Village in Friesland, Netherlands
Tzum
(
Dutch pronunciation:
[ts?m]
,
West Frisian
:
Tsjom
) is a village in
Waadhoeke
municipality in the province of
Friesland
, the
Netherlands
. It had a population of around 1,164 in January 2014.
[3]
Tzum is known for its 72 metre tall church tower.
Etymology
[
edit
]
The origin of the name
Tzum
, which used to have different spellings, is not entirely certain. The oldest form is probably
Kimminge
; perhaps this was the name of the rift that flowed north of and along the
salt marsh wall
at Tzum. This name has been changed over time to
Chzimingen
(1222),
Shyommengum
(1275) and
Zimminghum
(1335). The last two show the corruption of the probable
Kimmingeheem
, which arose when the
toponymic
suffix
-heem
was added by the many tribes that invaded Friesland. It might also mean "settlement of Tsjumme" (a personal name).
[4]
Kim
could also stand for 'edge' and Tzum was indeed on the edge of the then mainland. The corrupted spellings of Kimmingeheem were gradually merged into
Kingum
, which was subsequently changed by
Danish
influences to
Tsjumgum
,
Tsjomgum
or
Ztumgum
(1408). This name is known from written sources from the
late Middle Ages
. Eventually the suffix
-gum
disappeared completely.
[5]
[6]
History
[
edit
]
Before Christ
[
edit
]
Tzum is a
terp
(artificial living hill) village from the beginning of
our era
.
[7]
The development history of Tzum is believed to have begun around 600 B.C., when the first inhabitants settled where Tzum is now located.
[5]
Around that time, there was a
salt marsh wall
in the north of the present village area of Tzum, on which, in addition to Tzum, the hamlets of
Holprijp
and Tallum were created as well. This salt marsh wall was also the coastline, because the
Wadden Sea
lay directly north of it. East of Tzum, the salt marsh wall was interrupted by a southward flowing
tidal creek
, which we assume was called
Laak
by the residents.
[5]
The hamlet of Laakwerd owes its name to this (
laak
= 'valley' and
werd
= 'mound').
Roman Empire
[
edit
]
The
Roman military occupation
of the village area of Tzum did not last long, but trade contracts between the
Romans
and northern Friesland continued for more than two centuries. An example of this is the hamlet of
Tolsum's writing board
, found not far from Tzum, about a negotiation between a slave named Carus and an unknown master.
[8]
In addition, there was a Roman camp southeast of Tzum, on the site of the hamlet of Kampen.
Middle Ages
[
edit
]
After the capture of northwest Friesland by
Frankish
troops in 734, the new rulers tried to convert the inhabitants of Tzum to
Christianity
. Although there was resistance to
Christianization
, there was probably a small church in Tzum around the year 800.
[8]
In the
Middle Ages
, the so-called
rechtsomgang
was used in
Franekeradeel
. This was a system in which there was a panel of eight judges, one of whom held the position of
grietman
. Every year, eight legal
stinsen
, farmers with land, were given the turn to elect judges. For this purpose, Franekeradeel was divided into four
Fiarndelen
(West Frisian for 'fourth parts') of two
eedsgebieden
('oath areas') each, which provided a judge. The turns were also divided within the eedsgebieden. One of these Fiarndelen (with a capital letter) was the
Tzumminga Fiarndel
, but here surprisingly enough these judges were excluded from the grietman's choice. Tzumminga Fiarndel was in turn divided into four fiarndelen (with lower case letters):
[8]
[9]
- Tzumminga fiarndel
: Tzum and the hamlets of
Barrum
and Laakwerd (in the west)
- Faltema fiarndel
: the hamlets of Tallum,
Fatum
and Teetlum (in the east)
- Tritzema fiarndel
: the hamlets of Tritzum, Tolsum and Koum (in the southwest)
- Rijpera fiarndel
: the hamlets of
Holprijp
, Herum and Truurd (in the north)
1500?1800
[
edit
]
In 1516, almost the entire village was burned down by the
Zwarte Hoop
, a group of discarded soldiers of
George of Saxony
. Since Tzum at that time mainly consisted of wooden houses, only some of the houses were preserved. Only residents who could afford a stone house (
stins
) were lucky. Some of these stinsen were Oud-Herema, Hermana and Hottinga.
[10]
The construction of the tower of the
St John's Church
started on 6 June 1548 and was completed on 20 October 1549. During the
Eighty Years' War
, the tower was burned by
Spanish
troops in 1586.
[11]
In 1718 there was a mill near the harbour, probably a
corn mill
. In addition, all farms were now built of stone.
[10]
1800?present
[
edit
]
On 10 October 1816, the municipality of
Tjum
changed into
Franekeradeel
. Nevertheless, Tzum remained the main town of the municipality until 1984 when
Franeker
and
Barradeel
merged with Franekeradeel due to the municipal reorganization, making Franeker the capital.
Tzum was home to 633 people in 1840.
[12]
After the agricultural crisis of 1870, unemployment increased drastically and significantly more construction took place in the village center. Population registers even mention here and there that people were housed in a stable or
pigsty
. The increase in population density also led to epidemics. The
Housing Act of 1901
changed the appalling conditions.
[10]
In 1896, a dairy factory opened in Tzum.
[7]
After the
Second World War
, Tzum developed into a commuter village of
Franeker
.
[7]
Up to 2018, the village was part of the Franekeradeel municipality, until it merged into the municipality of
Waadhoeke
.
[12]
Buildings
[
edit
]
Church
[
edit
]
The
Dutch Reformed
church (
St John's Church
) has a 12th-century nave with a 14th-century choir.
