Monarch during a period of Russian history
Tsar of
all Russia
|
---|
|
|
Last to Reign
Peter I
7 May 1682 ? 2 November 1721
|
|
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|
|
Style
| His Majesty
|
---|
First monarch
| Ivan IV
|
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Last monarch
| Peter I
|
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Formation
| 16 January 1547
|
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Abolition
| 2 November 1721
|
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Appointer
| Hereditary
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The
Tsar of all Russia
,
[1]
officially the
Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia
,
[a]
[b]
[2]
[3]
[4]
was the title of the
Russian monarch
from 1547 to 1721. During this period, the state was a
tsardom
.
[5]
[6]
The first Russian monarch to be crowned
tsar
was
Ivan IV
, who had held the title of
sovereign and grand prince
.
[7]
[8]
[9]
In 1721,
Peter I
adopted the title of
emperor
and proclaimed the
Russian Empire
.
[10]
The old title
tsar
continued to be popularly used to refer to the emperor.
[11]
[12]
Title
[
edit
]
The full title varied between tsars. The full title of
Alexis
was:
[13]
By the Grace of God
, We, the Great Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince Alexei Mikhailovich, Autocrat of all
Great
,
Little
and
White Russia
,
Moscow
,
Kiev
,
Vladimir
,
Novgorod
, Tsar of
Kazan
, Tsar of
Astrakhan
, Tsar of
Siberia
, Sovereign of
Pskov
and Grand Prince of
Tver
,
Yugorsk
,
Perm
,
Vyatka
,
Bulgar
and others, Sovereign and Grand Prince of
Novgorod of the Lower Land
,
Chernigov
,
Ryazan
,
Rostov
,
Yaroslavl
,
Beloozero
,
Udoria
,
Obdoria
,
Kondia
, and Ruler of all the
Northern Countries
, the Sovereign of the
Iverian Lands
, the
Kartlian and Georgian Tsars
and the
Kabardian
Lands, the
Cherkasy
and
Mountainous
Princes and many other States and Lands of the East and West, and the North from Father and Grandfather, and Heir, and Sovereign, and Possessor.
History
[
edit
]
Following the expansion of his realm and his marriage to
Sophia Palaiologina
, the grand prince
Ivan III
took the title of
sovereign
and claimed inheritance to all the former territories of
Kievan Rus'
, including those under
Lithuanian
control.
[14]
His full title was:
Ivan, by the Grace of God, the Sovereign of all Russia and the Grand Prince of Vladimir, and Moscow, and Novgorod, and Pskov, and Tver, and Yugorsk, and Perm, and Bulgar and others
.
[15]
Ivan III also used the title
tsar
in foreign correspondence and used the title in official documents.
[16]
[17]
In diplomatic correspondence, the Latinized version of his title
gospodar' vseia Rusi
was
dominus totius Russiae
,
and around the same time, the form
Rus
'
in Russian was transformed into
Rus(s)iia
or
Ros(s)iia
.
[14]
Vasily III
, his son and successor, continued to use the title of tsar. On 4 August 1514, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I
sent a letter to Vasily III requesting again an alliance against Poland and Lithuania, where he spoke of the brotherly friendship between them and referred to Vasily as
Kayser
or
imperator
.
[c]
[18]
After 1514, the full title used by Vasily III was:
By the Grace of God, the Tsar and Sovereign of all Russia and the Grand Prince of Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Tver, Yugorsk, Perm, Vyatka and Bulgar, and others, the Sovereign and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Land, and Chernigov, and Ryazan, Volotsk, Rzhev, Belyov, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozero, Udoria, Obdoria and Kondia
.
[15]
At the age of three,
Ivan IV
acceded the throne in 1533, when his father Vasily III died.
[19]
On 16 January 1547, Ivan IV was the first to be
crowned
tsar, at the age of 16; his ceremony drew upon Byzantine precedents deliberately.
[19]
The consent of the
patriarch of Constantinople
to use the title was eventually given.
