Historically black university in Tuskegee, Alabama, US
Tuskegee University
|
Former names
| Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers (1881?1891)
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (1891?1937)
Tuskegee Institute (1937?1985)
[1]
|
---|
Motto
| Scientia Principatus Opera
|
---|
Motto in English
| Knowledge, Leadership, Service
|
---|
Type
| Private
historically black
land-grant university
|
---|
Established
| July 4, 1881
; 142 years ago
(
1881-07-04
)
|
---|
Accreditation
| SACS
|
---|
Academic affiliations
| |
---|
Endowment
| $157 million (2021)
[3]
|
---|
President
| Mark Brown
|
---|
Academic staff
| 263 Full-time and 45 Part-time (Spring 2022)
[4]
|
---|
Students
| 2,570 (Fall 2022)
[5]
|
---|
Undergraduates
| 2,100 (Fall 2022)
[5]
|
---|
Postgraduates
| 215 (Fall 2022)
[5]
|
---|
Location
| ,
,
United States
32°25′48.76″N
85°42′27.81″W
/
32.4302111°N 85.7077250°W
/
32.4302111; -85.7077250
|
---|
Campus
| Rural, 5,200 acres (2,100 ha)
|
---|
Newspaper
| The TU Campus Digest
[6]
|
---|
Colors
| Crimson and old gold
[7]
|
---|
Nickname
| Golden Tigers
|
---|
Sporting affiliations
| NCAA Division II
?
SIAC
|
---|
Website
| www
.tuskegee
.edu
|
---|
|
Tuskegee University
(
Tuskegee
or
TU
; formerly known as the
Tuskegee Institute
) is a
private
,
historically black
land-grant university
in
Tuskegee, Alabama
. It was founded on
July 4th
in 1881 by the
Alabama Legislature
.
The campus was designated as the Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site by the
National Park Service
in 1974. The university has been home to a number of important
African American
figures, including founder and first principal/president Booker T. Washington, scientist
George Washington Carver
and
World War II
's
Tuskegee Airmen
.
Tuskegee University offers 43
bachelor's degree
programs, including a five-year accredited professional degree program in
architecture
, 17
master's degree
programs, and five
doctoral degree
programs, including the
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
. Tuskegee is home to nearly 3,000 students from around the U.S. and over 30 countries.
Tuskegee's campus was designed by architect
Robert Robinson Taylor
, the first
African-American
to graduate from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
, in conjunction with
David Williston
, the first professionally trained African-American landscape architect.
[8]
History
[
edit
]
Planning and establishment
[
edit
]
The school was founded on July 4, 1881, as the Tuskegee
Normal School
for Colored Teachers. This was a result of an agreement made during the 1880 elections in Macon County between a former Confederate Colonel, W.F. Foster, who was a candidate for re-election to the Alabama Senate, and a local black Leader,
Lewis Adams
.
[9]
W.F. Foster offered that, if Adams could persuade the black constituents to vote for Foster, then Foster, if elected, would push the state of Alabama to establish a school for black people in the county. The majority of Macon County's population was black, so black constituents had political power. Adams succeeded and Foster followed through with the school.
[10]
The school became a part of the expansion of higher education for
black people
in the former
Confederate states
following the
American Civil War
, with many schools founded by the northern
American Missionary Association
. A teachers' school was the dream of Lewis Adams, a former slave, and George W. Campbell, a banker, merchant, and former slaveholder, who shared a commitment to the education of black people. Despite lacking formal education, Adams could read, write, and speak several languages. He was an experienced
tinsmith
, harness-maker, and
shoemaker
and was a
Prince Hall Freemason
, an acknowledged leader of the
African-American
community in
Macon County, Alabama
.
Adams and Campbell had secured $2,000 from the State of Alabama for teachers' salaries but nothing for land, buildings, or equipment. Adams, Campbell (replacing Thomas Dryer, who died after his appointment), and M. B. Swanson formed Tuskegee's first board of commissioners. Campbell wrote to the
Hampton Institute
in
Virginia
, requesting the recommendation of a teacher for their new school.
Samuel C. Armstrong
, the Hampton
principal
and a former
Union
general, recommended 25-year-old
Booker T. Washington
, an alumnus and teacher at Hampton.
As the newly hired
principal
in Tuskegee, Booker T. Washington began classes for his new school in a rundown church and shanty. The following year (1882), he purchased a former
plantation
of 100 acres in size. In 1973 the Tuskegee Institute, now Tuskegee University, did an oral history interview with Annie Lou "Bama" Miller. In that interview she indicated that her grandmother sold the original 100 acres of land to Booker T. Washington. That oral history interview is located at the Tuskegee University archives. The earliest campus buildings were constructed on that property, usually by students as part of their work-study. By the start of the 20th century, the Tuskegee Institute occupied nearly 2,300 acres.
[11]
Based on his experience at the
Hampton Institute
, Washington intended to train students in skills, morals, and religious life, in addition to academic subjects. Washington urged the teachers he trained "to return to the plantation districts and show the people there how to put new energy and new ideas into farming as well as into the intellectual and moral and religious life of the people."
[12]
Washington's second wife
Olivia A. Davidson
, was instrumental to Tuskegee's success. As assistant principal, she worked with Washington to raise funds from donors in Massachusetts, and within a few months, they had raised enough to purchase a farm and construct a large school building.
[13]
[14]
Gradually, a rural extension program was developed, to take progressive ideas and training to those who could not come to the campus. Tuskegee alumni founded smaller schools and colleges throughout the
South
; they continued to emphasize teacher training.
Booker T. Washington's leadership
[
edit
]
As a young free man after the Civil War, Washington sought a formal education. He worked his way through Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (now Hampton University) and attended college at
Wayland Seminary
in Washington, DC (now Virginia Union University). He returned to Hampton as a teacher.
Hired as principal of the new
normal school
(for the training of teachers) in Tuskegee, Alabama, Booker T. Washington opened his school on July 4, 1881, on the grounds of the
Butler Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
. The following year, he bought the grounds of a former
plantation
, out of which he expanded the institute in the decades that followed.
