World's heaviest bell, cast in 1735
The
Tsar Bell
(
Russian
:
Царь?колокол
;
Tsar'-kolokol
), also known as the
Tsarsky Kolokol
,
Tsar Kolokol III
, or
Royal Bell
, is a 6.14-metre-tall (20.1 ft), 6.6-metre-diameter (22 ft)
bell
on display on the grounds of the
Moscow Kremlin
. The bell was commissioned by
Empress Anna Ivanovna
, niece of
Peter the Great
.
It has never been in working order, suspended, nor rung.
The present bell is sometimes referred to as
Kolokol III
(Bell III), because it is the third generation.
[
citation needed
]
General description
[
edit
]
The Tsar Bell is located between the
Ivan the Great
Bell Tower and the Kremlin Wall. Made of
bell bronze
, the bell cracked during a fire after being completed and has never been rung. The bell is the largest bell in the world,
[1]
weighing 201,924 kilograms (445,166 lb),
[2]
with a height of 6.14 metres (20.1 ft) and diameter of 6.6 metres (22 ft), and thickness of up to 61 centimetres (24 in). The broken piece weighs 11,500 kilograms (25,400 lb).
[Note 1]
The bell is decorated with relief images of
baroque
angels, plants, oval medallions with saints, and nearly life-size images of Empress Anna and Tsar
Alexey
, who was reigning at the time the previous Tsar Bell was cast.
History
[
edit
]
The history of Russian bell founding goes back to the 10th century, but in the medieval
Russian Orthodox Church
, bells were not typically rung to indicate church services, but to announce important ceremonies and celebrations, and as an alarm in case of fire or enemy attack. One of the largest of the early bells was the original Tsar Bell, cast in the 16th century. Completed in 1600, it weighed 18,000 kilograms (40,000 lb) and required 24 men to ring its clapper. Housed in the original wooden
Ivan the Great Bell Tower
in the Moscow Kremlin, it crashed to the ground in a fire in the mid-17th century and was broken to pieces.
[
citation needed
]
The second Tsar Bell was cast in 1655, using the remnants of the former bell, but on a much larger scale. This bell weighed 100,000 kilograms (220,000 lb), but was again destroyed by fire in 1701.
[
citation needed
]
After becoming Empress, Anna ordered that the pieces be cast into a new bell with its weight increased by another hundred tons, and dispatched the son of Field Marshal
Munnich
to
Paris
to solicit technical help from the master craftsmen there. However, a bell of such size was unprecedented, and Munnich was not taken seriously. In 1733, the job was assigned to local
foundry
masters,
Ivan Motorin
and his son Mikhail, based on their experience in casting a
bronze
cannon.
[
citation needed
]
A pit 10 metres (33 ft) deep was dug (near the location of the present bell), with a clay form, and walls reinforced with
rammed earth
to withstand the pressure of the molten metal. Obtaining the necessary metals proved a challenge, for in addition to the parts of the old bell, an additional 525 kilograms (1,157 lb) of
silver
and 72 kilograms (159 lb) of
gold
were added to the
mixture
. After months of preparation, casting work commenced at the end of November 1734. The first attempt was not successful, and the project was incomplete when Ivan Motorin died in August, 1735. His son Mikhail carried on the work, and the second attempt at casting succeeded on November 25, 1735. Ornaments were added as the bell was cooling while raised above the casting pit through 1737.
However, before the last ornamentation was completed, a major fire broke out at the Kremlin in May 1737. The fire spread to the temporary wooden support structure for the bell, and fearing damage, guards threw cold water on it, causing eleven cracks, and a huge 10,432.6 kilograms (23,000 lb) slab to break off. The fire burned through the wooden supports, and the damaged bell fell back into its casting pit.
The Tsar Bell remained in its pit for almost a century. Unsuccessful attempts to raise it were made in 1792 and 1819.
Napoleon Bonaparte
, during his
occupation of Moscow in 1812
, considered removing it as a trophy to France, but was unable to do so, due to its size and weight.
[
citation needed
]
It was finally successfully raised in the summer of 1836 by the French architect
Auguste de Montferrand
and placed on a stone pedestal. The broken slab alone is nearly three times larger than the world's largest bell hung for
full circle ringing
, the tenor bell at
Liverpool Cathedral
.
For a time, the bell served as a chapel, with the broken area forming the door.
[3]
Voltaire
once joked that the Kremlin's two greatest items were a bell which was never rung and a cannon (the
Tsar Pushka
) that was never fired.
[4]
Bell diagnostics
[
edit
]
In the mid-1980s, some deformation of the pedestal was noticed, as a result of which there were concerns about the possible growth of cracks in the bell. At the request of the Minister of Culture of the USSR and in accordance with the instructions of the Minister of Defense of the USSR, the Military Academy named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky (now
Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces
) was commissioned in 1986 to carry out a complex of works on the restoration and preservation of the Tsar Bell.
[5]
The actual condition of its cracks was assessed using the
acoustic emission
(AE) method. To conduct the AE diagnostics of the bell, employees of the Research Institute of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics of Rostov State University were involved under the guidance of the head of the AE laboratory, Ph.D. S. I. Builo. On behalf of the F. E. Dzerzhinsky Academy, these works were provided by Colonel, Ph.D. A. I. Gnevko. Diagnostics of the Tsar Bell was carried out in two stages using an in-house hardware AE complex brought from Rostov-on-Don.
