockheed Martin (1993-2017). See more details at
"A Bold Heritage"
.
Sandia National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
- ^
The University of California managed LLNL from 1952 to 2007. See more details at
"Livermore National Laboratory"
.
University of California Office of the President
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
- ^
The Midwestern Research Institute and MRI Global managed NREL from 1977 to 2008. See more details at
"History National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"
(PDF)
.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
- ^
The Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC managed SRNL from 2008 to 2021.
- ^
"About Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL)"
(PDF)
.
- ^
Bechtel
managed INL before 2005.
- ^
"User Facilities"
.
US Department of Energy Office of Science
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
"User Facilities at a Glance"
.
US Department of Energy Office of Science
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
- ^
The Advanced Scientific Computing Research program provides support for four user facilities, three high-performance computing centers and a high-volume research network.
"ASCR User Facilities"
.
US Department of Energy Office of Science
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
- ^
The DOE operates 5 of the top 20 HPC systems in the
Top 500
ratings of supercomputers, including the top ranked system.
"Top500 November 2022 list"
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
- ^
"Argonne Leadership Computing Facility"
.
Argonne National Laboratory
.
- ^
"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center"
.
NERSC.gov
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
- ^
"Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility"
.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
- ^
"About ESnet"
.
Energy Sciences Network
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
"ESnet launches next generation network to enhance collaborative science"
.
Energy Sciences Network
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
- ^
The Biological and Environmental Research program provides support for three user facilities.
"BER User Facilities"
.
US Department of Energy Office of Science
. Retrieved
February 20,
2023
.
- ^
"ARM Research Facility"
. Retrieved
February 20,
2023
.
- ^
"Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory"
.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 20,
2023
.
- ^
"DOE Joint Genome Institute"
.
Berkeley Lab
. Retrieved
February 20,
2023
.
- ^
The Basic Energy Science program provides support for twelve user facilities, principally for the study of chemistry and materials: five x-ray light sources, five nanoscale research centers, and two neutron scattering centers.
"BES User Facilities"
.
US Department of Energy Office of Science
. Retrieved
February 14,
2023
.
- ^
"X-Ray Light Sources"
.
US Department of Energy Office of Science
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
"The Advanced Light Source"
.
Berkeley Lab
. Retrieved
February 15,
2023
.
"ALS-U overview"
.
Berkeley Lab
.
- ^
"The Advanced Photon Source"
.
Argonne National Laboratory
.
"About the APS Upgrade"
.
Argonne National Laboratory
.
- ^
"National Synchrotron Light Source II"
.
Brookhaven National Laboratory
.
- ^
"Linear Coherent Light Source"
.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
.
"LCLS-II, A World-Class Discovery Machine"
.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
.
- ^
"About the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource"
.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
.
- ^
"Nanoscale Science Research Centers"
.
US Department of Energy Office of Science
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
"The Center for Functional Nanomaterials"
.
Brookhaven National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
"The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies"
.
Los Alamos National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
"The Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies"
.
Sandia National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
"The Center for Nanoscale Materials"
.
Argonne National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
"The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences"
.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
"The Molecular Foundry"
.
Berkeley Lab
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
"Neutron Scattering Facilities"
.
US Department of Energy Office of Science
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
"The High Flux Isotope Reactor"
.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
"The Spallation Neutron Source"
.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
The Fusion Energy Sciences program provides support for two user facilities.
"FES User Facilities"
.
US Department of Energy Office of Science
. Retrieved
February 20,
2023
.
- ^
"DIII-D national fusion facility"
.
General Atomics
. Retrieved
February 20,
2023
.
- ^
"National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade"
.
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 20,
2023
.
- ^
The High Energy Physics program provides support for three user facilities, one multi-stage accelerator complex supporting a broad physics program, and two accelerator test facilities.
"HEP User Facilities"
.
US Department of Energy Office of Science
. Retrieved
February 24,
2023
.
- ^
"Fermilab"
. Retrieved
February 24,
2023
.
- ^
"Accelerator Test Facility"
.
Brookhaven National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 24,
2023
.
- ^
"FACET-II Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests"
.
SLAC National Laboratory
. Retrieved
February 24,
2023
.
- ^
"Federal obligations for research in physical sciences, by agency and detailed field: FY 2019"
(PDF)
. National Science Foundation - National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics
. Retrieved
27 December
2021
.
3,197,261.8 kUSD out of a total of 9,816,132.9 kUSD is provided by the DOE. The fraction was higher (~40%) in FY 2016 (
[1]
).
- ^
"What
Stranger Things
didn't get quite so right about the Energy Department"
.
U.S. Department of Energy
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
Brumfiel, Geoff (June 17, 2003).
"Real Experiment Stars in Hulk Movie"
.
Science Magazine
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
- ^
"The Advanced Light Source"
.
Lightsources.org
. Retrieved
February 19,
2023
.
Further reading
[
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]
External links
[
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]