Rebel organisation operating in state of Assam, India
United Liberation Front of Assam
|
---|
|
Leaders
| Paresh Baruah
,
Arabinda Rajkhowa
(
POW
),
Pradip Gogoi
(
POW
),
Anup Chetia
(
POW
),
Raju Baruah
(
POW
),
Sashadhar Choudhury
(
POW
),
Chitraban Hazarika
(
POW
),
Mithinga Daimary
(
POW
),
Bolin Das
(
POW
),
Pranati Deka
(
POW
)
|
---|
Dates of operation
| 7 April 1979 ? 29 December 2023(44 years)[Ulfa-pro truce faction]
7 April 1979 ? present (45 years) [Ulfa-I]
|
---|
Split to
| United Liberation Front of Asom ? Independent (ULFA-I)
United Liberation Front of Asom (Pro-truce faction)
|
---|
Allegiance
| United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia
|
---|
Group(s)
| Political Wing
Sanjukta Mukti Fouj (Armed Wing)
|
---|
Motives
| Establishment of an independent
Assam
|
---|
Headquarters
| Myanmar
and
China
|
---|
Active regions
| Assam
,
India
|
---|
Ideology
| Assamese nationalism
[1]
Socialism
[2]
|
---|
Status
| Active(ULFA-I)
Surrendered (ULFA-pro truce faction)
|
---|
Size
| 200(2024)
|
---|
Opponents
| Government of India
,
Government of Assam
|
---|
Battles and wars
| Insurgency in Northeast India
|
---|
Designated as a terrorist group
by
|
India
|
---|
The
United Liberation Front of Assam
(
ULFA
) is an armed militant organisation operating in the
Northeast Indian
state of
Assam
.
[3]
[4]
[5]
It seeks to establish an independent sovereign nation state of Assam for the indigenous Assamese people through an armed struggle in the
Assam conflict
. The
Government of India
banned the organisation in 1990 citing it as a terrorist organisation,
[6]
while the
United States Department of State
lists it under "other groups of concern".
[7]
According to ULFA (Assamese militant) sources, it was founded on 7 April 1979
[3]
[8]
at
Rang Ghar
and began operations in 1990.
Sunil Nath
, former Central Publicity Secretary and spokesman of ULFA has stated that the organisation established ties with the
Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland
in 1983 and with the
Burma
based
Kachin Independent Army
in 1987. Military operations against the ULFA by the
Indian Army
began in 1990 and continue into the present. On 5 December 2009, the chairman and the deputy commander-in-chief of ULFA was taken into Indian custody.
[9]
In 2011, there was a major crackdown on the ULFA in
Bangladesh
, which greatly assisted the government of
India
in bringing ULFA leaders to talks. In January 2010, ULFA softened its stance and dropped demands for independence as a condition for talks with the Government of India.
[10]
On 3 September 2011, a tripartite agreement for "Suspension of Operations" agreement was signed by the Indian government, the Assam government and the ULFA.
[11]
History
[
edit
]
The ULFA was founded on 7 April 1979 in
Sivasagar
, Assam by a group of young men that included
Paresh Baruah
,
Arabinda Rajkhowa
,
Anup Chetia
, Bhupen Borgohain, Pradip Gogoi, Bhadreshwar Gohain and Budheswar Gogoi. The organisation's purpose was to engage in an armed struggle to form a separate independent state of Assam.
[
citation needed
]
During its heyday in the late 80s and 90s, it enjoyed popularity among many of the indigenous Assamese people of the
Brahmaputra valley
. The majority of the supporters felt that a powerful organization was necessary to get the voice of a peripheral region heard in the corridors of power in
Lutyen's Delhi
. But gradually, the organisation's emphasis on extortion and smuggling of weapons in the name of furthering the 'revolution' led to mindless violence throughout the state. It witnessed a period marked by growing disillusionment and anger amid supporters. In their bloody conflict with the security forces, many innocent civilians were killed and several thousand were permanently maimed. It is estimated that more than 10 thousand local youths perished during that turbulent period.
[
by whom?
]
In the process, owing to the twin factors of increasing operations by the security forces and dwindling support among its core sympathisers, ULFA's importance in Assam has been declined drastically.
[12]
Recruiting for the front did not begin until 1983. Soon after it finished recruitment in 1984, it began to seek out training and arms procurement from other groups such as the
Kachin Independence Army
(KIA) and the Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN). In 1986 it launched a fundraising "campaign" across India by way of extortion. It then began to set up camps in
Tinsukia
and
Dibrugarh
but was soon declared a terrorist organization by the government on 7 November, under the
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
.
