Class of light cruisers built for the Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy
|
Class overview
|
Name
| Town class
|
Operators
| |
Preceded by
| None
|
Succeeded by
| Arethusa
class
|
Subclasses
|
- Bristol
- Weymouth
- Chatham
- Birmingham
- Birkenhead
|
Built
| 1909?1916 (RN) 1911?1922 (RAN)
|
In commission
| 1910?1931 (RN) 1920?1926 (RNZN) 1922?1949 (RAN)
|
Completed
| 21
|
Lost
| 2
|
Scrapped
| 19
|
General characteristics
|
Type
| Light cruiser
|
Displacement
| 4,800?5,440 long tons (4,880?5,530 t)
|
Length
| 453?462 ft (138.1?140.8 m) (
o/a
)
|
Beam
| 48?50 ft (14.6?15.2 m)
|
Draught
| 14?16 ft (4.3?4.9 m)
|
Installed power
| |
Propulsion
| 4 shafts, 2
steam turbine
sets
|
Speed
| 25
knots
(46 km/h; 29 mph)
|
Range
| 4,140?5,830
nautical miles
(7,670?10,800 km; 4,760?6,710 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
|
Complement
| 310?480
|
Armament
| |
Armour
|
- Bristol
,
Weymouth
subclasses :
- Deck
: .75?2 in (19?51 mm)
- Conning tower
: 4 in (102 mm)
- Gun Shields: 4 in (102 mm)
- Chatham
,
Birmingham'
,
Birkenhead
subclasses:
- Belt
: 1.5?3 in (38?76 mm)
- Deck
: 0.4?1.5 in (10?38 mm)
- Gun Shields: 4 in (102 mm)
- Conning tower: 4 in (102 mm)
|
The
Town class
was a group of twenty-one
light cruisers
built for the
Royal Navy
(RN) and
Royal Australian Navy
(RAN) of the first half of the 20th Century. These vessels were long-range cruisers, suitable for patrolling the vast expanse covered by the
British Empire
. These ships, initially rated as
second class cruisers
, were built to a series of designs, known as the
Bristol
(five ships),
Weymouth
(four ships),
Chatham
(three RN ships, plus three RAN ships),
Birmingham
(three ships, plus one similar RAN ship) and
Birkenhead
(two ships)
classes
? all having the names of British
towns
except for the RAN ships, which were named after Australian cities.
Design
[
edit
]
Bristol
class
[
edit
]
Left elevation and deck plan of
Bristol
sub-class as depicted in
Jane's Fighting Ships
1914
The
Bristol
class
[a]
were all ordered under the 1908?09 Programme and commissioned in late 1910.
[2]
They were second class cruisers suitable for a variety of roles including both trade protection and fleet duties.
[3]
They were 453 feet (138.1 m)
long overall
, with a
beam
of 47 feet (14.3 m) and a
draught
of 15 feet 6 inches (4.7 m).
Displacement
was 4,800
long tons
(4,900
t
) normal and 5,300 long tons (5,400 t) full load. Twelve
Yarrow three-drum boilers
fed
steam turbines
rated at 22,000
shaft horsepower
(16,000 kW), giving a speed of 25
knots
(46 km/h; 29 mph). One ship,
Bristol
, had Brown-Curtis turbines driving two propeller shafts, while the remaining three ships used
Parsons
turbines driving four shafts.
[3]
Speed during
sea trials
varied between 25.856 knots (47.885 km/h; 29.755 mph) (
Glasgow
) and 27.012 knots (50.026 km/h; 31.085 mph) (
Bristol
).
[4]
The experimental two-shaft layout of
Bristol
was successful, giving greater efficiency, especially at lower speeds.
[5]
The ships used both coal and oil for fuel, with 1353 tons of coal and 260 tons of oil carried,
[6]
giving an endurance of about 5,070 nautical miles (9,390 km; 5,830 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).