The school expressed Washington's dedication to the pursuit of self-reliance. In addition to training teachers, he also taught the practical skills needed for his students to succeed at farming or other trades typical of the rural South, where most of them came from. He wanted his students to see labor as practical, but also as beautiful and dignified. As part of their work-study programs, students constructed most of the new buildings. Many students earned all or part of their expenses through the construction, agricultural, and domestic work associated with the campus, as they reared livestock and raised crops, as well as producing other goods.
The continuing expansion of black education took place against a background of increased violence against blacks in the South, after
Democrats
regained power in state governments and imposed white supremacy in society. They instituted legal
racial segregation
and a variety of
Jim Crow
laws, after
disfranchising
most blacks by constitutional amendments and electoral rules from 1890 until 1964. Against this background, Washington's vision, as expressed in his "
Atlanta Compromise
" speech, became controversial and was challenged by new leaders, such as
W.E.B. Du Bois
, who argued that blacks should have opportunities for study in
classical
academic programs, as well as vocational institutes. In the early twentieth century, Du Bois envisioned the rise of "
the Talented Tenth
" to lead African Americans.
Washington gradually attracted notable scholars to Tuskegee, including the botanist
George Washington Carver
, one of the university's most renowned professors.
1881?1900
[
edit
]
Perceived as a spokesman for black "industrial" education, Washington developed a network of wealthy American
philanthropists
who donated to the school, such as
Andrew Carnegie
(funding a library building),
Collis P. Huntington
,
John D. Rockefeller
,
Henry Huttleston Rogers
,
George Eastman
, and
Elizabeth Milbank Anderson
. An early champion of the concept of
matching funds
, Henry H. Rogers was a major anonymous contributor to Tuskegee and dozens of other black schools for more than fifteen years. There is some discussion as to whether his strong support for "industrial" education was fully earnest or at least partly a strategy to attract such large donors, as he thought the idea of an "industrial" college would appeal to them. Publication of the article "Industrial Education of the Negro" in a leading magazine designed for African-American readers is one piece of evidence against this claim.
[16]
Thanks to recruitment efforts on the island and contacts with the U.S. military, Tuskegee had a particularly large population of
Afro-Cuban
students during these years. Following small-scale recruitments prior to the 1898?99 school year, the university quickly gained popularity among ambitious Afro-Cubans. In the first three decades of the school's existence, dozens of Afro-Cubans enrolled at Tuskegee each year, becoming the largest population of foreign students at the school.
[17]
1900?1915
[
edit
]
Washington developed a major relationship with
Julius Rosenwald
, a
self-made man
who rose to the top of
Sears, Roebuck and Company
in
Chicago, Illinois
. He had long been concerned about the lack of educational resources for blacks, especially in the South. After meeting with Washington, Rosenwald agreed to serve on Tuskegee's board of directors. He also worked with Washington to stimulate funding to train teachers' schools such as Tuskegee and Hampton institutes.
Washington was a tireless fundraiser for the institute. In 1905 he kicked off an endowment campaign, raising money all over America in 1906 for the 25th anniversary of the institution. Along with wealthy donors, he gave a lecture at
Carnegie Hall
in New York on January 23, 1906, called the
Tuskegee Institute Silver Anniversary Lecture
, in which Mark Twain spoke.
Beginning with a pilot program in 1912, Rosenwald created model rural schools and stimulated construction of new schools across the South. Tuskegee architects developed the model plans, and some students helped build the schools. Rosenwald created a fund but required communities to raise matching funds, to encourage local collaboration between blacks and whites. Rosenwald and Washington stimulated the construction and operation of more than 5,000 small community schools and supporting resources for the education of blacks throughout the rural
the South
into the 1930s.
Despite his travels and widespread work, Washington continued as principal of Tuskegee. Concerned about the educator's health, Rosenwald encouraged him to slow his pace. In 1915, Washington died at the age of 59, as a result of
high blood pressure
.
[18]
At his death, Tuskegee's endowment exceeded US$1.5 million. He was buried on the campus near the chapel.
Tuskegee, in cooperation with church missionary activity, work to set up industrial training programs in Africa.
[19]
1915?1940
[
edit
]
After Washington's death, he was succeeded as principal by
Robert Russa Moton
for the next 20 years.
[20]
The years after World War I challenged the basis of the Tuskegee Institute. Teaching was still seen as a critical calling, but southern society was changing rapidly. Attracted by the growth of industrial jobs in the North, including the rapid expansion of the Pennsylvania Railroad, suffering job losses because of the
boll weevil
and increasing mechanization of agriculture, and fleeing extra-legal violence, hundreds of thousands of rural blacks moved from the South to Northern and Midwestern industrial cities in the
Great Migration
. A total of 1.5 million moved during this period. In the South, industrialization was occurring in cities such as
Birmingham, Alabama
and other booming areas. The programs at Tuskegee, based on an agricultural economy, had to change. During and after
World War II
, migration to the North continued, with California added as a destination because of its defense industries. A total of 5 million black Southerners moved out of the South from 1940 to 1970.
Tuskegee syphilis experiment
[
edit
]
From 1932 to 1972, Tuskegee Institute collaborated with the United States government in the
Tuskegee syphilis experiment
by which the effects of deliberately untreated
syphilis
were studied. These experiments have become infamous for deceiving study participants, poor African-American men, both by not telling them that they had latent syphilis and by pretending to give them medical care; in fact researchers were only monitoring the progression of the disease. Syphilis is a debilitating disease that can leave its victims with permanent neurological damage and horrifying scars. Penicillin was discovered in 1927 and it was being used to treat human disease by the early 1940s. In 1947 it had become the gold standard in treating syphilis and often only required one intramuscular dose to eliminate the disease. The researchers were well aware of this information and in order to continue their experiments, they chose to withhold the life-saving treatment. The researchers proceeded to actively deter study participants from obtaining penicillin from other physicians. The patients were told that they had "bad blood." This experiment was conducted by the
U.S. Public Health Service
in collaboration with the Tuskegee Institute. This was a direct violation of the
Hippocratic Oath
; however, not a single researcher, nor the Tuskegee University was legally punished. Academic research has shown that the study had long-term, damaging effects on black men's health and contributed to mistrust of medical professionals among black men.
