Ethnic group in Tunisia
Ethnic group
The
Turks in Tunisia
, also known as
Turco-Tunisians
[1]
and
Tunisian Turks
,
[2]
(
Arabic
:
????? ????
;
French
:
Turcs de Tunisie
;
Turkish
:
Tunus Turkleri
) are ethnic
Turks
who constitute one of the minority groups in
Tunisia
.
[3]
In 1534, with about 10,000 Turkish soldiers, the
Ottoman Empire
took control and settled in the region when Tunisia's inhabitants called for help due to fears that the
Spanish
would invade the country.
[4]
Thus, during the Ottoman rule, the Turkish community dominated the political life of the region for centuries; as a result, the ethnic mix of Tunisia changed considerably with the continuous migration of Turks from
Anatolia
, as well as other parts of the Ottoman territories, for over 300 years. In addition, some Turks intermarried with the local population and their male offspring were called "
Kouloughlis
".
[5]
[6]
[7]
Consequently, the terms "Turks" and "Kouloughlis" were used to distinguish between those of full and partial Turkish ancestry.
[8]
Demographics
[
edit
]
Families of
Turkish
origin live mainly near the coastal cities, such as
Tunis
,
Mahdia
,
Hammamet
and the islands (such as
Djerba
), although there are also many living within central Tunisia as well.
[9]
[10]
Culture
[
edit
]
Language
[
edit
]
In 2012 the Tunisian government introduced the
Turkish language
in all
Tunisian secondary schools
.
[11]
Religion
[
edit
]
The
Ottoman
Turks
brought with them the teaching of the
Hanafi School
of
Islam
during the
Ottoman
rule of Tunisia, which still survives among the Turkish-descended families today.
[12]
Traditionally, Turco-Tunisian mosques have octagonal
minarets
.
[12]
Examples of Ottoman-Turkish mosques include:
Notable people
[
edit
]
Ali Bach Hamba
was a co-founder of the
Young Tunisians
.
Mustapha Dinguizli
served as
Prime Minister of Tunisia
.
Afef Jnifen
is a fashion model and actress.
Chafia Rochdi
was a singer and actress.
Yahia Turki
was a painter.
The Turks in Tunisia were traditionally a privileged elite in Tunisia who held positions in the military and the bureaucracy.
[13]
However, by the nineteenth century, marriages with the local population linked the ruling families to indigenous notables. At this time, many Turks also turned to commerce and the crafts, initially in the
Souq el-Trouk
(the Bazaar of the Turks), where a considerable number of merchants of Turkish ancestry emerged. The Turks also entered the corps of artisans.
[13]
The
Ben Romdhan family
, of
Turkish
origin, claim much of the notable Tunisian families of
Mahdia
such as the Hamza, Turki, Gazdagli, Agha, and Snene families.
[14]
Other prominent Tunisian families of Turkish origin include the
Bayrams
[
fr
]
,
Belkhodjas
[
fr
]
, El Materis,
Sfars
[
fr
]
,
Osmans
[
fr
]
, Mamis and the
Slim
[
fr
]
s.
- Ahmed Abdelkefi
, economist
[15]
- Hassan Hosni Abdelwaheb
[
fr
;
ar
]
, historian
- Mahmoud Aslan
, writer
[16]
- Saloua Tarzi Ben Attia
[
fr
]
, politician
- Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki
, founder of the
Husainid Dynasty
[17]
- Mohamed Salah Baratli
, resistant of the French occupation, opponent of President
Bourguiba
, human rights activist
- Ahmed Bayram
[
fr
]
, religious cleric
- M'hammed Bayram
[
fr
]
, religious cleric
- Mohamed Bayram V
[
fr
;
ar
]
, intellectual
- Mohamed Taieb Bayram
[
fr
]
, religious cleric
- Ahmed Belkhodja
[
fr
]
, religious cleric
[18]
- Asma Belkhodja
, pioneer of the Tunisian feminist movement
[19]
- M'hammed Belkhodja
[
fr
;
ar
]
, politician
[20]
- Ali Bach Hamba
, journalist and politician
[21]
- Mohamed Bach Hamba
, writer
[22]
- Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud
, filmmaker
[23]
- Yasemin Besson
, wife of
Eric Besson
[24]
- Hassen Bouhajeb
, doctor
[25]
- Mahmoud Bourguiba
[
fr
;
ar
]
, journalist
- Ahmed Cherif
, doctor
[25]
- Bechir Dinguizli
[
fr
;
ar
]
, doctor
[25]
- Mustapha Dinguizli
, politician
[26]
- Ali Douagi
, literary and cultural icon
[27]
[28]
- Abderrahman Dziri
, medical researcher
[29]
- Mustafa Elkatipzade
, Fenerbahce football manager
- Nazli Fadhel
, pioneer of the Tunisian feminist movement
[30]
- Sadok Ghileb
, politician
[31]
- Fadhila Khetmi
[
fr
;
ar
]
, theatre director
- Afef Jnifen
, model and actress
[32]
- Mohamed Lahbib
, pioneer of theater and television in Tunisia
[33]
- Mahmoud El Materi
, physician and politician
[34]
- Moncef El Materi
, former soldier and businessman
[34]
- Sakher El Materi
, businessman
[34]
- Tahar El Materi
, businessman
[34]
- Habib Osman
[
fr
;
ar
]
, photographer
- Mustapha Osman
[
fr
]
, artist
- Chafia Rochdi
, singer and actress
[35]
[36]
- Hichem Rostom
, actor
[37]
- Mourad Salem
, artist
[38]
- Rachid Sfar
, former prime minister
[39]
- Mongi Slim
, nationalist leader and Minister
[40]
- Mustapha Kamel Tarzi
[
fr
]
, diplomat
- Najiya Thamir
, writer and radio producer
[41]
[42]
- Hedi Turki
, painter
[2]
[43]
- Yahia Turki
, painter
[44]
- Zoubeir Turki
, painter
[45]
- Abdeljelil Zaouche
, Minister of Justice (1936?1943)
[25]
- Sadok Zmerli
[
fr
;
ar
]
, professor
[20]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Hourani & Ruthven 2002
, 129.
