Animated comedy
Total Drama
|
---|
|
Genre
| Comedy drama
Mockumentary
Reality
[1]
Satire
|
---|
Created by
| |
---|
Directed by
|
- Todd Kauffman (seasons 1?2)
- Mark Thornton (seasons 1?2)
- Keith Oliver (season 3?Present)
- Chad Hicks (seasons 3?5)
|
---|
Starring
| |
---|
Theme music composer
| Voodoo Highway Music & Post Inc.
|
---|
Opening theme
| "I Wanna be Famous!"
|
---|
Ending theme
| "I Wanna be Famous!"
(Alt. Arrangement)
|
---|
Composers
|
- Brian Pickett
- James Chapple
- Dave Kelly
- Greame Cornies
|
---|
Country of origin
| Canada
|
---|
Original language
| English
|
---|
No.
of seasons
| 6
|
---|
No.
of episodes
| 145
(
list of episodes
)
|
---|
|
Executive producers
| |
---|
Running time
| 22 minutes
44 minutes (specials)
|
---|
Production companies
| Fresh TV
Elliott Animation
Corus Entertainment
(season 6-present)
|
---|
|
Network
| Cartoon Network
(Canada)
Cartoon Network
(United States)
|
---|
Release
| July 8, 2007
(
2007-07-08
)
[2]
[3]
?
present
|
---|
|
|
Total Drama
(often shortened as
TD
) is a Canadian
animated television series
created by
Jennifer Pertsch
and
Tom McGillis
that premiered on Teletoon (now
Cartoon Network
) in Canada on July 8, 2007, and on
Cartoon Network
in the U.S. on June 5, 2008.
[7]
The series is both a
homage
and
satire
of common conventions from
reality television
competition shows
like
Survivor
.
[8]
Each season revolves around a group of teens competing in an elimination-style competition, in that the contestants compete in challenges both as teams and individually for rewards and
immunity
from elimination. The teams merge roughly halfway through the competition into individuals. As the contestants develop relationships with each other, they are progressively eliminated from the game. When there are only two contestants left (three in 2023 series), they compete in a final challenge where the winner is awarded a cash prize:
C$
100,000 (
US$
73,129.00) in the first season, or C$1,000,000 (
US$
731,485.00) from the second season onward. The series currently consists of six seasons (
Island
,
Action
,
World Tour
,
Revenge of the Island
, the two-part
All-Stars and Pahkitew Island
, and the two-part revival of
Total Drama Island
).
[9]
Total Drama
has developed a
cult following
and spawned a franchise. A spin-off series,
Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race
, premiered on September 7, 2015.
[10]
A second spin-off series,
Total DramaRama
, premiered on September 1, 2018, in the U.S., and on October 7, 2018, in Canada.
[5]
[6]
On February 17, 2021, it was announced that a revival of
Total Drama
had been greenlit, with two new seasons being produced for
Cartoon Network
and
HBO Max
in the United States,
Cartoon Network
in Canada, and
CBBC
in the United Kingdom.
[11]
[12]
Both seasons serve as a soft-reboot of the original series, and none of the original voice actors reprise their roles nor returning any of the previous contestants due to timeline and
casting
mandates.
[13]
The first part came out in Italy on April 8, 2023, with the original English version being available on
Discovery+
in the region, and will later see an international extension.
[14]
Despite being announced as two seasons, the reboot was later revealed in the end credits to be one season,
[15]
similar to the fifth season.
Production
[
edit
]
Tom McGillis
says they used a "countrywide online research project" to determine this demographic's likes.
[16]
Fresh TV partners McGillis,
Jennifer Pertsch
, George Elliott and
Brian Irving
produced the series.
[17]
The budget for the first season was
US$
8,000,000.
[18]
It was animated in
Flash
,
[19]
at Elliott Animation's studio in Toronto.
[17]
Every cast and crew member on
Total Drama
had to sign a
confidentiality agreement
not to disclose who the winner was.
[20]
All the characters were designed by Todd Kauffman, who previously designed characters for shows such as
Bob and Margaret
and
Yin Yang Yo!
.
[21]
An early name for the series was
Camp TV
when the series first started production in 2006.