In less than a decade of its formation, the ULFA emerged as one of the most powerful and violent insurgent outfit in
Southeast Asia
, largely because of the immense popularity it enjoyed during the first decade of its struggle as well as its economic power which in turn helped it in bolstering its military capabilities. In the early 1990s, ULFA launched an aggressive campaign with victims such as security forces, political opponents, and blasting rail links. In July 1991 the front captured and held 14 people for ransom, included in the abductees was an engineer and a national of the Soviet Union. From the 1990s on the ULFA have continued to carry out attacks.
[13]
Till the late 2000s, it maintained a number of camps in Bangladesh, where members are trained and sheltered away from Indian security forces. In April 2004, Bangladesh police and Coast Guard intercepted massive amounts of illegal arms and ammunition, at
Chittagong
, being loaded into 10 trucks and intended for ULFA. A total of 50 were charged with arms smuggling and arms offenses, including former high-level Bangladesh political appointees including
Bangladesh National Party
ministers and National Security Intelligence military officers, as well as prominent businessmen, and
Paresh Baruah
, military wing chief of ULFA who was then living in
Dhaka
.
[14]
He fled the country. Trials were still underway in Chittagong in 2012 under tight security.
[14]
They had also maintained camps in
Bhutan
, which were
destroyed
by the
Royal Bhutan Army
aided by the
Special Frontier Force
in December 2003. These camps housed combatants and non-combatant families of ULFA members.
ULFA maintained close relationships with other separatist organisations like
NDFB
,
KLO
and
NSCN (Khaplang)
.
In 2008, News Services reported citing Indian police and intelligence officials reported ULFA's commander-in-chief Paresh Baruah had taken refuge in
Yunnan
Province of China, along
China-Myanmar border
, due to continuous defeat of his Organization. The report also stated that a small batch of militants had also taken refuge along with him. Paresh Baruah had previously visited China in the 1980s. In December 2003, China spurned ULFA's chairman Arabinda Rajkhowa appeal to provide safe passage to the rebels from Bhutan.
[15]
Secret killings of Militants family members
[
edit
]
During the government of
AGP
leader
Prafulla Kumar Mahanta
, as a part of his government's counter-insurgency strategy, unidentified gunmen had assassinated a number of family members of ULFA leaders. With the fall of this government following elections in 2001, the secret killings stopped. Dinesh Barua, the elder brother of
Paresh Barua
, was taken from his house at night by unidentified Assamese men, Later his body was found lying near a cremation center in
Chabua
. ULFA's self-styled Publicity Secretary, Mithinga Daimary, also had his five family members killed during this period.
Government investigations into the killings culminated in the report of the "Saikia Commission", presented to the Assam Assembly on 15 November 2007. The report describes how the killings were organised by
Prafulla Mahanta
, then the Assam Home Minister. They were executed by the police. The gunmen were former members of ULFA who had surrendered to the government. They approached their targets at home, at night, knocking on the door and speaking in
Assamese
to allay suspicion. When the victims answered the door, they were shot or kidnapped to be shot elsewhere.
[16]
Organizational structure
[
edit
]
During the 1990s and 2000s, the total strength of ULFA was stated to be around 3,000, while various other sources put the figure ranging from 4,000 to 6,000. A military wing of the ULFA, the
Sanjukta Mukti Fouj
(SMF) was formed on 16 March 1996.
SMF had formed three full-fledged so-called battalions: the 7th, 28th, and the 709th. While remaining battalions exist only on paper at best they have the strengths of a company or so. Their allocated spheres of operation are as follows:
Command Structure
[
edit
]
Name
|
Self-Styled Designation
|
Current Status
|
Paresh Baruah
|
Commander-in-Chief
|
On Run, Sentenced to death by Bangladesh court.
[17]
[18]
|
Heerak Jyoti Mahanta
|
First Deputy Commander-in-Chief
|
Captured and killed on 31 December 1991.
|
Raju Baruah
|
Deputy Commander-in-Chief
|
Captured, Released on bail
|
Arabinda Rajkhowa
|
Chairman
|
Captured, Released on bail
|
Pradip Gogoi
|
Vice-chairman
|
Captured, Released on bail
|
Anup Chetia
|
General secretary
|
Deported to India from Bangladesh, Currently in Indian custody.