[5]
[6]
At the first stage, the parameters and features of the AE radiation of the bell material were investigated. This part of the work was carried out on the territory of the F. E. Dzerzhinsky Academy when testing specially made large-sized (more than 10 cm thick and weighing about 100 kg) samples made of a bronze alloy identical to the bell material. At the second stage, acoustic calibration and diagnostics of the Tsar Bell itself were carried out on the territory of the Kremlin. The work on the bell consisted, if we do without scientific terms, as if in "listening" to it for the presence of ultrasonic radiation of growing cracks. It was found that the condition of the Tsar Bell at the time of diagnosis is satisfactory, and in the near future it is not in danger of catastrophic destruction.
[5]
[6]
To further monitor the condition of the bell cracks, Rostov residents were asked to make a multi-channel AE diagnostic system with the installation of a separate sensor at the top of each of the large cracks. However, for the permanent installation of AE receiving sensors on the bell, it was necessary to coordinate many different issues. For example, it was necessary to prove that a constantly working system listening to the bell would not be able to listen to anything else "wrong" around and so on. However, as a result of restructuring during
Perestroika
, further assessment of the bell was deprioritized; the discussion and coordination of issues surrounding its preservation have since been delayed.
[5]
[6]
Judging by some external signs, a slight deformation of the bell still continues. The "tradition" of pushing metal coins into the cracks of the bell is also alarming. And if earlier small coins had a composition close to the bell material, then the current ones are made of completely different metals, which in the presence of moisture can cause noticeable electrochemical corrosion of the material inside the cracks. For a reliable assessment of the condition of the Tsar Bell in the future, it is necessary to periodically conduct a procedure for diagnosing the possible growth of cracks in its walls by non-destructive testing methods.
[5]
[6]
Computational simulation of sound
[
edit
]
In the spring of 2016, a team of
University of California, Berkeley
;
Stanford University
; and
University of Michigan
researchers publicly performed an electronic reproduction of how the Tsar Bell would sound if it had not been damaged during casting.
[7]
To simulate the sound of the bell, the team researched the bell's material characteristics and constructed a
polygon mesh
that modeled the shape of the bell. The team then used
finite element analysis
to compute the component frequencies of the bell when rung.
[8]
For the first public performance, a stack of twelve speakers installed below the campanile on the
UC Berkeley
campus played the digital simulation of the Tsar Bell. The
fundamental frequency
of the sound was approximately 81 Hz.
[9]
The American disk jockey
DJ Spooky
composed
New Forms
(2016), a
duet
for
carillon
and the reproduction of the Tsar Bell.
[10]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
Slobodskoy,
Archpriest
Seraphim (1996), "Bells and Russian Orthodox Peals",
The Law of God
, Jordanville, N.Y.:
Holy Trinity Monastery
, p. 624,
ISBN
978-0-88465-044-7
- ^
Rado, Sandor (1928).
Guide-book to the Soviet Union
. International Pub. p. 42.
It was recast in 1735 by the Moscow bell-founder Motorin from an old bell weighing 130000 kg., and weighs 201924 kgs
- ^
Blair, C. (September 1987). "Review of "The Bells of Russia. History and Technology" by Edward V. Williams".
The Antiquaries Journal
.
67
(2): 434?435.
doi
:
10.1017/S0003581500025944
.
ISSN
1758-5309
.
...including the remarkable story of Tsar-Kolokol, which is so large that it once contained a chapel...
- ^
Ley, Willy (December 1961).
"Dragons and Hot-Air Balloons"
. For Your Information.
Galaxy Science Fiction
. pp. 79?89.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Builo, S. I. (2004).
"Acoustic-Emission Diagnostics of the Tsar Bell's State"
.
Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing
.
40
(7): 498?501.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Builo, S. I. (2017).
Physico-mechanical, statistical and chemical aspects of acoustic emission diagnostics
(in Russian). Rostov-on-Don: SFU Publishing House. pp. 136?142.
ISBN
978-5-9275-2369-6
.
- ^
"Revisiting the Tsar Bell"
.
Berkeley Center for New Media
. 27 April 2016
. Retrieved
11 January
2017
.
- ^
"Recasting the Tsar Bell, Interview with John Granzow"
.
Berkeley Center for New Media
. 14 April 2016
. Retrieved
11 January
2017
.
- ^
Slobig, Zachary (January?February 2017). "The Tsar Bell".
Pacific Standard
. Vol. 10, no. 1.
- ^
Ng, Tiffany (2018-11-26).
Annotated Bibliography of African American Carillon Music
(PDF)
(Report).
University of Michigan Library
. p. 5.
hdl
:
2027.42/146525
. Retrieved
2022-06-28
– via DeepBlue.
References
[
edit
]
- Klein, Mina.
The Kremlin: Citadel of History
. MacMillan Publishing Company (1973).
ISBN
0-02-750830-7
- Tropkin, Alexander.
The Moscow Kremlin: history of Russia's unique monument
. Publishing House "Russkaya Zhizn" (1980).
ASIN
B0010XM7BQ
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Tsar Bell
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