[21]
[22]
World War II
[
edit
]
In 1941, in an effort to train black
aviators
, the
U.S. Army Air Corps
established a training program at Tuskegee Institute, using
Moton Field
, about 4 miles (6.4 km) away from the campus center. The graduates became known as the Tuskegee Airmen. The
Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site
at Moton Field was listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
in 1998. The U.S. Army, Air Force, and Navy have
R.O.T.C.
programs on campus today.
Numerous presidents have visited Tuskegee, including
Franklin D. Roosevelt
.
Eleanor Roosevelt
was also interested in the Institute and its aeronautical school. In 1941 she visited Tuskegee Army Air Field and worked to have African Americans get the chance as pilots in the military. She corresponded with F.D. Patterson, the third president of the Tuskegee Institute, and frequently lent her support to programs.
[23]
Postwar
[
edit
]
The noted architect
Paul Rudolph
was commissioned in 1958 to produce a new campus master plan. In 1960 he was awarded, along with the partnership of John A. Welch and Louis Fry, the commission for a new chapel, perhaps the most significant modern building constructed in Alabama.
The postwar decades were a time of continued expansion for Tuskegee, which added new programs and departments, adding graduate programs in several fields to reflect the rise of professional studies. For example, its School of Veterinary Medicine was added in 1944. Mechanical Engineering was added in 1953, and a four-year program in Architecture in 1957, with a six-year program in 1965.
In 1985, Tuskegee Institute achieved university status and was renamed Tuskegee University.
[9]
In July 2020, philanthropist
MacKenzie Scott
donated $20 million to Tuskegee. Her donation is the largest single gift in Tuskegee's history from a known donor.
[24]
In 2023, Tuskegee received funding from the
National Trust for Historic Preservation
to develop plans for safeguarding the school's historic buildings against climate change.
[25]
In April 2024, Tuskegee received a $20 million gift from an anonymous donor. The major gift will go towards supporting Tuskegee’s
STEM
programs and a variety of campus improvements.
[26]
In May 2024, Mark Brown became the first Tuskegee graduate (Class of 1986) to be appointed president of the institution.
[27]
Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site
[
edit
]
United States historic place
In 1965 Tuskegee University was declared a
National Historic Landmark
for the significance of its academic programs, its role in higher education for African-Americans, and its status in United States history.
[29]
Congress authorized the establishment of the Tuskegee Institute
National Historic Site
in 1974.
The National Historic Site includes Booker T. Washington's home The Oaks and the George Washington Carver Museum. The district historic landmark district includes the entire Tuskegee University campus at the time.
[30]
"Points of special historic interest" noted in the landmark description include:
The
Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site
is at Moton Field, in Tuskegee, Alabama.
[31]
Campus
[
edit
]
Tuskegee University provides Campus Police protection for its students and staff, on and off-campus, which is on-call 24-hours.
[32]
All officers are state certified.
[8]
-
The
Lifting the Veil of Ignorance
statue of Booker T. Washington was designed by sculptor
Charles Keck
and unveiled on April 5, 1922. The statue depicts Dr. Washington lifting the veil of ignorance off his people, who had once been enslaved, by showing them the ways of a better life through education and skills.
-
James Henry Meriwether Henderson Hall is Tuskegee University's new Agricultural Life Science Teaching, Extension and Research Building. Henderson Hall provides labs for teaching introductory courses in animal, plant, soil, and environmental sciences as well as biology and chemistry.
-
Built in 1906 and completely renovated in 2013, Tompkins Hall serves as the primary student dining facility and student center. The building includes a ballroom, an auditorium, a game room, a retail restaurant, and a 24-hour student study with healthy food vending machines. It is home to the offices of the Student Government Association.
-
The Legacy Museum houses: The African collection (contains approximately 900 items), the antiques and miscellaneous items collection and The Lovette W. Harper Collection of African Art. Third Floor exhibition contains "The United States Public Health Service Untreated Syphilis Study in the Negro Male, Macon County, Alabama 1932-1972."
[33]
-
Booker T. Washington is laid to rest in the Tuskegee University Campus Cemetery. Many other notable university people are interred on the Tuskegee campus including: George Washington Carver, Cleveland L. Abbott, William L. Dawson, Luther Hilton Foster (4th president), Frederick D. Patterson (3rd president), many other Washington family members and others.
-
Tuskegee University provides on-campus apartment style living for students in the Commons Apartments located across the campus in three different locations
-
Margaret Murray Washington Hall is home to Office of Admission, University Bookstore and additional dining services for the students
-
"The Avenue" is one of the main pedestrian corridors on campus that is rarely open to vehicular traffic
-
Booker T. Washington Boulevard is the main drive into the campus of Tuskegee University
-
Tuskegee University's campus has a park like setting and features many large green areas
-
College of Veterinary Medicine Williams Bowie Hall
-
Tuskegee football game
-
Main entrance to the campus
-
A scenic campus corridor
-
Interior view of the Tuskegee Chapel
-
Fall at Tuskegee University
-
George Washington Carver Museum
-
The Main Library, Hollis Burke Frissell now known as the Ford Motor Company Library/Learning Resource Center
-
Campus banners
-
Andrew F. Brimmer College of Business and Information Sciences
-
Daniel "Chappie" James Center
-
Daniel "Chappie" James Center -Tuskegee basketball pre-game warm-up
-
Daniel "Chappie" James Center basketball game
-
Tuskegee University campus partial view of the "Valley" and the Kellogg Hotel & Conference Center
-
I-85 exit for Tuskegee University
Kellogg Hotel & Conference Center
[
edit
]
The Kellogg Hotel & Conference Center at the renovated Dorothy Hall (built 1901) was established in 1994 on the campus of Tuskegee University by the
W.K. Kellogg Foundation
. The Kellogg Conference Center offers multimedia meeting rooms, as well as a 300-seat auditorium and a ballroom that accommodates up to 350 guests. Students studying
Hospitality Management
within the
Andrew F. Brimmer
College of Business and Information Science &
Dietetics
students within the Department of Food and Nutrition Science are able to receive hands on experience at the Kellogg Hotel & Conference Center. The Kellogg Hotel & Conference Center is the only center at a historically black university; there are only 11 worldwide. Other Kellogg Conference Centers in the United States are located at:
Michigan State University
,
Gallaudet University
and the
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
(Cal Poly Pomona).