- ^
a
b
Today's Zaman.
"Turks in northern Africa yearn for Ottoman ancestors"
. Archived from
the original
on 2011-03-13
. Retrieved
2012-03-18
.
- ^
UNESCO 2009
, 9.
- ^
UNESCO 2009
, 12.
- ^
Tunisia Today.
"Vient de paraitre "Tribus : des origines a la dislocation"
"
. Retrieved
2012-04-18
.
- ^
UNESCO 2009
, 13.
- ^
Milli Gazete.
"Levanten Turkler"
. Archived from
the original
on 2010-02-23
. Retrieved
2012-03-19
.
- ^
Miltoun, Francis (1985),
The spell of Algeria and Tunisia
,
Darf Publishers
, p. 129,
ISBN
1850770603
,
Throughout North Africa, from Oran to Tunis, one encounters everywhere, in the town as in the country, the distinct traits which mark the seven races which make up the native population: the Moors, the Berbers, the Arabs, the Negreos, the Jews, the Turks and the Kouloughlis… descendants of Turks and Arab women.
- ^
Leaders.
"Le Monde Arabe et la Turquie: les premices d'une entente"
. Retrieved
2013-03-29
.
- ^
Delarosbil, Dave (2006),
Mahdia : histoire et societe
(PDF)
, Universite de Montreal, p. 7
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
Benrabah, Mohamed (2013),
Language Conflict in Algeria: From Colonialism to Post-Independence
, Multilingual Matters, p. 186,
ISBN
978-1847699664
- ^
a
b
Jacobs & Morris 2002
, 460.
- ^
a
b
Green 1978
, 47.
- ^
Khouaja 1962
, 89.
- ^
Tunisia Today.
"Ahmed Abdelkefi, la machine a idees!"
. Retrieved
2012-04-18
.
- ^
Dejeux 1984
, 269.
- ^
Brett & Fentress 1997
, 178.
- ^
Smida 1971
, 340.
- ^
Union Nationale de la Femme Tunisienne.
"Asma Belkhodja-Rebai, une pionniere du mouvement feministe tunisien (1930-2011)"
. Archived from
the original
on 2014-02-03
. Retrieved
2013-03-29
.
- ^
a
b
Africa Time.
"Histoire et reperes: Grandes figures tunisiennes"
. Retrieved
2013-04-04
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
Puaux 1954
, 16.
- ^
Derrick 2008
, 52.
- ^
Toute la Tunisie.
"Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud"
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-11-03
. Retrieved
2012-04-17
.
- ^
Hurriyet.
"Umarım yakında butun Arap kadınları Tunuslularla aynı haklara sahip olur"
. Retrieved
2013-03-24
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Ferte & Barrera 2010
, 252.
- ^
Paul Lambert,
Dictionnaire illustre de La Tunisie : choses et gens de Tunisie
, ed. C. Saliba aine, Tunis, 1912, p. 157
- ^
Granara 2010
, 79.
- ^
Toute la Tunisie.
"Ali Douagi"
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-07-17
. Retrieved
2012-04-17
.
- ^
Leaders.
"Abderrahman Dziri"
. Retrieved
2013-03-29
.
- ^
Leaders.
"La princesse Nazli Fadhel en Tunisie: une figure moderniste"
. Retrieved
2013-03-29
.
- ^
Mohamed El Aziz Ben Achour,
Categories de la societe tunisoise dans la deuxieme moitie du XIX
e
siecle
, ed. Institut national d'archeologie et d'art, Tunis, 1989, p. 235
- ^
Sanna, Cristiano (2019).
"[Il ritratto] Afef, le quarte nozze, i milioni e quei veleni da scansare. Il potere riservato di una ribelle"
. Tiscali Spettacoli
. Retrieved
26 September
2019
.
- ^
Africa Time.
"Les pionniers du theatre et de la TV en Tunisie-Mohamed Lahbib : le kawkeb du theatre arabe en Tunisie"
. Retrieved
2013-03-27
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
TelQuel.
"TUNISIE. Ou s'arretera Sakhr El Materi?"
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-05-10
. Retrieved
2013-03-27
.