[3]
The
Bristol
s were
protected cruisers
, with an armoured deck providing protection for the ships' vitals. The armoured deck was 2 inches (51 mm) thick over the
magazines
and machinery, 1 inch (25 mm) over the steering gear and
3
⁄
4
inch (19 mm) elsewhere. The
conning tower
was protected by 6 inches (150 mm) of armour, with the gun shields having 3 inches (76 mm) armour, as did the ammunition hoists.
[5]
As the protective deck was at
waterline
, the ships were given a large
metacentric height
so that they would remain stable in the event of flooding above the armoured deck. This, however, resulted in the ships
rolling
badly, making them poor gun platforms.
[7]
One problem with the armour of the
Bristol
s which was shared with the other Town-class ships was the sizable gap between the bottom of the gun shields and the deck, which allowed shell splinters to pass through the gap, leading to large numbers of leg injuries in the ships' gun crews.
[8]
[9]
It was originally intended that the
Bristol
class would be fitted with a main gun armament of unshielded 4-inch (102 mm) guns, but the need to counter German light cruisers (such as the
Konigsberg
class
), which were armed with ten 105-millimetre (4.1 in) guns that outranged British 4-inch guns, resulted in the new class's armament being revised.
[3]
[7]
They had two
BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XI naval guns
mounted on the ships' centreline fore and aft, with ten
BL 4-inch Mk VII
guns in waist mountings. All these guns were fitted with shields.
[3]
Four
Vickers 3-pounder (47 mm)
saluting guns
were fitted, while two submerged
18 inch (450 mm) torpedo
tubes
were fitted, with seven torpedoes carried.
[10]
This armament was considered rather too light for ships of this size,
[11]
while the waist guns were subject to immersion in a high sea, making them difficult to work.
[7]
They had a crew of 480 officers and men,
[3]
with the officers accommodated in the forward part of the ship, rather than aft as per tradition, following the instructions of Admiral
Fisher
to improve fighting efficiency. This arrangement was unpopular, however, as it was preferred to keep officer's and other ranks accommodation separate for disciplinary reasons, while the
Bristol
class were very cramped, with only 12.5 square feet (1.16 m
2
) for each seaman to live, eat, and sleep.
[7]
[12]
[13]
In the
First World War
, the class's anti-aircraft armament was increased with the fitting of a single
QF 3 inch (76 mm) 20 cwt gun
.
[3]
Weymouth
class
[
edit
]
The
Weymouth
class
[b]
were ordered under the 1909?1910 Programme and commissioned between 1911 and 1912.
[2]
Major changes from the
Bristol
class included a heavier main armament of eight 6 in guns, and changes to improve seaworthiness and reduce overcrowding.
[11]
They were 453 feet (138.1 m) long overall, with a beam of 48 feet 6 inches (14.78 m) and a draught of 15 feet 6 inches (4.7 m).
Displacement
was 5,250 long tons (5,330 t) normal and 5,800 long tons (5,900 t) full load. Machinery was similar to the
Bristol
class, with again a single example (
Yarmouth
) having the Brown-Curtis turbines and two-shaft arrangement used in
Bristol
, while the remaining three ships had the four-shaft, Yarrow turbine machinery. Speed remained 25 knots.
[14]
HMS
Weymouth
Armour remained unchanged from the
Bristol
s,
[5]
while the main gun armament was changed to eight BL 6 inch Mk XI guns. The arrangement of the armament was revised, with three guns (one on the centreline and two on the beam) on an enlarged
forecastle
that also provided accommodation for the ships' officers. The remaining waist guns were protected by a
bulwark
to make them more weather resistant. Torpedo armament was increased, with two 21-inch (533 mm) submerged tubes (with seven torpedoes carried), while the ships' armament was completed by four 3-pounder saluting guns.
[14]
[10]
The class saw a number of alterations during the war, including the addition of a single 3 in (76 mm) AA gun in 1915, while the surviving ships were fitted with
director control
equipment for the ships' guns on a new tripod foremast.
[14]
In 1917,
Yarmouth
was the first light cruiser to be able to operate aircraft, being fitted with a ramp above the conning tower and forecastle gun to allow a
Sopwith Pup
to be launched from the ship, although the aircraft could not land back on it so the pilot would have to ditch into the sea if it was not possible to reach land.