[
citation needed
]
Academics
[
edit
]
The academic programs are organized into five colleges and two schools: (1) The College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences; (2) The College of Arts and Sciences; (3) The Brimmer College of Business and Information Science; (4) The College of Engineering; (5) The College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health; (6), The Taylor School of Architecture and Construction Science; and (7) The School of Education.
Tuskegee houses an undergraduate
honors program
for qualified rising sophomores with at least a cumulative 3.2 GPA.
[34]
Tuskegee University is accredited by the
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges
to award Baccalaureate, Master's, Doctorate, and professional degrees. The following academic programs are accredited by national agencies: Architecture, Business, Education, Engineering, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Social Work, and Veterinary Medicine.
Tuskegee University is the only Historically Black University to offer the
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
(D.V.M.); its School of Veterinary Medicine was established in 1944. The school is fully accredited by the Council on Education of the
American Veterinary Medical Association
(AVMA). About 75% of the nation's African-American veterinarians graduated from Tuskegee's program.
[35]
[36]
Tuskegee University offers several Engineering degree programs all with
ABET
accreditation.
The Aerospace Science Engineering department was established in 1983. Tuskegee University is the first and only
Historically Black University
to offer an accredited B.S. degree in
Aerospace Engineering
. The Mechanical Engineering Department was established in 1954 and the Chemical Engineering Department began in 1977; The Department of Electrical Engineering is the largest of five departments within the College of Engineering. The program is accredited by EAC/
ABET
(Engineering Accreditation Commission/Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology) and the
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
.
The Tuskegee University
Andrew F. Brimmer
College of Business and Information Science is fully accredited by the
Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
(AACSB-International).
The school of Nursing was established as the Tuskegee Institute Training School of Nurses and registered with the Alabama State board of Nursing, September 1892 under the auspices of the
John A. Andrew
Memorial Hospital. In 1948 the university began its baccalaureate program in Nursing; becoming the first nursing program in the state of Alabama. The Nursing department holds full accreditation from the
National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission
and is approved by the Alabama State Board of Nursing.
The
Occupational Therapy
program is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE) of the
American Occupational Therapy Association
. The Clinical Laboratory Science Program is accredited by the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences. (NAACLS)
Tuskegee University began offering certificates in
Architecture
under the Division of Mechanical Industries in 1893. The 4-year curriculum in architecture leading to the Bachelor of Science degree was initiated in 1957 and the professional 6-year program in 1965. The Robert R. Taylor School of Architecture offers two professional programs: Architecture, and Construction Science and Management. The 5-year Bachelor of Architecture program is fully accredited by the
National Architectural Accrediting Board
(NAAB). Graduates of the program are qualified to become registered architects.
In 2019, Tuskegee signed a partnership with the
Ross University School of Medicine
to help redress diversity shortages in the medical field. Qualified Tuskegee students will automatically gain admissions into the medical school with a tuition-free first semester.
[37]
In 2020, Tuskegee established a strategic partnership with the
Cumberland School of Law
that will allow Tuskegee students to receive a bachelor's degree and law degree in six years as opposed to the traditional seven.
[38]
[39]
Rankings
[
edit
]
- U.S. News & World Report
places Tuskegee 3rd out of 79 Historically Black Colleges and Universities in their 2022 rankings.
[40]
- U.S. News & World Report
also rated Tuskegee 20th "Best Regional College in the South" for 2021 out of 134 schools evaluated.
[41]
- Tuskegee is ranked 109th among 614 master's universities (which award a significant number of master's degrees but few or no doctoral degrees) in the U.S. according to the
Washington Monthly
2020 rankings, which rate schools' contribution to the public good as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.
[42]
National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care
[
edit
]
National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care is the nation's first
bioethics
center devoted to engaging the sciences, humanities, law and religious faiths in the exploration of the core moral issues which underlie research and medical treatment of African Americans and other under-served people. The official launching of the Center took place two years after President
Bill Clinton
's apology to the nation, the survivors of the
Syphilis Study
, Tuskegee University, and Tuskegee/
Macon County, Alabama
for the U.S. Public Health Service medical experiment (1932?1972), where 399 poor?and mostly illiterate?African American sharecroppers became part of a study on non-treating and natural history of syphilis.
[43]
The center houses the Bioethics Honors Program available to undergraduate students interested in bioethics.
[44]
Athletics
[
edit
]
Tuskegee is a member of the
National Collegiate Athletic Association
(NCAA)
Division II
and competes within the
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
(SIAC). The university has a total of 10 varsity sports teams, five men's teams called the "Golden Tigers", and five women's teams called the "Tigerettes".
Tuskegee's Men's Basketball won the 2014 SIAC Championship and the 2014 NCAA Division South Region Championship. The Golden Tigers also made it to the Elite Eight during the
2014 NCAA Men's Division II basketball tournament
. Tuskegee's Women's Softball won the 2014 SIAC Championship.
The Tuskegee Department of Athletics sponsors the following sports:
Men's athletic teams
|
Women's athletic teams
|
The Tuskegee University football team has won 29 SIAC championships (the most in SIAC history). As of 2013 the Golden Tigers continue to be the most successful HBCU with 652 wins.
In 2013 Tuskegee opted not to renew its contract to face rival
Alabama State University
(
Division I
FCS) in the
Turkey Day Classic
, the oldest black college football classic in the country. Instead, after going 10?2 the Golden Tigers made their first playoff appearance in school history for the 2013 NCAA Division II Football Championship, for which they had qualified in the past but could not participate due to the Turkey Day Classic. Tuskegee competed against the
University of North Alabama
in the first round of the playoffs, but lost 30?27.
Tuskegee won the 2014 SIAC Football Championship and advanced to the first round of the NCAA Division II football playoffs with a loss of 20?17 to
University of West Georgia
.
Baseball
[
edit
]
The
baseball
program has won thirteen SIAC championships and has produced several professional players, including
big-leaguers
Leon Wagner
,
Ken Howell
,
Alan Mills
and
Roy Lee Jackson
.