[22]
The fifth season was divided into two different segments. The first segment,
Total Drama All-Stars
, takes place on the original island from the
first season
, Camp Wawanakwa,
[23]
while the second segment,
Total Drama: Pahkitew Island
, features a new setting and cast.
[9]
McGillis had stated in 2013 that his personal goal was for
Total Drama
to go up to ten seasons.
[24]
Alex Ganetakos, the executive story editor and the senior writer for the series, also mentioned in 2014 that the production team planned to make more seasons in the future.
In a Q&A on September 25, 2018, when asked if there would be additional seasons, McGillis responded with "Nope. Sorry to be a dreamkiller, but there's no market for this experience in the wider entertainment marketplace right now".
[26]
On February 17, 2021, it was announced that two new seasons were being produced for
Cartoon Network
and
HBO Max
,
[11]
On June 22, 2022, it was announced by Cake Entertainment that the
BBC
had joined Warner Bros. Discovery as a co-commissioner for the new seasons and would air them on the
CBBC Channel
in the United Kingdom. In addition, the previous five seasons of the show and its spin-offs would be added to
BBC iPlayer
.
[27]
[28]
[29]
On October 6, 2022, Regular Capital posted a tweet revealing a new poster for
Total Drama
that showed the new cast and Chef in a new design.
[30]
On October 27, 2022, it was confirmed in an interview with Terry McGurrin on
YouTube
that Deven Mack would replace
Cle Bennett
as the voice of Chef Hatchet due to Bennett moving to
Hollywood
,
[31]
and reprising his role from the spin-off series
Total DramaRama
.
[32]
He later clarified on Twitter that despite essentially filling the role of a season six or seven, the new seasons are instead being produced as a new series.
[13]
On March 28, 2023, it was confirmed that
Terry McGurrin
would be replacing Christian Potenza as Chris McLean because of "creative decisions".
[33]
Episodes
[
edit
]
A list of all the seasons that have aired with the original Canadian air dates shown below along with basic elements for each season. The 100th episode aired on February 27, 2014.
[34]
[
citation needed
]
Broadcast
[
edit
]
Total Drama
first premiered on July 8, 2007, on
Teletoon
in
Canada
, while the series aired almost a year later on
Cartoon Network
in the
United States
on June 5, 2008.
[35]
Since then,
Total Drama
has become an international franchise and one of the biggest successes for
Fresh TV
. As of September 2011, the entire series has been shown in over 100 countries around the world, with the first season airing in 188 countries worldwide.
[36]
The fourth season first aired on
Canal+ Family
(later on
Teletoon+
) in France,
[37]
while the fifth season first aired on
K2
in Italy.
[38]
Australia was the first country to air the third season.
[
citation needed
]
Total Drama Island
also aired on
Pop Max
(formerly known as Kix) and
Disney XD
in the
United Kingdom
, with
Action
on Disney XD only and subsequent series unbroadcast in the territory until
Total DramaRama
was picked up by Pop. Subsequently a deal with the BBC saw
The Ridonculous Race
added to
BBC iPlayer
and the 2023
Island
reboot transmitted on
CBBC
.
In 2023, video-on-demand provider Future Today Inc. agreed a deal to carry five of the earlier
Total Drama
seasons over its free ad-supported video-on-demand platform HappyKids.tv, with episodes first being added to the platform in early November of that year.
[39]
Characters
[
edit
]
Total Drama
has had a total of 68 characters in the series who were introduced as contestants through seven seasons. The first three seasons consist of an original cast, with a total of 25 characters. 22 were introduced in the first season, while the other 3 were introduced in the second season's special before becoming main characters in the third season. The fourth season consists of a new cast with 13 characters. The first part of the fifth season brings back 14 contestants from the previous two casts each to compete together for the million. A third cast with 14 characters were introduced in the second part of the fifth season. For
The Ridonculous Race
, 32 new characters were introduced. A fourth cast with 16 new characters were introduced in the revival of
Total Drama Island
.
First generation: 22 contestants total
(3 not shown, introduced in World Tour)
Second generation: 13 contestants total
Third generation: 14 contestants total
By season, 22 characters competed in the first season, 15 competed in the second season, 18 competed in the third season, 13 competed in the fourth season, 14 characters competed in both parts of the fifth season (28 characters in total for the fifth season), 36 competed in the spin-off series
The Ridonculous Race
, and 16 new characters will compete in the revival season.