[15]
[12]
In 1918,
Weymouth
also received a similar installation.
[14]
Chatham
class
[
edit
]
HMS
Dublin
The
Chatham
class
[c]
of six ships, three for the Royal Navy and three for Australia (of which one was to be built in Australia) were ordered under the 1910?1911 Programme. The five British-built ships commissioned between 1912 and 1913, while
Brisbane
, the Australian-built ship was laid down in 1913 and completed in 1916.
[2]
The major difference between the
Chatham
s and the earlier Towns was a revised armour scheme. While the earlier ships were protected cruisers, depending on an armoured deck deep within the ship to protect machinery and magazines, the
Chatham
s relied on a vertical
belt of armour
.
[16]
The
Chatham
class were 458 feet (139.6 m) long overall, with a beam of 49 feet (14.9 m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9 m).
Displacement
was 5,400 long tons (5,500 t) normal and 6,000 long tons (6,100 t) full load.
[16]
The belt consisted of 2-inch (51 mm) of nickel-steel on top of 1-inch (25 mm) of high-tensile steel, tapering from
3?
2
+
1
⁄
2
-inch (76?64 mm) forward and to 2-inch (51 mm) aft. It covered from 8.25?10.5 feet (2.51?3.20 m) above the
waterline
to 2.5 feet (0.76 m) below it. This belt was part of the load bearing structure of the ship, reducing the overall weight of structure required. A thin armoured deck,
3
⁄
8
inch (9.5 mm) over most of its length and
1
+
1
⁄
2
inches (38 mm) over the steering gear, was retained, mainly as a watertight deck.
[5]
The ships' forecastle was again extended aft, reaching two-thirds of the length of the ship, and allowing two more guns to be raised up onto the forecastle, while the ships' metacentric height was reduced, making the ships better gun platforms.
[17]
Officer's accommodation was moved back to the rear of the ships in this class.
[12]
Machinery layout was again similar to the earlier Towns, with one ship,
Southampton,
having a two-shaft layout. It was rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000 kW) giving a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph).
[16]
While main armament again consisted of eight 6 in guns in single mountings, a new gun, the
BL 6 inch Mk XII
was used. This was shorter and lighter than the Mk XI guns used in earlier ships, and while range was slightly less (14,000 yards (13,000 m) compared to 14,600 yards (13,400 m)
[4]
), they were much easier to handle in rough weather and were more accurate.
[16]
[17]
They had larger magazines, giving up to 200 rounds per gun rather than 150 in earlier ships.
[8]
The remaining armament was unchanged.
[16]
Wartime changes were similar to those made to the
Weymouth
s, with a 3-inch anti-aircraft gun fitted during 1915 and director control with its associated tripod mast fitted later in the war. Four of the ships (
Dublin
,
Southampton
,
Melbourne
and
Sydney
) were fitted for platforms for operating aircraft.
[18]
Birmingham
class
[
edit
]
HMS
Glasgow
at
Valparaiso
in Chile before the
Battle of Coronel
, 1 November 1914
The 1911?1912 Programme brought the
Birmingham
class
. Three ships were ordered for the Royal Navy, commissioning in 1914.
[2]
A fourth, similar, ship,
Adelaide
, was built in Sydney for Australia. The First World War caused the construction of
Adelaide
, which was reliant on materials and parts from the United Kingdom, to be heavily delayed, with
Adelaide
not completing until 1922.
[19]
They were closely based on the
Chatham
class but with a revised armament. While in theory, three guns could fire forwards in the previous arrangement (the forward centreline gun and the forward two waist guns), in practice the effects of blast from the waist guns on the bridge and conning tower prevented this. The solution was to mount two guns side-by side on the forecastle, forward of the bridge, giving a total armament of nine BL 6 inch Mk XII guns. The remainder of the armament was unchanged (i.e. four 3-pounder saluting guns and two submerged 21-inch
torpedo tubes
).