Basketball
[
edit
]
Tuskegee won the 2013?14 SIAC Championship and advanced to the 2014 NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament. Tuskegee won the NCAA Division II South Regional Championship by defeating
Delta State University
80?59.
The Golden Tigers fell to No. 1-ranked Metro State (
Metropolitan State University of Denver
), 106?87, in the Elite Eight of the NCAA Division II tournament at Ford Center, in
Evansville, Indiana
.
Track and field
[
edit
]
Track began (Men and Women) at Tuskegee in 1916. The first Tuskegee Relays and Meet was held on May 7, 1927; it was the oldest African American relay meet.
The Tuskegee women's team won the championship of the
Amateur Athletic Union
national senior outdoor meet for all athletes 14 times in 1937?1942 and 1944?1951. The team likewise won the AAU national indoor championship four times in 1941, 1945, 1946 and 1948.
[45]
Tuskegee's
Alice Coachman
was the first African American woman to win an Olympic gold medal in any sport, at the 1948 Olympic Games in London.
Iram Lewis
, a Tuskegee graduate of architecture, is an Olympian relay runner who competed for the Bahamas.
The Marching Crimson Piper Band
[
edit
]
The Marching Crimson Piper Band (MCP) is one of the oldest HBCU marching bands in the nation being founded in 1883. Since its inception, the band has performed at TU athletic events, nationally televised shows, NFL games, the Honda Battle of the Bands, Mardi Gras parades, and many other notable events. MCP is accompanied by the Crimson Piperettes (danceline) and Twirling Divas.
[46]
Notable faculty and staff
[
edit
]
Name
|
Department
|
Notability
|
Reference
|
J. Pius Barbour
|
Theology
(1919?1921)
|
Executive director of the National Baptist Association, editor of the National Baptist Voice, mentor to
Martin Luther King Jr.
|
[47]
|
C. M. Battey
|
Photography
(1916?1927)
|
photographer who made portraits of many black leaders and shot covers for
The Crisis
magazine
|
|
George Ruffin Bridgeforth
|
Agriculture
(1902?1918)
|
director of agricultural operations and instruction at Tuskegee, first Black graduate from the
University of Massachusetts Amherst
(1901), feuded with George Washington Carver at Tuskegee
|
[48]
|
James Nathan Calloway
|
Agriculture
|
Established the Institute's Tuskegee-Togo Cotton Scheme
|
[49]
|
Nathaniel Oglesby Calloway
|
Chemistry
|
1930
Iowa State University
alumni, first African-American to receive PhD
|
|
George Washington Carver
|
|
African American scientist, botanist, educator, and inventor whose studies and teaching revolutionized agriculture in the Southern United States
|
|
Louis Edwin Fry Sr.
|
Architecture
(1935?1940)
|
architect and professor; appointed as the first chair of the architecture department at Tuskegee Institute, a newly formed department
|
[50]
|
P. H. Polk
|
Photography
(1933?1938)
|
photographer who documented working class African Americans, ex-slaves, and black leaders; also served as the institute's official photographer for four decades.
|
|
William Augustus Hazel
|
Architecture
|
Architect, stained glass artist, educator, academic administrator, and civil rights activist
|
[51]
|
G. David Houston
|
|
Professor of English at Howard University
|
|
General Daniel "Chappie" James
|
|
fighter pilot in the U.S. Air Force, who in 1975 became the first African American to reach the rank of four-star General
|
|
Ruth Logan Roberts
|
Physical education
|
Suffragist, YWCA leader on national level, activist for social and women's health issues, and host of a salon in Harlem
|
[52]
|
Lamina Sankoh
|
|
early Sierra Leonean nationalist politician who taught at Tuskegee in the late 1920s
|
|
Robert Robinson Taylor
|
Trades Department
|
first African American graduate of
MIT
, architect for most of the Tuskegee campus buildings and founder of trades programs, served as second in command to Tuskegee's founder and first president, Dr. Booker T. Washington
|
[53]
|
Andrew P. Torrence
|
|
President of
Tennessee State University
(1968-1974); executive vice president and provost of Tuskegee University (1974-1980)
|
[54]
|
Booker T. Washington
|
Appointed President
(1881?1915)
|
first principal of the university
|
[55]
|
Josephine Turpin Washington
|
Mathematics
|
1886
Howard University
alumni, early writer on civil rights topics
|
[56]
|
Deborah Wolfe
|
Education
|
1937
New Jersey City University
alumni, 1938 and 1945
Columbia University
alumni, esteemed educator and minister, Education Chief of the United States House of Representatives Committee on Education and Labor
|
[57]
|
Donald F. White
|
Architecture
(1934?1938)
|
Canadian-born American architect and engineer, of African descent. He was the first Black architect registered in the states of Alabama (in 1935) and Michigan (in 1939).
|
[58]
|
Notable alumni
[
edit
]
Name
|
Class year
|
Notability
|
Reference(s)
|
Chalmers Archer
|
1972
|
author of "Growing Up Black in Mississippi" and "Green Berets in the Vanguard"
|
|
Claude Albert Barnett
|
1906
|
Founder of the
Associated Negro Press
|
[59]
|
Chokwe Antar Lumumba
|
2005
|
53rd mayor of
Jackson, Mississippi
|
[60]
|
Robert Beck
|
|
1970s writer known as
Iceberg Slim
|
|
Bradford Bennett
|
|
Negro League outfielder/second baseman
|
[61]
|
Charles Sumner Bowman
|
1898
|
Architect, educator and director at
Western University
|
[62]
|
Amelia Boynton Robinson
|
1927
|
international civil and human rights activist, the first woman from Alabama to run for United States Congress in 1964 (affectionately known as "Queen Mother Amelia"), best known for her role in the "
Bloody Sunday
" event in
Selma, Alabama
on March 7, 1965
|
|
Albert Grant Brown
|
|
Architect and educator at
West Virginia Colored Institute
(now West Virginia State University)
|
[63]
|
William A. Campbell
|
1937
|
a member of the Tuskegee Airmen who rose to the rank of Colonel
|
|
Charles William Carpenter
|
1909
|
Baptist minister and civil rights activist
|
|
Carl Henry Clerk
|
1925
|
Gold Coast educator, administrator, journalist, editor, Presbyterian minister and fourth Synod Clerk, Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast
|
|
Alice Marie Coachman
|
1942
|
athlete who specialized in high jump, and was the first black woman to win an
Olympic gold medal
|
|
The Commodores
|
|
70s R&B band whose members met while attending Tuskegee
|
|
George Williamson Crawford
|
|
lawyer and city official in New Haven, Connecticut
|
[64]
|
Leon Crenshaw
|
|
former
NFL
player
|
|
General
Oliver W. Dillard
|
|
retired Army major general,
Silver Star
recipient in Korea ? 1950
|
|
Milton C. Davis
|
1971
|
lawyer who researched and advocated for the pardon of Clarence Norris, the last surviving Scottsboro Boy
|
|
Cecile Hoover Edwards
|
B.A. 1946, M.A. 1947
|
Nutritional researcher and government consultant
|
[65]
|
Ralph Ellison
|
|
scholar, author of
Invisible Man
|
|
Chauncey Eskridge
|
1939
|
lawyer for
Martin Luther King Jr.