Voice actors
[
edit
]
There are various voice actors who have recorded the voices for all the characters in the
Total Drama
series.
Christian Potenza
and
Cle Bennett
voice the two main characters in the series, who appear in almost every episode.
[40]
Christian Potenza plays the role of egotistical and unempathetic host Chris McLean, saying that the best part of the job was that his character could not be voted off the show.
[41]
Cle Bennett voices Chef Hatchet, who serves as McLean's assistant. Other voice actors include
Brian Froud
, who voices contestants Harold and Sam.
Emilie-Claire Barlow
plays the contestant Courtney on
Total Drama
and
Emilie-Claire Barlow
stated that Courtney was her favorite character that she had ever played.
[42]
For the original cast:
Emilie-Claire Barlow
as Courtney,
[43]
Cle Bennett as DJ,
[44]
Julia Chantrey as Eva,
Carla Collins
as Blaineley,
Katie Crown
as Izzy,
[44]
Novie Edwards as Leshawna,
Megan Fahlenbock
as Gwen,
[45]
Kristin Fairlie
as Bridgette,
[44]
Brian Froud
as Harold,
Sarah Gadon
as Beth,
[46]
Marco Grazzini
as Alejandro (for
Total Drama World Tour
),
Carter Hayden
as Noah,
Alex House
as Alejandro (for
Total Drama All-Stars
), Lauren Lipson as Sadie,
Scott McCord
as both Owen and Trent,
[44]
Stephanie Anne Mills
as both Katie and Lindsay,
[47]
Drew Nelson
as Duncan,
[48]
Annick Obonsawin
as Sierra,
Peter Oldring
as Cody, Ezekiel, and Tyler,
Dan Petronijevic
as Geoff,
Adam Reid
as Justin, and
Rachel Wilson
as Heather.
[49]
For the second generation cast, the voice actors are:
[44]
Carleigh Beverly as Dakota,
Jon Cor
as Brick,
Cory Doran
as Mike, Kevin Duhaney as Cameron,
Laurie Elliot
as Jo, Brian Froud as Sam,
Athena Karkanis
as Anne Maria,
Barbara Mamabolo
as Zoey,
Caitlynne Medrek
as Dawn, Ashley Peters as Staci,
Tyrone Savage
as Lightning, and James Wallis as Scott.
For the third generation cast, the voice actors are:
[50]
Cle Bennett as Beardo and Leonard,
Zachary Bennett
as Shawn, Katie Bergin as Jasmine,
Daniel DeSanto
as Dave,
Bruce Dow
as Max, Kristi Friday as Scarlett,
Christopher Jacot
as Topher,
Bryn McAuley
as Amy and Samey,
[51]
Sunday Muse
as Ella,
[52]
Sarah Podemski
as Sky, Ian Ronningen as Rodney,
[53]
and Rochelle Wilson as Sugar.
For the fourth generation cast, the voice actors are: Kwaku Adu-Poku as Caleb, Tamara Almeida as Axel, Brandon Michael Arrington as Bowie, Eman Ayaz as Priya, Julius Cho as Chase, Jack Copland as Wayne, Gerardo Gismondi as Zee,
Katie Griffin
as Scary Girl, Fred Kennedy as Ripper,
Melanie Leishman
as Emma, Barbara Mamabolo as Millie, Daniel Keith Morrison as Damien,
Varun Saranga
as Raj, Julie Sype as Julia, Tymika Tafari as Nichelle, and Kimberly Ann Truong as MK.
Most voice actors have only voiced one character, while some actors have voiced two characters. Peter Oldring and Cle Bennett are the only two voice actors who have voiced more than two characters, Oldring voicing three and Bennett voicing four (five if counting DJ's mother). However, if the spin-offs are to be included, then multiple voice actors would have voiced multiple characters throughout the series. Brian Froud, Bennett, and Barbara Mamabolo are the only voice actors to voice contestants from more than one generation. Alejandro is the only character to have three voice actors; he was voiced by Marco Grazinni in
Total Drama World Tour
, Keith Oliver while he was in his robot suit, and Alex House in
Total Drama All-Stars
.
[54]
Josh is the only minor character to have a voice actor of his own,
Dwayne Hill
, as these roles are usually given to one of the main cast members.