[8]
[18]
The ships were 457 feet (139.3 m) long overall (
Adelaide
was 462 feet 9 inches (141.05 m) long), with a beam of 50 feet (15.2 m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9 m). They displaced 5,440 long tons (5,530 t) normal and 6,040 long tons (6,140 t) deep load (
Adelaide
displaced 5,550 long tons (5,640 t) normal and 6,160 long tons (6,260 t) deep load). The ships' forecastle had increased
flare
to reduce spray.
[18]
The ships' machinery
[d]
was rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000 kW) giving a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph).
[18]
A 3-inch anti-aircraft gun was fitted in 1915, while
Lowestoft
and
Birmingham
were fitted with director control. (
Nottingham
was lost before it could be fitted).
[18]
Adelaide
was completed with these modifications, and received a major refit in the 1930s, with coal-fired boilers being removed along with a funnel, reducing the ship's speed, while one 6-inch was removed, with 4-inch anti-aircraft guns added. She was subject to further armament revisions during the Second World War, with more 6- and 4-inch guns removed to accommodate
depth charge
throwers, and radar being fitted.
[19]
Further developments: Atlantic cruisers and
Hawkins
class
[
edit
]
In 1912, work began on a new cruiser for trade protection duties in response to rumours of large German cruisers that were thought to being built for commerce raiding. A series of designs were drawn up for what became known as the "Atlantic cruiser", featuring various combinations of 7.5-inch (190 mm) and 6-inch guns, mixed oil- and coal-fired boilers and speeds of between 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph) and 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph). When the rumoured German ships proved to be false, the Atlantic cruiser was abandoned.
[22]
In 1915, as a response to German commerce raiding in the early months of the war, the
British Admiralty
decided to build a new class of large, fast and heavily armed cruisers for trade protection work. Again, a mixed armament of 7.5 in and 6 in guns were chosen, with mixed oil- and coal-fired boilers in order to aid operations in distant waters where oil supplies would be limited. The new design became known as the "Improved
Birmingham
" class or
Hawkins
class
, with five being built, completing between 1918 and 1925.
[23]
[24]
Birkenhead
class
[
edit
]
In early 1914, the
Greek Navy
, in response to Turkish naval expansion, placed an order with the Coventry Syndicate, a consortium of the shipbuilders
Cammell Laird
,
Fairfields
,
John Brown
and the armament company
Coventry Ordnance Works
, for two light cruisers and four destroyers.
[e]
The light cruisers, which were both to be built by Cammell Laird, and to be named
Antinavarchos Kountouriotis
and
Lambros Katsonis
, were based on the design of the
Chatham
and
Birmingham
classes, but with a revised armament to be supplied by the Coventry Ordnance Works.
[26]
[27]
The new cruisers were 446 feet (135.9 m) long overall, with a beam of 50 feet (15.2 m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9 m). Displacement was between 5,185 long tons (5,268 t) and 5,235 long tons (5,319 t) normal, and between 5,795 long tons (5,888 t) and 5,845 long tons (5,939 t) deep load. Armour was as fitted to the
Chatham
s.
[27]
Machinery was also as in the
Chatham
s. The first ship, later to become
Birkenhead
, had the same mixed oil-and coal-fired boilers, with the machinery rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000 kW) with a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph), but the second ship (later
Chester
) had all oil-fired boilers, which boosted power to 31,000 shaft horsepower (23,000 kW) and speed to 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph).
[27]
The ships' main armament was ten
QF 5.5 in (140 mm) Mark I guns
(50 calibres long) to a new design by Coventry Ordnance Works. The guns fired an 82-pound (37 kg) shell to a range of 13,100 yards (12,000 m). The lighter shell was easier to handle, and gave a greater rate of fire.
[28]
[29]
It was planned to fit the ships with two
12-pounder 76 mm (3.0 in)
(76 mm) anti-aircraft guns, while two 21-inch
torpedo tubes
were fitted.