and
Muhammad Ali
|
[66]
|
Vera King Farris
|
1959
|
President of
Richard Stockton College of New Jersey
from 1983?2003
|
[67]
|
Isaac Fisher
|
1898
|
educator, taught at
Hampton University
and
Fisk University
|
|
Drayton Florence
|
2003
|
NFL defensive back
|
|
Lovett Fort-Whiteman
|
|
political activist and Comintern functionary
|
[68]
|
Manet Harrison Fowler
|
1913
|
singer, founder of Mwalimu School in Harlem, president of Texas Association of Negro Musicians
|
|
Alexander N. Green
|
|
U.S. Representative from
Texas's 9th congressional district
|
|
Winston C. Hackett
|
|
First African-American physician in Arizona
|
[69]
[70]
|
Ken Howell
|
1982
|
former
Major League Baseball
pitcher
|
|
Charlotte Moton Hubbard
|
1931
|
first black woman to serve as a deputy assistant
secretary of state
in the U.S.
|
[71]
|
Marvalene Hughes
|
|
president of
Dillard University
|
|
General Daniel "Chappie" James
|
1942
|
US Air Force Fighter pilot, in 1975 became the first African American to reach the rank of four-star General
|
|
Lonnie Johnson (inventor)
|
|
inventor of the
Super Soaker
, former
NASA
aerospace engineer
|
|
Ken Jordan
|
|
former NFL player
|
|
Tom Joyner
|
1971
|
radio host whose daily program,
The Tom Joyner Morning Show
, was syndicated across the United States and heard by over 10 million radio listeners.
|
|
John A. Lankford
|
|
20th century
architect
|
|
Marion Mann
|
1940
|
former dean of the College of Medicine at
Howard University
and US Army Brigadier General (retired)
|
|
Claude McKay
|
1912
|
Jamaican
writer and poet,
Harlem Renaissance
|
|
Marilyn Mosby
|
2002
|
State's Attorney in Baltimore, MD
|
|
Albert Murray
|
1939
|
literary and jazz critic, novelist, and biographer
|
|
Ray Nagin
|
1978
|
former mayor of
New Orleans, Louisiana
|
|
Dimitri Patterson
|
|
NFL player
|
|
Dr. Ptolemy A. Reid
|
1955
|
Prime Minister of Guyana
(1980?1984)
|
|
Rich Boy
|
|
Rapper
|
|
Lionel Richie
|
1974
|
R&B singer,
Grammy Award
winner
|
[72]
|
Lawrence E. Roberts
|
|
a member of the
Tuskegee Airmen
and a colonel in
The United States Air Force
|
|
John Robinson (aviator)
|
|
early aviator and colonel in the
Imperial Ethiopian Air Force
against Fascist Italy during WWII
|
|
George C. Royal
|
1943
|
microbiologist who is currently professor emeritus at Howard University
|
|
Roderick Royal
|
|
president of the
Birmingham City Council
|
|
Jessica A. Scoffield
|
2002
|
microbiologist and professor at the
University of Alabama at Birmingham
|
[73]
|
Betty Shabazz
|
|
wife of
Malcolm X
|
|
Jake Simmons Jr.
|
1919
|
oil broker and civil rights advocate
|
|
Roscoe Simmons
|
1899
|
columnist for the
Chicago Tribune
|
|
Danielle Spencer
|
|
television actress best known as Dee from the 1970s TV show
What's Happening!!
|
|
McCants Stewart
|
1896
|
lawyer, first African American to practice law in Oregon
|
|
William Townsend
|
1941
|
optometrist, Arkansas state legislator
|
[74]
|
Frank Walker
|
|
NFL
defensive back
|
|
Keenen Ivory Wayans
|
|
actor, comedian, and television producer
|
|
Alfreda Johnson Webb
|
1943
|
First African-American woman in the North Carolina General Assembly (1972)
|
[75]
|
Jack Whitten
|
|
abstract painter
|
|
Dr. David Wilson
|
|
president of
Morgan State University
|
|
Roosevelt Williams (gridiron football)
|
2000
|
former NFL player for the
Chicago Bears
,
Cleveland Browns
,
New York Jets
|
|
Ken Woodard
|
|
former NFL player
|
|
Edward Woolridge
|
|
Negro League infielder
|
[76]
|
Elizabeth Evelyn Wright
|
|
educator and humanitarian, founder of
Voorhees College
|
|
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Tuskegee University is Founded"
.
aaregistry.org
. African American Registry
. Retrieved
December 14,
2022
.
- ^
"NAICU - Membership"
. Archived from
the original
on November 9, 2015.
- ^
https://www.tuskegee.edu/Content/Uploads/Tuskegee/files/IE/TUFactBook22-23.pdf
.
- ^
"College Navigator - Tuskegee University"
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Microsoft Word - Quick Facts 22FA"
(PDF)
.
- ^
"Home"
.
tucampusdigest.com
.
- ^
Visual identity and COmmunications Policies for Tuskegee University
(PDF)
. August 1, 2012. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on April 5, 2015
. Retrieved
September 7,
2016
.