Roles outside series
[
edit
]
Total Drama
characters are seen in an entirely different series called
Skatoony
where the characters are interviewed to play in quiz trivia games against real people and other Canadian series characters. Geoff, Leonard, Noah, and Owen also appear in
Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race
as contestants.
[4]
Beth, Bridgette, Cody, Courtney, DJ, Duncan, Ella, Geoff, Gwen, Harold, Izzy, Katie, Leshawna, Lightning, Max, Noah, Owen, Sadie, Sugar and Trent appear in the alternate-universe spin-off
Total DramaRama
as young children, along with Alejandro, Carrie, Chef Hatchet, Chet, Chris McLean, Don, Heather, Jasmine, Jen, Laurie, MacArthur and Tom appearing as adults.
[5]
Reception
[
edit
]
Broadcast
[
edit
]
The series has received high ratings, ranking #1 in the under-14 age group throughout its run.
[55]
As of 2011, the first season has been shown in over 188 countries,
[36]
while the rest of the series has been seen in at least 100.
[56]
Critical reception
[
edit
]
The first season,
Island
, received generally positive reviews.
[
citation needed
]
Common Sense Media
gave the show 4 out of 5 stars, calling it a "clever cartoon reality show spoof".
[57]
The second season,
Action
, received mostly mixed reviews from critics, who criticized the overt similarity to the previous season, but praised the development of characters who had less time in
Island
and the challenges.
[58]
The third season,
World Tour
, received critical acclaim for the antagonist of the season, Alejandro, the musical numbers and humor, with minor criticism directed at Ezekiel's development and the Gwen-Courtney-Duncan love triangle.
[59]
The fourth season,
Revenge of the Island
, was criticized for a shorter length and a weaker cast than previous seasons and received mixed to positive reviews.
[60]
The first part of the fifth season,
All-Stars
, was heavily criticized for its character derailment, challenges, main antagonist, and lack of payoff. The second part,
Pahkitew Island
, was criticized for its more stereotyped cast but was received more positively than
All-Stars
.
[61]
Legacy
[
edit
]
Total Drama
has garnered a
cult following
. Various online communities see fans discuss about the series, and it has inspired
fanfiction
.
[62]
Series co-creator Tom McGillis commented on the series popularity, saying that, "For tweens around the world,
Total Drama
is more than just a parody of a reality show. It's THEIR reality show".
Awards
[
edit
]
Media
[
edit
]
DVD releases
[
edit
]
Season
|
DVD
release dates
|
Region 1
|
Region 4
|
|
1
|
August 18, 2009
|
May 5, 2010
[69]
|
September 29, 2010
[70]
|
|
2
|
?
|
November 2, 2011
[71]
[72]
|
July 4, 2012
[73]
|
|
3
|
?
|
April 3, 2013
[74]
|
August 7, 2013
[75]
|
|
4
|
?
|
October 8, 2014
[76]
|
|
5
|
?
|
March 4, 2015
[77]
|
July 7, 2015
[78]
|
Up until November 2, 2011, only
Total Drama Island
had been released on DVD.
Cartoon Network
released their
Total Drama Island
DVD in the U.S. on August 18, 2009 (Region 1), while
Madman Entertainment
(Region 4) also released
Total Drama Island
on DVD in Australia, but this time in two parts (Collection 1 on May 5, 2010,
[69]
and Collection 2 on September 29, 2010
[70]
). However, almost two years after
Total Drama Action
was first aired, Madman released their Collection 1 DVD of the second season on November 2, 2011
[71]
[72]
(with Collection 2 being released on July 4, 2012
[73]
), making Australia the only country that has released the entirety of
Total Drama Action
for private home viewing. Australia also released
Total Drama World Tour
on DVD with Collection 1 being released on April 3, 2013,
[74]
and Collection 2 being released on August 7, 2013.
[75]
On October 8, 2014,
Total Drama: Revenge of the Island
was released into one part due to it being a shorter season. The first part of the fifth season,
Total Drama All-Stars
was released on March 4, 2015, with the second part,
Total Drama: Pahkitew Island
being released on July 7, 2015.
[77]
Online promotion
[
edit
]
Teletoon
hosted a
Total Drama
-based website called "Total Drama Online" from 2009 to 2013 where players could play games and earn badges to win prizes.