[8]
Work continued on the two ships for the Greeks after the outbreak of the First World War, but early in 1915,
[f]
with no sign of an end to the war, the British Admiralty took over the contract for the two ships, which became the
Birkenhead
class, together with the 5.5-inch guns and ammunition.
[30]
The ships' main armament was kept by the Royal Navy, and proved to be successful in service, with the 5.5 in gun being selected as secondary armament for the battlecruisers
HMS
Hood
and
HMS
Furious
and the aircraft carrier
HMS
Hermes
. The
12-pounder 76 mm (3.0 in)
anti-aircraft guns were unavailable, however, and Vickers 3-pounder guns were fitted in their place.
[8]
After the war, they were offered for sale back to the Greeks, but this offer was not taken up.
[31]
Ships
[
edit
]
Operational service
[
edit
]
HMS
Birmingham
under fire at the
Battle of Jutland
The class saw much service in the
First World War
and many of the ships left their mark on history. Ships of the class saw action at the Battles of
Coronel
, the
Battle of the Falkland Islands
and the
Battle of Heligoland Bight
in 1914.
[41]
That same year,
Sydney
attacked
SMS
Emden
in an action that lasted over an hour and resulted in the German warship being beached by her captain to avoid his ship sinking.
[42]
Also that year,
Birmingham
became the first ship to sink a submarine when she rammed the German submarine
U-15
on 9 August.
[43]
In 1915, HMS
Glasgow
found
SMS
Dresden
, which had escaped from the engagement at the Falkland Islands the previous year, in which
Glasgow
had helped in sinking
SMS
Leipzig
.
Dresden
was eventually scuttled by her own crew
after a short engagement
. Ships of the class also took part in the
Battle of Dogger Bank
in 1915.
HMS
Chester
, showing damage sustained at the
Battle of Jutland
, 31 May 1916
In 1916, ships of the class also saw action at the
Battle of Jutland
, the largest surface engagement of the First World War . In 1917, a
Sopwith Pup
from HMS
Yarmouth
became the first aircraft from a cruiser to shoot down an aircraft, specifically the
Zeppelin L23
. The ships of the class saw more service than mentioned above, including action against German merchant ships. During the course of the war, two ships of the class were sunk: these were HMS
Falmouth
and HMS
Nottingham
, both torpedoed by German submarines.
After the end of the First World War, the surviving ships performed a variety of duties, including service on foreign stations. All ships, except
Adelaide
, were scrapped by the 1930s.
Adelaide
saw an extensive refit between 1938 and 1939. However,
Adelaide
was obsolete when the
Second World War
began, and she saw limited service, performing patrol and escort duties in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. She was decommissioned in 1945, but recommissioned to become a tender at Sydney. She was broken up in 1949.
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Sometimes known as the
Glasgow
class.
[1]
- ^
Often known as the
Falmouth
class, particularly in contemporary accounts.
[1]
- ^
Also known as the
Melbourne
class, the
Dublin
class and the
Southampton
class.
[1]
- ^
Sources differ as to the layout of the machinery. Preston
[18]
says that the
Birmingham
s were four-shaft ships, while Lyon
[5]
says that they were two-shaft ships, with Parsons turbines.
Jane's Fighting Ships 1931
and Whitley say that
Adelaide
had two shafts,
[19]
[20]
while Brook says that
Birmingham
also had two-shaft machinery.
[21]
- ^
Greece also ordered battleships from Germany and France.
[25]
- ^
The British requisition of the order took place sometime after 18 January 1915, when the first ship,
Antinavarchos Kountouriotis
, was launched.
[27]
- ^
While Preston
[14]
and Dittmar and Colledge
[33]
state that
Dartmouth
was launched on 14 December, Lyon states 13 February 1911.
[2]
- ^
While Lyon
[2]
and Preston
[16]
have
Dublin
launched on 9 November 1911, Dittmar and Colledge
[36]
and Colledge
[37]
say she was launched on 30 April 1912.
- ^
Lyon
[2]
and Preston
[18]
state 28 April, while Dittmar and Colledge
[36]
and Colledge
[38]
state 23 April.