[7]
The tower burnt down in 1547, which damaged the church severely. A new tower was built between 1548 and 1549 which took - according to legend - exactly 12 months, 12 days and 12 hours. The tower measures 72 metres (236 ft) and was the tallest church tower in Friesland until the construction of the
Saint Boniface church in Leeuwarden
.
[13]
Tzum has its own
Protestant
community that holds services in the church on Sundays.
[14]
The legend of the
lyntsjesnijers
[
edit
]
The St John's Church is located on the fairly high and extensive mound, with a tower that stands out for miles around, which at 72 meters is the highest of all village churches in Friesland. The majority of this is due to the 41 meter long
spire
.
According to a local
legend
, the residents of
Oldeboorn
competed with Tzum for the church with the highest tower. The Oldeboorners wanted the highest tower in Friesland, which meant that their tower had to be higher than that of Tzum. As such, two men traveled to Tzum to determine exactly how high that tower was. They climbed the tower and measured its height with a rope. Then they stayed overnight at the local inn. While they slept, the landlady cut off a large piece of the rope. The ultimate result was that the tower of Oldeboorn became lower than the tower of Tzum. The inhabitants of Oldeboorn have since been called
tuorkemjitters
('tower meters') and those of Tzum
lyntsjesnijers
('line cutters').
[15]
School
[
edit
]
Tzum has a
Protestant primary school
, the
Staetlansskoalle
.
However, the village has had several different schools over time. One of these is the monumental school on the corner of Oostelijk Achterom from 1830. In 1870, a newer, more spacious public school was built on the corner of Voorstraat, which remained in use until 1934. In 1866, another (special) school was opened on Westelijk Achterom. This remained in use until 1904 when the 'new' school next to the dairy factory was put into use. This was later demolished again to make way for the current Staetlansskoalle.
Dairy factory
[
edit
]
On the Fabrieksweg, in the west of Tzum, are the remains of an old dairy complex called
Cooperatieve Stoomzuivelfabriek De Eensgezindheid
. This complex was built in 1897, after which it received several extensions. In 1971, the factory was taken over by the cooperative dairy factory
De Goede Wachting
in
Workum
. The complex has been out of use since 1976.
[16]
Windmills
[
edit
]
Nearby Tzum are two
windmills
:
Fatum
and
Teetlum
or
Duivenhok
.
Trivia
[
edit
]
- The literary magazine
Tzum
is named after this village. Since the magazine was published by a Frisian publisher, the editors were looking for a special Frisian place name. When
Sexbierum
dropped out, they chose Tzum by acclamation.
[17]
Notable people
[
edit
]
Gallery
[
edit
]
-
Nij Herema
-
Farm in Tzum
-
Houses in Tzum
-
Wind mill Fatum
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021"
.
Central Bureau of Statistics
. Retrieved
3 April
2022
.
- ^
"Postcodetool for 8804NA"
.
Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland
(in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis
. Retrieved
3 April
2022
.
- ^
Aantal inwoners per buurt/dorp
Archived
2012-08-12 at the
Wayback Machine
- Franekeradeel
- ^
"Tzum - (geografische naam)"
.
Etymologiebank
(in Dutch)
. Retrieved
3 April
2022
.
- ^
a
b
c
Kreger, Henk (2006).
Beeld van Oud Tzum, een beschrijving met illustraties en kaarten van het dorp Tzum vanaf halverwege de negentiende eeuw
(in Dutch). Franeker: Kaldadel. p. 9.
- ^
Gildemacher, Karel F. (2007).
Friese Plaatsnamen, alle steden, dorpen en gehuchten
(in Dutch). Leeuwarden: Friese Pers Boekerij. p. 248.
ISBN
9789033006432
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Ronald Stenvert & Sabine Broekhoven (2000).
"Tzum"
(in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders.
ISBN
90 400 9476 4
. Retrieved
3 April
2022
.
- ^
a
b
c
Kreger 2006, p. 10
- ^
Miedema, H.T.J.
"Typen van terpnamen vooral in de oude kern van Westergo"
.
Naamkunde
(in Dutch).
3?4
(7): 176?177.
- ^
a
b
c
Kreger 2006, p. 5
- ^
"De Johanneskerk te Tzum"
.
Beeldschrift.nl
(in Dutch)
. Retrieved
15 September
2023
.
- ^
a
b
"Tzum"
.
Plaatsengids
(in Dutch)
. Retrieved
3 April
2022
.
- ^
"De toren van Tzum bleef toch de hoogste"
.
Reformatorisch Dagblad via Digibron
(in Dutch). 17 March 1988
. Retrieved
3 April
2022
.
- ^
"Protestantse gemeente Tzum"
.
Protestantse Kerk
. Retrieved
15 September
2023
.
- ^
"Fan tuorkemjitters en lyntsjesnijers"
.
It Nijs
(in Western Frisian). 6 October 2012
. Retrieved
15 September
2023
.
- ^
"Zuivelfabriek Tzum"
.
Zuivelfabrieken Friesland
(in Dutch). 2023
. Retrieved
15 September
2023
.
- ^
"Over Tzum"
.
Tzum
(in Dutch)
. Retrieved
15 September
2023
.
- ^
"Biografisch lexicon voor de geschiedenis van het Nederlands protestantisme"
.
Huygens Institute
(in Dutch). 1998. p. 36
. Retrieved
3 April
2022
.
- ^
Historigraphical Institute (
Shiry? hensan-jo
), University of Tokyo,
"24 November 1644-27 October 1646 (Volume Nine)"
; retrieved 2013-2-6.
External links
[
edit
]
- Media related to
Tzum
at Wikimedia Commons