- ^
a
b
"First African-American landscape architect launched career at Cornell"
.
Cornell Chronicle
. Retrieved
January 23,
2019
.
- ^
a
b
"History and Mission | Tuskegee University"
.
- ^
"History and Mission | Tuskegee University"
.
www.tuskegee.edu
. Retrieved
May 31,
2024
.
- ^
Thomas, Grace Powers (1898).
Where to educate, 1898?1899. A guide to the best private schools, higher institutions of learning, etc., in the United States
. Boston: Brown and Company. p. 5
. Retrieved
August 17,
2012
.
- ^
Washington, Booker (1995).
Up From Slavery
. Dover. p.
127
.
ISBN
9780486287386
.
- ^
Soares, Leigh (April 2023). "
"Tuskegee is Her Monument": Gender and Leadership in Early Public Black Colleges".
History of Education Quarterly
.
63
(3): 357?377.
doi
:
10.1017/heq.2023.3
.
S2CID
257891566
.
- ^
"Olivia Davidson Washington." Notable Black American Women. Gale, 1992. Biography In Context. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.
- ^
McGough, Kawana (July 26, 2021).
"Dr. Charlotte P. Morris elected as 9th President of Tuskegee University by Board of Trustees"
. Tuskegee University
. Retrieved
July 26,
2021
.
- ^
"Industrial Education for the Negro"
.
Teaching American History
. Retrieved
November 10,
2020
.
- ^
Guridy, Frank.
Forging Diaspora: Afro-Cubans and African Americans in a World of Empire and Jim Crow.
Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
- ^
Dominguez, Alex (May 6, 2006).
"Booker T. Washington's Death Revisited"
.
Washington Post
. Associated Press.
ISSN
0190-8286
. Retrieved
April 5,
2018
.
- ^
Andrew E. Barnes,
Global Christianity and the Black Atlantic: Tuskegee, Colonialism, and the Shaping of African Industrial Education
(Baylor University Press, 2017).
- ^
"TU Presidents | Tuskegee University"
.
www.tuskegee.edu
. Retrieved
March 5,
2023
.
- ^
"Tuskegee and the Health of Black Men"
(PDF)
.
National Bureau of Economic Research
. Retrieved
November 30,
2019
.
- ^
"The Appalling Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment"
. Today I Found Out. January 2, 2019.
Archived
from the original on December 12, 2021
. Retrieved
July 20,
2019
– via YouTube.
- ^
"The Tuskegee Airmen and Eleanor Roosevelt"
. Archived from
the original
on June 25, 2008
. Retrieved
June 26,
2008
.
- ^
"Tuskegee gifted $20M; largest donation in school history"
. July 28, 2020.
- ^
"$3.8M in Action Fund Grants Help Protect 40 African American Historic Sites"
. National Trust for Historic Preservation. June 13, 2023.
- ^
"Tuskegee University Receives Anonymous $20 Million Gift | Tuskegee University"
.
- ^
"Tuskegee University Names Dr. Mark Brown, Distinguished Alum, as 10th President | Tuskegee University"
.
- ^
"National Register Information System"
.
National Register of Historic Places
.
National Park Service
. January 23, 2007.
- ^
a
b
"Tuskegee Institute"
.
National Historic Landmark summary listing
. National Park Service. Archived from
the original
on February 18, 2008
. Retrieved
October 28,
2007
.
- ^
Horace J. Sheely, Jr. (1965-03-01)
National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings: Tuskegee Institute
, National Park Service and
Accompanying 20 or so photos, undated.
- ^
Scott, David (2004).
Guide to the National Park Areas Eastern States
. Guilford, Conn: Globe Pequot Press. p. 5.
ISBN
0-7627-2988-0
.
OCLC
55075855
.
- ^
"Police"
. Tuskegee University
. Retrieved
August 20,
2022
.
- ^
"Lovette W. Harper Collection of African Art"
.
Encyclopedia of Alabama
. Retrieved
August 20,
2022
.
- ^
"Honors Program ? Tuskegee University"
. Archived from
the original
on April 16, 2016
. Retrieved
April 3,
2016
.
- ^
"Black History Month: Celebrating Diversity ≫ Black History Month ≫ College of Veterinary Medicine ≫ University of Florida"
.
- ^
"Tuskegee University"
.
- ^
"Ross University School of Medicine and Tuskegee partner to address physician diversity in the U.S. | Tuskegee University"
.
www.tuskegee.edu
.
- ^
"Tuskegee University Enters New Partnership with Samford University's Cumberland School of Law | Tuskegee University"
.
- ^
"Cumberland School of Law Partners with Tuskegee University for Accelerated Program"
.
- ^
"Historically Black Colleges and Universities"
.
U.S. News & World Report
. Retrieved
September 26,
2020
.
- ^
"Best Regional Universities South Rankings"
.
U.S. News & World Report
. Retrieved
September 26,
2020
.
- ^
"2020 Master's University Rankings"
.
Washington Monthly
. August 28, 2020
. Retrieved
September 2,
2020
.
- ^
"Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care"
. Archived from
the original
on February 12, 2009
. Retrieved
August 30,
2018
.
- ^
"A Message from the National Bioethics Center for Research in Health Care"
. December 3, 2019.
- ^
Tricard, Louise Mead (1996).
American Women's Track and Field ? A History, 1895 through 1980
. Jefferson, North Carolina, U.S.: McFarland & Co., Inc.
- ^
"Band | Tuskegee University"
.
- ^
"Barbour, Joseph Pius"
.
www.kinginstitute.stanford.edu
. April 25, 2017
. Retrieved
July 11,
2018
.
- ^
McMurry, Linda O. (1981).
George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol
. New York:
Oxford University Press
. pp. 59?161.
ISBN
978-0-19-503205-5
.
- ^
Radcliffe, Kandahl L. (1998).
The Tuskegee-Togo Cotton Scheme, 1900-1909
(PhD). University of California, Los Angeles.
- ^
Wilson, Dreck Spurlock (March 2004). "Louis Edwin Fry Sr. (1903?2000)".
African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945
. Routledge. pp. 217?221.
