State of India from 1949 to 1956
Travancore?Cochin
, officially the
United State of Travancore and Cochin
and later the
State of Travancore?Cochin
, was a short-lived
state
of
India
. It was formed through the merger of two former kingdoms,
Travancore
and
Cochin
on 1 July 1949. Its original capital was
Thiruvananthapuram
.
The five
Tamil
-majority
Taluks
of
Vilavancode
,
Kalkulam
,
Thovalai
,
Agastheeswaram
, and
Sengottai
were transferred from
Travancore-Cochin
to
Madras State
in 1956.
[1]
The
Malayalam
-speaking regions of the Travancore?Cochin merged with the
Malabar District
(excluding
Laccadive
&
Minicoy
Islands) and the
Kasaragod
Taluk of
South Canara
district in
Madras State
to form the modern
Malayalam
-state of
Kerala
on 1 November 1956, according to the
States Reorganisation Act, 1956
passed by the
Government of India
.
[1]
History
[
edit
]
Paravur T. K. Narayana Pillai
, the Congress Prime Minister of Travancore, became the Chief Minister of Travancore?Cochin. First elections were held in 1951 and
A. J. John, Anaparambil
from Congress party was elected as the Chief Minister, ruling until 1954.
[2]
The ruler of Travancore was appointed as the
governor (known as "Rajpramukh")
of Travancore?Cochin. The Maharajah of
Cochin
was offered to be addressed as Uparaja Pramukh, but he did not want any title after handing over the power. The Maharaja politely said that the eldest member of
Cochin Royal Family
should be called Valiya Thampuran and gave up royal powers unconditionally for the good of the people.
[3]
While
Pattom A. Thanu Pillai
was the
Praja Socialist Party
Chief minister in 1954,
Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress
launched a campaign for the merger of the Tamil-speaking regions of Southern Travancore with the neighbouring area of Madras State. The agitation took a violent turn and civilians and local police were killed at
Marthandam
and Puthukkada, irreparably alienating the entire Tamil-speaking population from merger into Travancore?Cochin.
Under State Reorganisation Act of 1956, the four southern taluks of Travancore, namely
Thovalai
, Agasteeswaram, Kalkulam and Vilavancode and a part of the Chencotta, Tenkasi Taluk was merged with Madras State. On 1 November 1956 Travancore?Cochin was joined with
Malabar District
of
Madras State
to form the new state of
Kerala
, with a
governor
, appointed by the
President of India
, as the
head of the state
instead of 'Rajapramukh'.
Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State
[
edit
]
Tamils
lived in large numbers in the
Thovalai
,
Agastheeswaram
,
Sengottai
,
Eraniel
,
Vilavancode
,
Kalkulam
,
Devikulam
,
Peerumedu
Neyyattinkara
,
Thiruvananthapuram
South and
Thiruvananthapuram
North
taluks
of erstwhile Travancore State.
[4]
In the Tamil regions,
Malayalam
was the official language and there were only a few Tamil-medium schools. So the Tamils met many hardships. Travancore State Government continued rejecting the requests of Tamils.
[5]
During that period, the Travancore State Congress favoured the idea of uniting all the Malayalam speaking regions and the formation of a "Unified Kerala". In protest against this idea, many Tamil leaders vacated the party. Tamils gathered together at
Nagercoil
on 16 December 1945 under the leadership of Sam Nathaniel and formed the new political party All Travancore Tamilian Congress. That party was continuously compelling for the merger of Tamil regions in Travancore with
Tamil Nadu
.
[6]
In the working committee meeting of Tamilian congress at Eraviputhur on 30 June 1946, the name of the political party was changed to Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress (T.T.N.C). T.T.N.C was popular among the Tamils living in Thovalai and Agateeswaram Taluks. Mr. Ma. Po. Sivagnanam (
Ma.Po.Si
) was the only leader from Tamil Nadu who functioned in favour of T.T.N.C.
[7]
After the independence of India, State Assembly Elections were announced in Travancore. As a consequence, T.T.N.C improved its popularity among Tamils. A popular and leading advocate from Vilavancode Mr.
A. Nesamony
organised a meeting of his supporters at Allan Memorial Hall, Nagercoil on 8 September 1947. In that meeting it was declared that they must achieve their objective through their political organisation, the T.T.N.C. And T.T.N.C started gaining strength and momentum in Kalkulam - Vilavancode Taluks.
[8]
During the election propaganda campaign, clashes occurred between the Tamil Nadar community and the Malayali Nair community at various places in Kalkulam - Vilavancode Taluks. police force suppressed the agitating Nadars. In February 1948 the police opened fire and two Tamil speaking Nadars were killed.
[7]
T.T.N.C won in 14 constituencies in the election to the State Legislative Assembly. Mr.
A. Nesamony
was elected as the legislative leader of the party. Then under his leadership, the awakened Tamil population was prepared to undergo any sacrifice to achieve their goal.
