Trisodium phosphate
[1]
|
Sodium, Na
Phosphorus, P
Oxygen, O
|
Trisodium phosphate hydrate
|
Names
|
IUPAC name
Trisodium phosphate
|
Other names
- Sodium phosphate
- Sodium phosphate tribasic
- Trisodium orthophosphate
|
Identifiers
|
|
|
|
|
ChEBI
|
|
ChEMBL
|
|
ChemSpider
|
|
ECHA InfoCard
|
100.028.645
|
EC Number
|
|
E number
|
E339(iii)
(antioxidants, ...)
|
KEGG
|
|
|
|
RTECS number
|
|
UNII
|
|
|
|
InChI=1S/3Na.H3O4P/c;;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q3*+1;/p-3
Y
Key: RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K
Y
InChI=1/3Na.H3O4P/c;;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q3*+1;/p-3
Key: RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-DFZHHIFOAM
|
[O-]P(=O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]
|
Properties
|
|
Na
3
PO
4
|
Molar mass
|
163.939
g·mol
?1
|
Appearance
|
White, granular or crystalline solid
|
Density
|
2.536 g/cm
3
(17.5 °C, anhydrous)
1.62 g/cm
3
(20 °C, dodecahydrate)
[2]
[3]
[4]
|
Melting point
|
1,583 °C (2,881 °F; 1,856 K) (anhydrous)
[3]
73.4 °C (164.1 °F; 346.5 K) (dodecahydrate)
[4]
|
Boiling point
|
100 °C (212 °F; 373 K) (dodecahydrate) decomposes
[4]
|
|
- anhydrous:
[3]
- 5.4 g/(100 mL) (0 °C)
- 12 g/(100 mL) (20 °C)
[5]
- 14.5 g/(100 mL) (25 °C)
- 23.3 g/(100 mL) (40 °C)
- 94.6 g/(100 mL) (100 °C)
- dodecahydrate:
[4]
- 28.3 g/(100 mL) (20 °C)
|
Solubility
|
Insoluble in
ethanol
,
carbon disulfide
[4]
|
Basicity
(p
K
b
)
|
2.23
|
Structure
|
|
Trigonal
|
Thermochemistry
|
|
665 J/(mol·K) (dodecahydrate)
[4]
|
|
224.7 J/(mol·K) (anhydrous)
[3]
660 J/(mol·K) (dodecahydrate)
[4]
|
|
?1935.5 kJ/mol (anhydrous)
[3]
?5480 kJ/mol (dodecahydrate)
[4]
|
|
?1819 kJ/mol (anhydrous)
[3]
|
Pharmacology
|
|
A06AD17
(
WHO
)
A06AG01
(
WHO
)
B05XA09
(
WHO
)
|
Hazards
[6]
|
GHS
labelling
:
|
|
|
|
Danger
|
|
H315
,
H318
,
H335
|
|
P261
,
P280
,
P305+P351+P338
|
NFPA 704
(fire diamond)
|
|
Flash point
|
Non-flammable
|
Safety data sheet
(SDS)
|
ICSC 1178
|
Related compounds
|
|
|
Related compounds
|
|
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
standard state
(at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|
Chemical compound
Trisodium phosphate
(TSP) is an
inorganic compound
with the
chemical formula
Na
3
P
O
4
. It is a white, granular or crystalline solid, highly soluble in water, producing an
alkaline
solution. TSP is used as a
cleaning agent
,
builder
,
lubricant
,
food additive
,
stain remover
, and
degreaser
.
[7]
As an item of commerce TSP is often partially
hydrated
and may range from
anhydrous
Na
3
PO
4
to the
dodecahydrate
Na
3
PO
4
·12H
2
O
. Most often it is found in white powder form. It can also be called
trisodium orthophosphate
or simply
sodium phosphate
.
Production
[
edit
]
Trisodium phosphate is produced by neutralization of
phosphoric acid
using
sodium carbonate
, which produces
disodium hydrogen phosphate
. The disodium hydrogen phosphate is reacted with
sodium hydroxide
to form trisodium phosphate and water.
- Na
2
CO
3
+ H
3
PO
4
→ Na
2
HPO
4
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O
- Na
2
HPO
4
+ NaOH → Na
3
PO
4
+ H
2
O
Uses
[
edit
]
Cleaning
[
edit
]
Trisodium phosphate was at one time extensively used in formulations for a variety of consumer-grade soaps and detergents, and the most common use for trisodium phosphate has been in cleaning agents. The
pH
of a 1% solution is 12 (i.e., very
basic
), and the solution is sufficiently alkaline to
saponify
grease and oils. In combination with
surfactants
, TSP is an excellent agent for cleaning everything from laundry to concrete driveways. This versatility and low manufacturing price made TSP the basis for a plethora of cleaning products sold in the mid-20th century.
TSP is still sold and used as a cleaning agent, but since the late 1960s, its use has diminished in the United States and many other parts of the world because, like many phosphate-based cleaners, it is known to cause extensive
eutrophication
of lakes and rivers once it enters a water system.