[19]
|
Uddipta Hazarika
|
First publicity secretary
|
Lynched by mob in 1989
|
Mithinga Daimary
|
Publicity Secretary
|
Captured, Released on bail
|
Chitraban Hazarika
|
Finance Secretary
|
Captured, Released on bail
|
Pranati Deka
|
Cultural Secretary
|
Captured, Released on bail
|
Sashadhar Choudhury
|
Foreign Secretary
|
Captured, Released on bail
|
Enigma Force
[
edit
]
Military unit
Enigma Force
or
Enigma Group
was an exclusive and near autonomous striking group of the ULFA.
[20]
[21]
It is known to a few top leaders of the outfit
[20]
and the cadres were isolated from the others.
[20]
[22]
It was designed for
hit and run
type of operations.
[20]
It was headed by the
Raju Baruah
.
[21]
[22]
Activities
[
edit
]
Assassinations
[
edit
]
On 29 July 1990, the
Superintendent of Police
(SP) of the
Dibrugarh district
Daulat Singh Negi (IPS) and his PSO and driver were killed by an ambush in Lahoal of Dibrugarh district by the ULFA.
[23]
Some of the major assassinations by ULFA include that of Surendra Paul in May 1990, the brother of businessman Lord
Swraj Paul
, that precipitated a situation leading to the sacking of the
Government of Assam
under
Prafulla Kumar Mahanta
and the beginning of
Operation Bajrang
.
On the ULFA's Army Day on 16 March 2003, an IED explosion under a bus on National Highway No. 7 killed six civilians and wounded approximately 55 others.
[13]
In 1991 a Russian engineer, and national of the
Soviet Union
was kidnapped along with others and killed. In 1997,
Sanjay Ghose
, a social activist and a relative of a high ranking Indian diplomat, was kidnapped and killed. The highest government officer assassinated by the group was local
Asom Gana Parishad
minister
Nagen Sarma
in 2000. An unsuccessful assassination attempt was made on AGP Chief Minister
Prafulla Kumar Mahanta
in 1997. A
mass grave
, discovered at a destroyed ULFA camp in Lakhipathar forest, showed evidence of executions committed by ULFA.
In 2003, the ULFA was accused of killing labourers from
Bihar
in response to an alleged molestation of a
Mizo
girl in a train passing through
Bihar
. This incident sparked off
anti-Bihari sentiment
in
Assam
and ULFA saw it as an opportunity to regain its lost ground. The ULFA killed civilians of
Bihari
origin and other outsiders of mainland India.
In 2003, during a Railways Recruitment Board Examination for Group (D) posts conducted by
Northeast Frontier Railway zone
a wing of
Indian Railways
, a good number of candidates from
Bihar
and other states were beaten up and stopped from taking the exam by some elements who were seeking 100 percent
reservations
for unemployed indigenous Assamese people in the said test.
In resentment, conflicts arose with train passengers from North Eastern Indians states passing through some of the stations like
Katihar
,
Jamalpur
,
Kishanganj
in
Bihar
.
During that period ULFA was already losing its popularity and ground across many pockets in Assam where it had strongholds. However, ULFA took this situation as an opportunity to fan an opposition against '
India
' among people in Assam. They started killing
Hindi
-speaking people mostly having origin in
Bihar
in the State.
On 15 August 2004, an explosion occurred in
Dhemaji District
of Assam in which 13 people died, mainly women and school children. This explosion was carried out by ULFA. The ULFA has obliquely accepted responsibility for the blast.
[24]
This appears to be the first instance of ULFA admitting to public killings with an incendiary device.
In January 2007, the ULFA once again struck in Assam killing approximately 62 Hindi-speaking migrant workers mostly from Bihar.
[25]
ULFA notoriety as a directionless and unpopular organisation increased, as the bomb blast victims also included several indigenous Assamese people.
The Central Government made a tough response, forcing a dreaded group of ULFA -
28 Battalion
to unilaterally bow down and seek asylum from the government. This particular one-sided ceasefire broke the backbone of ULFA.
On 15 March 2007, ULFA triggered a blast in
Guwahati
, injuring six persons as it celebrated its 'army day'.
Economic subversion
[
edit
]
The ULFA has claimed responsibility for bombings of economic targets like
crude oil
pipelines
,
freight
trains and government buildings, including 7 August 2005 attack on oil pipelines in Assam.
[26]
ULFA carried out a bombing and destruction of a five million-liter petrol reservoir at Digboi refinery in Tinsukia, with an estimated property loss of Rs 200million. On the same day they also damaged a gas pipeline in the oil district of Tinsukia.