ISBN
978-1-135-95629-5
.
- ^
Wilson, Dreck Spurlock (March 2004). "William Augustus Hazel".
African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945
. Routledge. pp. 273?278.
ISBN
978-1-135-95629-5
.
- ^
Alexander, Adele Logan.
"Roberts, Ruth Logan"
.
Religion and Community. Facts On File, 1997. African-American History Online
. Retrieved
February 6,
2016
.
Sourced from
Hine, Darlene Clark
;
Thompson, Kathleen
, eds. (1997).
Facts on File encyclopedia of Black women in America
. New York, NY:
Facts on File
.
ISBN
9780816034246
.
OCLC
906768602
.
- ^
Ellen Weiss
,
Robert Robinson Taylor
,
Encyclopedia of Alabama
- ^
"Dr. Andrew Torrence, 3rd TSU President, Dies"
.
The Tennessean
. June 12, 1980. pp. 6, 18 – via
Newspapers.com
.
- ^
"Tuskegee University"
.
tuskegee.edu
. Archived from
the original
on August 20, 2009.
- ^
Penn, Irvine Garland (1891).
The Afro-American Press and Its Editors
. Willey & Company. pp. 393?396.
ISBN
9780598582683
. Retrieved
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.
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Van Hover, Stephanie. (2005).
Deborah Partridge Wolfe: Biography of a Kappa Delta Pi Laureate
. The Educational Forum, V.69. 264-275.
- ^
Wilson, Dreck Spurlock (March 2004). "Donald Frank White (1908?2002)".
African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945
. Routledge. pp. 600?604.
ISBN
978-1-135-95629-5
.
- ^
"Claude A. Barnett Collection of Visual Materials"
.
www.lib.uchicago.edu
. Retrieved
August 21,
2021
.
- ^
"Mayor Chokwe Antar Lumumba"
.
JFP
. Archived from
the original
on October 23, 2017
. Retrieved
September 10,
2022
.
- ^
News-Messenger staff (June 1, 1942).
"Black Yanks Claim Game's Best Infield"
.
The Fremont News-Messenger
. p. 9. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
- ^
Wilson, Dreck Spurlock (March 2004). "Charles Sumner Bowman".
African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945
. Routledge. pp. 68?70.
ISBN
978-1-135-95629-5
.
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Wilson, Dreck Spurlock (December 12, 2003). "Albert Grant Brown".
African-American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945
. Taylor & Francis. pp. 97?100.
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.
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. Archived from
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on December 4, 2010
. Retrieved
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.
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Warren, Wini (1999).
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. Indiana University Press. pp.
88
?92.
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0253336031
.
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"Chuancey Eskridge, 70, close ally of Rev. King"
.
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. Retrieved
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2019
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. pressofAtlanticCity.com. November 29, 2009
. Retrieved
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- ^
Tim Tzouliadis,
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"Arizona Informant"
. Archived from
the original
on September 25, 2017
. Retrieved
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2017
.
- ^
"Color Blind Care"
.
- ^
"Charlotte Hubbard, First Black Woman Deputy Asst. Secretary of State, Dies in Maryland"
.
Jet
. Johnson Publishing Company. January 9, 1995
. Retrieved
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2021
.
- ^
Lacher-Feldman, Jackie.
"Lionel Richie"
.
Encyclopedia of Alabama
. Retrieved
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2022
.
- ^
"UAB Prof. Jessica Scoffield Becomes First Recipient of Notable Fellowship"
.
The Birmingham Times
. June 27, 2019
. Retrieved
June 22,
2020
.
- ^
Besett, Cody (2002).
"Dr. William H. Townsend papers, 1962-2005, UALR.MS.0299"
.
Center for Arkansas History and Culture, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
. Retrieved
December 27,
2023
.
- ^
Hairston, Otis L. Greensboro North Carolina. Arcadia Publishing, 2003.
- ^
Defender staff (April 21, 1928).
"Tuskegee Captain, Edward Woolridge"
.
The Chicago Defender
. p. 8. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Brandon, Dwayne T., Lydia A. Isaac, and Thomas A. LaVeist. "The legacy of Tuskegee and trust in medical care: is Tuskegee responsible for race differences in mistrust of medical care?."
Journal of the National Medical Association
97, no. 7 (2005): 951.
- Tim Brooks
,
Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1890-1919
, 320?327. University of Illinois Press, 2004. Early recordings by the Tuskegee Institute Singers.
- Brown, M. Christopher. "The politics of industrial education: Booker T. Washington and Tuskegee State Normal School, 1880-1915."
The Negro Educational Review
50, no. 3 (1999): 123.
- Buckley, Ingrid A., and Hira Narang. "A Study: Exploring the Feasibility of Developing a Computer Science Online Degree Program at Tuskegee University."
Higher Education Studies
4, no. 3 (2014): 48?57.
- Chandler, Dana R. "Lifting the veil: digitizing Black archives at Tuskegee University."
The Public Historian
40, no. 3 (2018): 232?251.
- Jones, Brian.
The Tuskegee Student Uprising: A History.
Vol. 2. NYU Press, 2022.
- Jones, Brian P.
The Tuskegee Revolt: Student Activism, Black Power, and the Legacy of Booker T. Washington.
City University of New York, 2018.
- Mayes, McKinley. "Status of agricultural research programs at 1890 land-grant institutions and Tuskegee University." In
A Century of Service
, pp. 53?58. Routledge, 2017.
- Sodeke, Stephen Olufemi, and Lauren R. Powell. "Paying tribute to Henrietta lacks at Tuskegee University and at the Virginia Henrietta lacks commission, Richmond, Virginia."
Journal of health care for the poor and underserved
30, no. 4 Suppl (2019): 1.
- Sodeke, Stephen Olufemi. "Tuskegee University experience challenges conventional wisdom: is integrative bioethics practice the new ethics for the public's health?."
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
23, no. 4 0 (2012): 15.
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[
edit
]
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and crew
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Incidents
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Aircraft
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Media
| Fictional films
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Documentaries
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Other
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|
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Legacy
| |
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Other
| |
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Related
| |
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|
|
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International
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National
| |
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Other
| |
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