- ^
Ferchiou 2001
, 305.
- ^
Africa Time.
"Chafia Rochdy : la voix cristalline venue du Sud"
. Retrieved
2013-03-27
.
- ^
Festival Tetouan.
"Hommages 2012: Hichem Rostom , Acteur Tunisien"
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-05-02
. Retrieved
2012-04-18
.
- ^
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.
"Sultans Are No Sultans: Mourad Salem"
. Retrieved
2013-10-13
.
- ^
Rachid Sfar.
"Le LEADERS TAHAR SFAR CO-FONDATEUR AVEC BOURGUIBA DU PARTI TUNISIEN NEO-DESTOUR FUT DE 1925 a 1928 UN ETUDIANT EXCEPTIONNEL"
. Retrieved
2014-06-07
.
- ^
Bidwell 2012
, 388.
- ^
Arab Women Writers.
"Najiya Thamir"
. Retrieved
2012-04-17
.
- ^
Women of Tunisia.
"Tunisian women Yesterday and Today: Nejia Thameur"
. Retrieved
2012-04-17
.
- ^
Toute la Tunisie.
"Hedi Turki"
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-07-27
. Retrieved
2012-04-17
.
- ^
Toute la Tunisie.
"Yahia Ben Mahmoud El Hajjem Turki"
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-07-16
. Retrieved
2012-04-17
.
- ^
Toute la Tunisie.
"Zoubeir Turki"
. Retrieved
2012-04-17
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1982), "The Tunisian state in the eighteenth century",
Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Mediterranee
,
33
: 33?66,
doi
:
10.3406/remmm.1982.1939
- Akar, Metin (1993), "Fas Arapcasında Osmanlı Turkcesinden Alınmı? Kelimeler",
Turkluk Ara?tırmaları Dergisi
,
7
: 91?110
- Bidwell
, Robin (2012),
Dictionary Of Modern Arab History
, Routledge,
ISBN
978-1136162985
.
- Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997),
The Berbers
, Wiley-Blackwell,
ISBN
0631207678
.
- Brunschvig, Robert (1965), "Justice religieuse et justice laique dans la Tunisie des Deys et des Beys: jusqu'au milieu du XIXesiecle",
Studia Islamica
,
23
, Maisonneuve & Larose: 27?70,
doi
:
10.2307/1595254
,
JSTOR
1595254
- Dejeux, Jean (1984),
Dictionnaire des Auteurs Maghrebins de Langue Francaise
, KARTHALA Editions,
ISBN
2865370852
.
- Derrick, Jonathan (2008),
Africa's "Agitators": Militant Anti-colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918-1939
, Columbia University Press,
ISBN
978-0231700566
.
- Ferchiou, Sophie (2001),
Femme, Culture et Creativite en Tunisie
, CREDIF,
ISBN
9973931378
.
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Etudiants de l'exil : Migrations internationales et universites refuges (XVIe-XXe siecle)
, Presses Universitaires du Mirail,
ISBN
978-2810700103
.
- Granara, William (2010), "Ali al-Du'aji (1909-1949)", in Allen, Roger (ed.),
Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 1850-1950
, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
ISBN
978-3447061414
.
- Green, Arnold H. (1978),
The Tunisian Ulama 1873-1915: Social Structure and Response to Ideological Currents
, BRILL,
ISBN
9004056874
.
- Hizmetli, Sabri (1953),
"Osmanlı Yonetimi Doneminde Tunus ve Cezayir'in E?itim ve Kultur Tarihine Genel Bir Bakı?"
(PDF)
,
Ankara Universitesi ?lahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi
,
32
: 1?12
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A History of the Arab Peoples
, Harvard University Press,
ISBN
0674010175
.
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The Rough Guide to Tunisia
, Rough Guides,
ISBN
1858287480
.
- Khouaja, Ahmed (1962),
"La biographie familiale comme source de connaissance historique : Le cas de la famille Ben Romdhan de Mahdia (Sahel tunisien) a l'epoque coloniale et post-colonial"
,
La pensee sauvage
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.
- Ozdemir, Hikmet (1990), "Tunus ve Civarında Ya?ayan Turkcemiz",
Turk Dunyası Ara?tırmaları
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Khereddine: Ministre Reformateur, 1873-1877
, Maison Tunisenne de l'Edition
.
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(PDF)
,
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:
10.3406/polit.1954.2634
- UNESCO (2009),
Diversite culturelle et dialogue interculturel en Tunisie
, Commission nationale tunisienne pour l'education
|
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Traditional areas of
Turkish
settlement
| Turkish majorities:
| |
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Turkish minorities
in the Balkans
:
| |
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Turkish minorities
in the Caucasus:
| |
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Turkish minorities
in the Levant:
| |
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Turkish minorities
in North Africa:
| |
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Other regions
| |
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|
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Diaspora in Africa
| |
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Diaspora in
Europe
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Diaspora in North America
| |
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Diaspora in the Persian Gulf
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Diaspora in Oceania
| |
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Diaspora in South America
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Diaspora in South Asia
| |
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Diaspora in East Asia
| |
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Diaspora in Post-Soviet States
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Turkophobia
| |
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See also
| |
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