[13]
Recruitment
[
edit
]
In the initial years of the ULFA movement (when it used to enjoy widespread public support in both urban and rural areas of Assam among the indigenous Assamese people), cadres were recruited from rural areas as well as from many towns in Lower Assam, Northern and Upper Assam and middle Assam districts. One of the most popular ULFA leader of all time, the late
Heerak Jyoti Mahanta
hailed from a place which is just a few kilometres from Guwahati. However, with the educated Assamese urban middle class becoming increasingly sceptical of ULFA's method of functioning, the ULFA targeted the remote villages and the predominantly backward areas of predominantly marginalised indigenous communities for recruitment. According to intelligence sources, the Paresh Baruah faction of the Ulfa, which have been continuously raising its voice against the ongoing peace process being initiated by the Arabinda Rajkhowa faction, is engaged in a massive recruitment drive in the rural areas of Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Sivasagar, Lakhimpur and Nalbari districts of Assam. The Ulfa also has strong following among the
Naga people
in Assam.
[27]
Political activities
[
edit
]
After 1985 and before it was banned in 1990, ULFA was credited in the media with many public activities. It has continued a public discourse of sorts through the local media (newspapers), occasionally publishing its position on political issues centred around the nationality question. It has participated in public debates with public figures from Assam. During the last two local elections, the ULFA had called for
boycotts
. Media reports suggest that it used its forces to intimidate activists and supporters of the then-ruling parties (
Congress
and AGP respectively).
Extortion
[
edit
]
The ULFA is credited with some
bank robberies
during its initial stages. Now it is widely reported to
extort
businessmen, bureaucrats and politicians for collecting funds. In 1997, the
Chief Minister of Assam
accused
Tata Tea
of paying the medical bills of the ULFA cultural secretary
Pranati Deka
at a
Mumbai
hospital.
Other criminal activities
[
edit
]
The ULFA is involved in other organised criminal activities such as
drug trafficking
.
[28]
Peace Negotiations and Surrenders
[
edit
]
Beginning in 1990, the
Government of India
has attempted to wean away members of the ULFA. This occurred due to the death of the ULFA's deputy
Commander in chief
Heerak Jyoti Mahanta
on 31 December 1991. He had opposed surrenders, but they began after his death. The group has been meeting more local opposition as residents are tired of the violence and disruption, and some energy has gone out of the movement.
[
citation needed
]
In 1992 a large section of second-rung leaders and members surrendered to government authorities. These former members were allowed to retain their
weapons
to defend against their former colleagues; they were offered
bank loans
without any liabilities to help them re-integrate into society. This loose group, now called SULFA, has become an important element in the armed politics and business of
Assam
.
[
citation needed
]
The total number of ULFA militants to have laid down arms has gone up to 8,718. 4,993 cadres surrendered between 1991 and 1998. 3,435 surrendered between 1998 and 2005, when a new policy to deal with the ULFA was unveiled.
[29]
On 24 January 2012, one of northeast India's biggest surrender ceremonies took place in Assam's main city of Guwahati, when a total of 676 militants laid down their weapons.
[30]
In 2020, 1,675 militants of ULFA(I) and allied militant groups surrendered.
[31]
In 2003, ULFA had put forward a set of three preconditions for talks and negotiations with the Indian government. Thought government had rejected these preconditions. The preconditions were:
- The talks should be held in a third country.
- The talks should be held under
United Nations
supervision.
- The agenda of the talks should include the independence of Assam.
Despite dropping the first two key preconditions in 2004 and expressing readiness for talks, the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) faced an Indian government unwilling to negotiate on sovereignty. However, progress emerged when ULFA formed the "
People's Consultative Group" (PCG)
in September 2005, aiming to pave the way for negotiations. The government welcomed this initiative. Following sustained army operations in
Dibru-Saikhowa National Park
, ULFA suffered significant losses in leadership, personnel, and infrastructure, prompting their return to the negotiating table in 2005. According to
The Times of India
, initial talks occurred at Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's residence in December 2005. Three rounds of peace talks with the 11-member PCG, led by Assamese writer
Indira Goswami
, resulted in a temporary truce in August 2006. However, the truce collapsed by September 23rd due to ULFA's resumption of violent activities against civilians, primarily targeting tea estates and oil pipelines. They also violated the ceasefire by attacking army columns.
[32]
On 24 June 2008, some leaders and cadres of the A and C companies of ULFA declared unilateral ceasefire at a press meet held at Amarpur in Tinsukia district. They declared the ceasefire to pressure the
top brass
of ULFA to sit on negotiation table with the Government of India. But the top brass of ULFA expelled the leaders of 28 Battalion led by
Mrinal Hazarika
and Jiten Dutta (who had managed to escape from the cordon of Indian Army in Dibru Saikhowa National Park). The group later renamed as ULFA (Pro-talk).