[20]
[19]
In 1561, the patriarch referred to Ivan IV as "tsar and sovereign of Orthodox Christians of the whole universe", likening him to a Byzantine emperor.
[21]
[19]
In exchange for acceptance of the title of tsar, the papacy hoped to gain recognition of Roman supremacy; one letter written by the
pope
and drafted for delivery in 1550 addressed Ivan IV as
Universorum Ruthenorum imperator
, but Polish obstruction prevented any papal mission from occurring.
[22]
During the reign of
Feodor I
, the establishment of the
patriarchate of Moscow
in 1589 was
Boris Godunov
's biggest contribution to the evolution of the doctrine of "
Moscow, the third Rome
", with the tsar as the emperor of Christians.
[22]
The childless death of Feodor I in 1598 marked the end of the
Rurik dynasty
and the beginning of the
Time of Troubles
, a period of political chaos and foreign intervention.
[22]
[23]
One of the
imposters
to the throne,
False Dmitry I
, laid claim to the title of
imperator
or
tsesar
(tsar),
[d]
which was rejected by his Polish sponsors, who had long resisted the title of tsar.
[22]
Eventually, the
Romanov dynasty
replaced the Rurik dynasty, but the position of the Russian monarch was weakened.
[e]
[22]
In addition,
Michael Romanov
was an elected ruler, giving him a lower status, which meant he had to secure recognition as both the legitimate ruler and tsar.
[22]
Most European powers and princes of the
Holy Roman Empire
eventually recognized Michael, and the emperor accepted
de facto
recognition of Michael, without the title of Majesty.
[22]
A Russian diplomatic initiative to create a coalition against the Ottoman Empire in the 1670s, with the Russian envoy to Rome, Paul Menzies, instructed to only accept documents containing the title "tsar", was unsuccessful, and it was not until 1685 that the papacy would begin addressing the Russian ruler as tsar.
[24]
Negotiations for Russia to join the
Holy League
succeeded after the temporary peace following the
Truce of Andrusovo
was consolidated and upheld by the
Treaty of Perpetual Peace
between Russia and Poland.
[24]
Peter I
realized the need to secure the position of Russia within the European states system, including the importance of securing recognition from the Holy Roman Emperor of the equality of the titles of tsar and emperor.
[24]
Following his victory at the
Battle of Poltava
, Peter I brought up the question of the title of emperor to the Viennese court and the rank of Majesty, mentioning that even the Porte in Constantinople addressed the Russian ruler as Majesty, though this was rejected by Vienna.
[24]
In 1717, Peter I defended his right to use the title of
imperator
, using the letter from Maximilian I to Vasily III to support his claim.
[25]
[24]
Following Russia's victory against Sweden in the
Great Northern War
and the conclusion of the
Treaty of Nystad
in September 1721, the
Governing Senate
and
Synod
urged Peter I to accept the titles of Father of the Fatherland, All-Russian Emperor, and Peter the Great.
[26]
On 2 November [
O.S.
22 October] 1721, Peter I formally adopted the title of
emperor
.
[26]
Vienna initially refused to accept the title, but eventually conceded after the letter was deemed to be genuine.
[24]
List of tsars
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Figes, Orlando (2022).
The story of Russia
. London. p. 57.
ISBN
9781526631763
.
{{
cite book
}}
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- ^
HALPERIN, CHARLES J. (2014).
"Ivan Iv as Autocrat (Samoderzhets)"
.
Cahiers du Monde russe
.
55
(3/4): 197?213.
doi
:
10.4000/monderusse.8000
.
ISSN
1252-6576
.
JSTOR
24567509
.
- ^
"Sobornoe Ulozhenie [Law Code of the Assembly of the Land]"
.
pages.uoregon.edu
.
Archived
from the original on 2022-07-05
. Retrieved
2023-05-23
.
- ^
"Ulozhenie-Preamble"
.
individual.utoronto.ca
.
Archived
from the original on 2023-05-23
. Retrieved
2023-05-23
.