[79]
Even though most features (like user accounts, original avatar designer and badge counter) from this website were only exclusive to Canadian viewers, all of the games and basic elements were available to the rest of the world.
Cartoon Network
also had their own
Total Drama
website from 2009 to 2015, which was very similar to the Canadian website,
[80]
but was only exclusive to American viewers. Various alternate websites based on the series also exist throughout most of the other countries the show airs in, which are all in their respective languages.
[81]
Spin-off series
[
edit
]
The Ridonculous Race
[
edit
]
A spin-off series titled
Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race
takes place in the same universe as the original show.
[82]
The series is modeled on the format of
The Amazing Race
where the cast is split into multiple teams of two (referred to as duos) which race around the world throughout the series. There is a new host named Don, who replaced the original host Chris.
[83]
Even though a few of the characters from the main series make appearances, the spin-off series is primarily dominated by a new cast.
[4]
The spin-off series is a "buddy comedy" and includes 18 pairs of teams (36 characters). It first premiered on September 7, 2015, on
Cartoon Network
and later premiered on January 4, 2016, on the Canadian version of
Cartoon Network
.
[84]
Total DramaRama
[
edit
]
A second spin-off series was announced on December 19, 2017, as
Total Drama Daycare
. The series was later renamed
Total DramaRama
so that viewers would not mistake it for a daycare season of Total Drama. It first premiered on September 1, 2018, on
Cartoon Network
in the U.S. and on October 7, 2018, on
Teletoon
in Canada.
[6]
The series has a runtime length of eleven minutes, and is a slice of life comedy. It features some of the original characters from
Total Drama Island
as toddlers such as Beth, Bridgette, Cody, Courtney, Duncan, Gwen, Harold, Izzy, Leshawna, Noah and Owen, as well as Jude from
6teen
. Chef Hatchet also returns as a younger adult.
[5]
[85]
The series began production in early 2017.
[86]
On February 13, 2019, the series was greenlit for a second season.
[87]
On June 23, 2020, Corus Entertainment announced that the series was renewed for a third season, which was set to premiere in mid-2021.
Revenge of the Island
contestant, Lightning, and
Pahkitew Island
contestant, Sugar, were aged down to join the cast.
[88]
[89]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Amazon.com: Total Drama Action Season 1: Amazon Video"
.
Amazon
. Retrieved
April 28,
2015
.
- ^
"Elliott Animation ? Productions ? Total Drama Island"
. Archived from
the original
on October 7, 2008.
- ^
"Total Drama Island: GOPHERS vs. BASS"
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Total Drama Presents The Ridonculous Race ? Fresh TV"
.
Fresh TV
. Archived from
the original
on October 6, 2014
. Retrieved
October 5,
2014
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Foster, Elizabeth (December 19, 2017).
"CN, Teletoon open up Total Drama Daycare"
.
KidScreen
. Retrieved
June 19,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Corus unveils 2018/19 kids programming slate"
. June 4, 2018
. Retrieved
June 4,
2018
.
- ^
Thorny (June 3, 2008).
"Howdy Neighbour!... (or is it neighbor?)"
.
Total Drama Action
. Retrieved
June 11,
2008
.
- ^
Bailey, Katie (July 17, 2014).
"It's no drama making Total Drama a success"
. Retrieved
November 11,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
"Teletoon Canada Inc. | Inspector Gadget Reboot Tops Off Teletoon Canada's Latest Original Production Slate"
. Newswire.ca. June 11, 2013. Archived from
the original
on July 7, 2013
. Retrieved
May 29,
2014
.
- ^
Milligan, Mercedes (August 24, 2015).
"
'Total Drama: The Ridonculous Race' Debuts Sept. 7"
.
Animation Magazine
. Retrieved
January 7,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
"WarnerMedia Expands Kids & Family Offerings on Cartoon Network and HBO Max Under New Tagline Redraw Your World"
(Press release).
WarnerMedia
. February 17, 2021
. Retrieved
February 17,
2021
.
- ^
Bharanidharan, Sadhana (June 22, 2022).
"It's Game On For Total Drama As BBC Co-Commissions New Seasons"
.
KidScreen
. Retrieved
July 5,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
McGurrin, Terry.