Lt
Bijoy Chinese
alias Bijoy Das, Commander of 28th Battalion also surrendered to state authorities in 2013.
[33]
Between 2009 and 2018, entire leadership of ULFA was either Captured or surrendered to the government thus leading to disbanding of the all ULFA battalions, besides only part of 27th battalion renamed as Kapili Gut remained. Currently, there are no commanders other than Paresh Baruah. All the others have been downgraded to staff and workers.
[
citation needed
]
As per the leaders of the insurgent group, the crackdown against Indian insurgent groups by the
Awami league government
in
Bangladesh
pushed them towards joining peace talks with the Indian government in 2011.
[34]
In December 2023, a peace accord was signed by the
Indian Central government
, the
Assam government
and the pro-talks faction of ULFA, led by
Arabinda Rajkhowa
.
[35]
[36]
This resulted in the disbandment of ULFA, the vacating of all designated camps, and the surrender of 8,200 cadres. The accord carried a Rs 1.5 lakh crore financial package, which includes setting up of an
IIM
and an
IISER
, new railway and national highways in the state.
Paresh Barua
, leader of the anti-talks faction of the ULFA, termed the tripartite peace agreement signed with the pro-talks faction of the outfit as 'shameful' and was unwilling to come to the negotiating table unless the issue of 'Assam's sovereignty' is discussed.
[37]
The ULFA(I) faction who is not part of the peace deal, which has around 200 members are still active in their camps in
Myanmar
[38]
Links to China
[
edit
]
The leftover faction of ULFA has allegedly been using China for shelter following expulsion from both Burma and Bangladesh.
[15]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Kashyap, Aruni (19 May 2010).
"India needs talks for Assam's peace"
.
The Guardian
. London.
Archived
from the original on 28 September 2018
. Retrieved
11 December
2016
.
- ^
Goswami, Sandhya (2020).
Assam politics in post-Congress era 1985 and beyond
. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications. p. 60.
ISBN
978-93-5388-364-5
.
- ^
a
b
"United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam"
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. Retrieved
1 January
2013
.
- ^
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. Retrieved
12 October
2014
.
- ^
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.
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. Archived from
the original
on 28 December 2019
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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. Nia.gov.in. Archived from
the original
on 19 January 2014
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (30 April 2007).
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.
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.
- ^
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.
- ^
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.
Hindustan Times
. 5 December 2009. Archived from
the original
on 17 February 2013
. Retrieved
1 January
2013
.
- ^
"ULFA softens demand on Assam independence"
.
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. 3 January 2011
. Retrieved
3 January
2011
.
- ^
"Tripartite agreement signed with ULFA"
.
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. 3 September 2011
. Retrieved
19 September
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.
- ^
"Ulfa's misplaced sense of aggression against Dalai Lama underscores its eagerness to keep China happy"
.
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. Retrieved
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.
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a
b
c
[1]
[
dead link
]
- ^
a
b
"Ex-Industries Secretary Nurul Amin was informed of the 10-truck arms smuggling: Mobin Hossain"
Archived
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Wayback Machine
,
Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha
(BSS), 28 November 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2013
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a
b
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. Thaindian.com. Archived from
the original
on 17 October 2012
. Retrieved
1 January
2013
.
- ^
"Saikia Commission indicts former Chief Minister Mahanta for 'secret killings'"
,
The Hindu
, 16 November 2007
- ^
IANS (30 January 2014),
ULFA leader Paresh Barua, 13 others sentenced to death by Bangladesh court.
, Chittagong:
NDTV
, retrieved
11 November
2015
- ^
Haroon Habib, Sushanta Talukdar (31 January 2014),
"ULFA's Paresh Barua sentenced to death in Bangladesh"
,
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, Chittagong
, retrieved
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2015
- ^
ULFA leader Anup Chetia deported to India from Bangladesh, PM Modi thanks Hasina.
,
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, 11 November 2015
, retrieved
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a
b
c
d
Menon, Ramesh (23 January 2001).
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.
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.
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b
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.
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.
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. Retrieved
10 December
2009
.
- ^
Gogoi, Dilip (2016).
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. Basingstoke:
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. p. 174.
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.
- ^
[2]
Archived
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. Retrieved
28 December
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.
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"bombing of oil facilities on August 7, 2005"
. News.bbc.co.uk
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.
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,
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,
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.
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.
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. Archived from
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[3]
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.
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.
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.
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.
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M P Nathanael (18 January 2024).
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.
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.
External links
[
edit
]
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Movements
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Separatist organisations
| |
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Political parties
| |
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People
| |
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Controversies
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