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 56.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 3, p. 50.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
Preston 1985, p. 51.
- ^
a
b
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 60.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 59.
- ^
Moore 1990, p. 61.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Brown 2010, p. 63.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 57.
- ^
Brown 2010, p. 160.
- ^
a
b
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 55, 57.
- ^
a
b
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 53.
- ^
a
b
c
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 61.
- ^
Brown 2009, p. 59.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Preston 1985, p. 52.
- ^
Jones 1931, pp. 24?26.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Preston 1985, p. 53.
- ^
a
b
Brown 2009, p. 64.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
Preston 1985, p. 54.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Whitley 1999, p. 15.
- ^
Parkes 1931, p. 91.
- ^
Brook 1999, p. 199.
- ^
Brown 2009, pp. 66?67.
- ^
Brown 2009, p. 67.
- ^
Preston 1985, p. 63.
- ^
Preston 1985, p. 384.
- ^
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 54.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Preston 1985, p. 58.
- ^
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 57, 60.
- ^
Brown 2009, pp. 64?65.
- ^
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 54, 56.
- ^
Preston 1985, p. 59.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
ay
az
ba
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 50?51.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Dittmar and Colledge 1972, p. 45.
- ^
a
b
Lyon
Warship
Vol. 1 No. 3, p. 51.
- ^
Newbolt 1928, pp. 45?46.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Dittmar and Colledge 1972, p. 46.
- ^
Colledge 2006, p. 104.
- ^
Colledge 2006, p. 205
- ^
Newbolt 1928, p. 35.
- ^
Kindell, Don.
"1st - 31st August 1916 in date, ship/unit & name order"
.
World War 1 - Casualty Lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies
. naval-history.net
. Retrieved
20 March
2015
.
- ^
Corbett 1920, pp. 102?120, 352?354, 414?436.
- ^
Corbett 1920, pp. 380?383.
- ^
Grant 1964, p. 19.
References
[
edit
]
- Brook, Peter (1999).
Warships for Escort: Armstrong Warships 1867?1927
. Gravesend, UK: World Ship Society.
ISBN
0-905617-89-4
.
- Brown, David K. (2010).
The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906?1922
. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing.
ISBN
978-1-84832-085-7
.
- Colledge, J. J.
; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969].
Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy
(Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing.
ISBN
978-1-86176-281-8
.
- Corbett, Julian
(1920).
History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Vol. I: To the Battle of the Falklands December 1914
. London: Longmans Green.
- Friedman, Norman
(2010).
British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After
. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing.
ISBN
978-1-59114-078-8
.
- Friedman, Norman (2011).
Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory
. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing.
ISBN
978-1-84832-100-7
.
- Grant, Robert M. (1964).
U-Boats Destroyed: The Effects of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914?1918
. London: Putnam.
OCLC
621719619
.
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The War in the Air: Being the Story of the Part Played by the Royal Air Force in the Great War: Vol. IV
. Oxford: The Clarenden Press.
OCLC
769886209
.
- Lyon, David (1977). "The First Town Class 1908?31: Part 1".
Warship
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1
(1). London: Conway Maritime Press: 48?58.
ISBN
0-85177-132-7
.
- Lyon, David (1977). "The First Town Class 1908?31: Part 2".
Warship
.
1
(2). London: Conway Maritime Press: 54?61.
ISBN
0-85177-132-7
.
- Lyon, David (1977). "The First Town Class 1908?31: Part 3".
Warship
.
1
(3). London: Conway Maritime Press: 46?51.
ISBN
0-85177-132-7
.
- Newbolt, Henry (1928).
History of the Great War: Naval Operations:Vol IV
. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
OCLC
220475138
.
- Parkes, Oscar (1973) [First published 1931 by Sampson Low, Marston & Co.].
Jane's Fighting Ships 1931
. Newton Abbot, United Kingdom: David & Charles (Publishers) Limited.
ISBN
0-7153-5849-9
.
- Preston, Antony
(1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gray, Randal (ed.).
Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906?1921
. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1?104.
ISBN
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.
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