"It's TECHNICALLY being produced as season 1 & 2 of a REBOOT"
.
Twitter
. Retrieved
March 25,
2023
.
- ^
Cartoon News Network [@CCNCartoonNews] (April 2, 2023).
"The 'TOTAL DRAMA ISLAND' reboot will premiere on Warner Bros. Discovery's K2 in Italy April 10"
(
Tweet
)
. Retrieved
April 10,
2023
– via
Twitter
.
- ^
McGurrin, Terry.
"It was a 26 episode order, so I guess for the purposes of copyright, insurance, and contracts that's how the legal papers were drawn up"
.
X
. Retrieved
December 14,
2023
.
- ^
Mudhar, Raju (January 11, 2009),
"Canadian cartoon show sucking 'em all back in"
,
The Toronto Star
, retrieved
December 25,
2010
- ^
a
b
Playback Staff (May 15, 2006),
Total Drama Island: And So It Begins
, retrieved
December 25,
2010
- ^
D'Aprile, Annalisa,
"L'Isola di cartone che prende in giro i reality"
,
Kata Web
(in Italian)
, retrieved
December 25,
2010
- ^
admin (June 29, 2007),
"Title Drama Island"
,
Cold Hard Flash
, retrieved
December 25,
2010
- ^
"From the creators of the award winning series 6teen, the number one show on Teletoon, comes a truly unique reality show for kids"
.
Channel Canada
. June 24, 2007. Archived from
the original
on February 23, 2012
. Retrieved
December 25,
2010
.
- ^
"Total Drama Island: Final 4"
.
Blogspot
. November 2007.
[
dead link
]
- ^
"Neptoon's Promo Washes Ashore"
.
Cold Hard Flash
. March 27, 2006
. Retrieved
December 25,
2010
.
- ^
Cochran, Jay (January 28, 2013).
"Cartoon Network Announces It's New & Returning Shows For 2013?2014 Season ? What's In Store For DC Nation? ? - Action Figures Toys News"
. Toynewsi.com
. Retrieved
May 29,
2014
.
- ^
@tommcgillis (June 15, 2013).
"@JuLiO_CeSaRrrr you got it! 10 seasons is my goal!"
(
Tweet
)
. Retrieved
May 29,
2014
– via
Twitter
.
- ^
McGillis, Tom (September 25, 2018).
"I'm Tom McGillis, creator of 6Teen, Total Drama, Total DramaRama. We made a 6Teen reunion PSA, so on National Voter Registration Day, AMA!"
. Reddit
. Retrieved
October 3,
2018
.
- ^
"Hit animated reality series 'Total Drama' arrives on CBBC"
. June 22, 2022.
- ^
"BBC agrees deal with Cake for six series of Total Drama tween franchise"
.
- ^
"Hit Animated Reality Series Total Drama finds new UK home on CBBC"
.
- ^
Regular Capital [@RegularCapital] (October 6, 2022).
"A new full-page advert for the new Total Drama Island series coming to Cartoon Network USA"
(
Tweet
)
. Retrieved
October 6,
2022
– via
Twitter
.
- ^
"Deven Mack on Twitter"
.
Twitter
. Retrieved
April 16,
2023
.
- ^
Da Bois Podcast: (DBP) Ep 155: Total Drama Writer + Voice Actor + Comedian Terry McGurrin
, retrieved
October 27,
2022
- ^
"Terry McGurrin on Twitter"
.
Twitter
. Retrieved
March 28,
2023
.
- ^
"Total Drama Celebrates Its 100th Episode"
.
Mailchimp
. February 25, 2014. Archived from
the original
on November 7, 2015
. Retrieved
February 16,
2024
.
- ^
"Total Drama | Free Online Games"
. Cartoon Network
. Retrieved
April 13,
2015
.
- ^
a
b
Stinson, Scott (October 13, 2011).
"Stinson: CanCon on the Croisette at Mipcom"
.
The Globe and Mail
. Toronto ON. Archived from
the original
on October 14, 2011
. Retrieved
October 14,
2011
.
- ^
"Defis extremes : Superstars, Serie d'animation - Programme TV"
(in French). Programme-tv.premiere.fr. Archived from
the original
on July 5, 2015
. Retrieved
April 13,
2015
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External links
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