[9]
In 1950, a meeting was held at
Palayamkottai
to make compromises between state congress and T.T.N.C. The meeting met with failure and Mr. Sam Nathaniel resigned from the post of president of T.T.N.C Mr. P. Ramasamy Pillai, a strong follower of Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as the New President.
[8]
The first general election of Independent India was held on 1952. T.T.N.C won 8 legislative assembly seats. Mr. A. Chidambaranathan became the minister on behalf of T.T.N.C in the coalition state government formed by the Congress. In the parliamentary Constituency Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as M.P. and in the Rajyasabha seat. Mr. A. Abdul Razak was elected as M.P. on behalf of T.T.N.C.
[8]
In due course, accusing the Congress government for not showing enough care the struggle of the Tamils, T.T.N.C had broken away from the coalition and the Congress government lost the majority. So fresh elections were announced. In 1954 elections, T.T.N.C gained victory in 12 constituencies.
[8]
Pattom Thanu Pillai
was the chief minister for Thiru - Kochi legislative assembly. He engaged hard measures against the agitations of Tamils. Especially the Tamils at
Devikulam
-
Peermade
regions went through the atrocities of Travancore Police force. Condemning the attitude of the police, T.T.N.C leaders from Nagercoil went to
Munnar
and participated in agitations against the prohibitive orders. The leaders were arrested and an uncalm atmosphere prevailed in South Travancore.
[10]
On 11 August, Liberation Day celebrations were held at many places in South Travancore. Public meetings and processions were organised. Communists also collaborated with the agitation programmes. Police opened fire at the processions in Thoduvetty (Martandam) and Puthukadai. Nine Tamil volunteers were killed and thousands of T.T.N.C and communist sympathizers were arrested in various parts of Tamil main land. At the end, Pattom Thanu Pillai's ministry was toppled and normalcy returned to the Tamil regions.
[9]
The central government had appointed
Fazal Ali Commission
(1953 dec) for the states reorganisation based on language. It submitted its report on 10 August 1955. Based on this report,
Devikulam
-
Peermade
and
Neyyattinkara
Taluks were merged with
Kerala state
.
[11]
On 1 November 1956 - four Taluks Thovalai, Agastheeswaram, Kalkulam, Vilavancode were recognised to form the New Kanyakumari District and merged with Tamil Nadu State. Half of
Sengottai
Taluk was merged with
Tirunelveli District
. The main demand of T.T.N.C was to merger the Tamil regions with Tamil Nadu and major part of its demand was realised. So T.T.N.C was dissolved thereafter.
[9]
Retainment of Devikulam and Peerumedu Taluks in Kerala
[
edit
]
Apart from
Kanyakumari district
, the Taluks of
Devikulam
and
Peermade
in present-day
Idukki district
also had a
Tamil
-majority until the late 1940s.
[12]
The T.T.N.C had also requested to merge these Taluks with
Madras State
.
[12]
However it was due to some decisions of
Pattom Thanu Pillai
, who was the first prime minister of Travancore, that they retained in the modern-state of
Kerala
.
[12]
Pattom came up with a colonisation project to re-engineer the demography of
Cardamom Hills
.
[12]
His colonisation project was to relocate 8,000
Malayalam
-speaking families into the Taluks of
Devikulam
and
Peermade
.
[12]
About 50,000 acres in these Taluks, which were Tamil-majority area, were chosen for the colonisation project.
[12]
As a victory of the Colonisation project done by post-independence
Travancore
, these two Taluks and a larger portion of
Cardamom Hills
retained in the state of
Kerala
, after
States Reorganisation Act, 1956
.
[12]
Prime Ministers
[
edit
]
Chief Ministers
[
edit
]
Subdivisions
[
edit
]
The state had 4 districts which were divided into 36
taluks
.
[13]
District
|
Taluks
|
Thiruvananthapuram
|
Thovala
,
Agastheeswaram
,
Kallkkulam
,
Vilavancode
,
Neyyattinkara
,
Thiruvananthapuram
,
Nedumangad
,
Chirayinkeezhu
|
Kollam
|
Kollam
,
Kottarakkara
,
Pathanapuram
,
Sengottai
,
Kunnathoor
,
Karunagappally
,
Karthikappally
,
Chengannur
,
Mavelikkara
,
Adoor
,
Thiruvalla
,
Ambalappuzha
,
Cherthala
|
Kottayam
|
Kottayam
,
Changanasserry
,
Vaikkom
,
Muvattupuzha
,
Kothamangalam
,
Thodupuzha
,
Meenachil
,
Devikulam
,
Peermade
|
Thrissur
|
Paravur
,
Kunnathunad
,
Kochi
-
Kanayannur
,
Kodungallur
,
Mukundapuram
,
Thrissur
,
Thalapilly
,
Chittur
|
References
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
|
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Part A States
| | |
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Part B States
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Part C States
| |
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Part D States
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8°26′N
76°55′E
/
8.433°N 76.917°E
/
8.433; 76.917