[8]
TSP is commonly used after cleaning a surface with
mineral spirits
to remove hydrocarbon residues and may be used with household
chlorine bleach
in the same solution without hazardous reactions.
[
citation needed
]
This mixture is particularly effective for removing
mildew
, but is less effective at removing mold.
[
citation needed
]
Although it is still the active ingredient in some toilet bowl-cleaning tablets, TSP is generally not recommended for cleaning bathrooms because it can stain metal fixtures and can damage
grout
.
[9]
Chlorination
[
edit
]
With the formula
4Na
3
PO
4
·
NaOCl
·44H
2
O
the material called chlorinated trisodium phosphate is used as a
disinfectant
and
bleach
, like
sodium hypochlorite
. It is prepared using NaOCl in place of some of the
base
to neutralize
phosphoric acid
.
[7]
Flux
[
edit
]
In the U.S., trisodium phosphate is an approved flux for use in
hard soldering
joints in
medical-grade
copper plumbing. The flux is applied as a concentrated water solution and dissolves copper oxides at the temperature used in copper brazing. Residues are water-soluble and can be rinsed out before plumbing is put into service.
TSP is used as an ingredient in fluxes designed to deoxygenate nonferrous metals for casting. It can be used in ceramic production to lower the flow point of glazes.
Painting enhancement
[
edit
]
TSP is still in common use for the cleaning, degreasing, and deglossing of walls prior to painting. TSP breaks the gloss of
oil-based paints
and opens the pores of
latex-based paint
, providing a surface better suited for the adhesion of the subsequent layer.
[10]
[
unreliable source?
]
Food additive
[
edit
]
Sodium phosphates
including
monosodium phosphate
,
disodium phosphate
, and trisodium phosphate are approved as food additives in the EU. They are commonly used as acidity regulators and have the collective
E number
E339
.
[11]
The United States
Food and Drug Administration
lists sodium phosphates as
generally recognized as safe
.
[12]
[13]
Exercise performance enhancement
[
edit
]
Trisodium phosphate has gained a following as a nutritional supplement that can improve certain parameters of exercise performance.
[14]
The basis of this belief is the fact that
phosphate
is required for the energy-producing
Krebs cycle
central to aerobic metabolism.
Phosphates
are available from a number of other sources that are much milder than TSP. While TSP is not toxic per se, it is severely irritating to gastric mucosa unless used as part of a
buffered
solution.
Regulation
[
edit
]
In the Western world, phosphate usage has declined owing to ecological problems with the damage to lakes and rivers through eutrophication.
Substitutes
[
edit
]
By the end of the 20th century, many products that formerly contained TSP were manufactured with TSP substitutes, which consist mainly of
sodium carbonate
along with various admixtures of nonionic surfactants and a limited percentage of sodium phosphates.
Products sold as TSP substitutes, containing
soda ash
and
zeolites
, are promoted as direct substitutes. However, sodium carbonate is not as strongly basic as trisodium phosphate, making it less effective in demanding applications.
[
citation needed
]
Zeolites, which are clay based, are added to laundry detergents as water softening agents and are essentially non-polluting; however, zeolites do not dissolve and can deposit a fine, powdery residue in the wash tub.
[
citation needed
]
Cleaning products labeled as TSP may contain other ingredients, with perhaps less than 50% trisodium phosphate.
[15]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Merck Index
, 12th Edition,
8808
.
- ^
Eagleson, Mary, ed. (1994).
Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry
. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1000.
ISBN
978-3-11-011451-5
. Retrieved
25 May
2014
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
"Sodium phosphate"
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
"Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate"
.
- ^
"Archived copy"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 14 March 2016
. Retrieved
25 May
2014
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
- ^
Sigma-Aldrich Co.
,
Sodium phosphate
. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^
a
b
Klaus Schrodter, Gerhard Bettermann, Thomas Staffel, Friedrich Wahl, Thomas Klein, Thomas Hofmann "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates" in
Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2008, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
doi
:
10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3
- ^
Dishes Still Dirty? Blame Phosphate-Free Detergent
,
National Public Radio
, 15 December 2010
- ^
"TSP ... Cleaning for the Big Dogs"
.
Home Repair and Do It Yourself Tips and Articles from the Natural Handyman
. Natural Handyman.
- ^
Alonzy, Jerry.
"Painting Preparation Q&A"
.
- ^
Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers
,
Food Standards Agency
, 26 November 2010
- ^
21CFR182.1778
,
Code of Federal Regulations
- ^
21CFR182.1778
, Electronic
Code of Federal Regulations
- ^
Folland JP, et al. (2008). "Sodium phosphate loading improves laboratory cycling time-trial performance in trained cyclists".
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
.
11
(5): 464?468.
doi
:
10.1016/j.jsams.2007.04.004
.
PMID
17569583
.
- ^
MSDS
Archived
26 September 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
for Dap TSP cleaner
External links
[
edit
]
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Inorganic
| Halides
| |
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Chalcogenides
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Pnictogenides
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Oxyhalides
| |
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Oxychalcogenides
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Oxypnictogenides
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Others
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Organic
| |
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