- ^
Bushkovitch, Paul (2021).
Succession to the throne in early modern Russia : the transfer of power 1450-1725
. Cambridge, United Kingdom. p. 110.
ISBN
9781108479349
.
{{
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- ^
Isoaho, Mari (2006).
The Image of Aleksandr Nevskiy in medieval Russia: warrior and saint
. Leiden: Brill. p. 25.
ISBN
9789047409496
.
- ^
Filjushkin, Alexander (2008).
Ivan the Terrible : a military history
. London.
ISBN
9781848325043
.
{{
cite book
}}
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link
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- ^
Payne, Robert (2002).
Ivan the Terrible
(1st Cooper Square Press ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. pp. 24?25.
ISBN
9780815412298
.
- ^
Payne, Robert (2002).
Ivan the Terrible
(1st Cooper Square Press ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. p. 67.
ISBN
9781461661085
.
- ^
Perrie, Maureen; Lieven, D. C. B.; Suny, Ronald Grigor (2006).
The Cambridge history of Russia
. Cambridge. p. 496.
ISBN
9780521815291
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
Harcave, Sidney (2004).
Count Sergei Witte and the twilight of imperial Russia : a biography
. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 41.
ISBN
9781317473756
.
- ^
Feldbrugge, F. J. M. (2017).
A history of Russian law: from ancient times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649
. Leiden. p. 777.
ISBN
9789004352148
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
"1667 г. Именной указ. "О титуле Царском и о Государственной печати"
"
.
garant.ru
.
Archived
from the original on 2023-06-20
. Retrieved
2023-06-20
.
- ^
a
b
Sashalmi, Endre (2022).
Russian notions of power and state in a European perspective, 1462-1725: assessing the significance of Peter's reign
. Boston.
ISBN
9781644694190
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
a
b
Filyushkin, A. (2006).
Титулы русских государей
. Moscow: Альянс-Архео. pp. 199?201.
ISBN
9785988740117
.
- ^
Kort, Michael (2008).
A brief history of Russia
. New York: Facts On File. pp. 26?30.
ISBN
9781438108292
.
- ^
Crummey, Robert O. (2013).
The formation of Muscovy, 1304-1613
. London: Routledge. p. 96.
ISBN
9781317872009
.
- ^
Madariaga, Isabel de (2014).
Politics and culture in eighteenth-century Russia: collected essays
. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 22.
ISBN
9781317881902
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Madariaga, Isabel de (2014).
Politics and culture in eighteenth-century Russia: collected essays
. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 22?23.
ISBN
9781317881902
.
- ^
Angold, Michael (2014).
The Cambridge history of Christianity
(First paperback ed.). New York.
ISBN
978-1107423671
.
{{
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}}
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link
)
- ^
Wortman, Richard (2006).
Scenarios of power: myth and ceremony in Russian monarchy from Peter the Great to the abdication of Nicholas II
(New abridged one-volume paperback ed.). Princeton, New Jersey. p. 11.
ISBN
1400849691
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Madariaga, Isabel de (2014).
Politics and culture in eighteenth-century Russia: collected essays
. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 23?28.
ISBN
9781317881902
.
- ^
Wortman, Richard (2006).
Scenarios of power: myth and ceremony in Russian monarchy from Peter the Great to the abdication of Nicholas II
(New abridged one-volume paperback ed.). Princeton, New Jersey. p. 12.
ISBN
1400849691
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Madariaga, Isabel de (2014).
Politics and culture in eighteenth-century Russia: collected essays
. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 25?32.
ISBN
9781317881902
.
- ^
Massie, Robert K. (1991).
Peter the Great: His Life and World
. Wings Books.
ISBN
978-0-517-06483-2
.
Archived
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. Retrieved
2023-07-11
.
- ^
a
b
Madariaga, Isabel de (2014).
Politics and culture in eighteenth-century Russia: collected essays
. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 15?16.
ISBN
9781317881902
.