Notable events in LGBT history
The following is the timeline of
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) history.
Before the Common Era
[
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]
9th millennium BCE ? 3rd millennium BCE
[
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]
101st century BCE ? 50th century BCE
[
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]
- c.
9,600 BCE ? c, 5,000 BCE
?
Mesolithic
rock art
in
Sicily
depicts male figures in pairs that have been interpreted variously, including as hunters, acrobats, religious initiates, and depictions of male homosexual intercourse.
[2]
[3]
70th century BCE ? 17th century BCE
[
edit
]
- c. 7,000 BCE ?1700 BCE
? Among the sexual depictions in
Neolithic
and
Bronze Age
drawings and figurines from the Mediterranean area, as one author describes it, a "
third sex
" human figure having female breasts and male genitals or without distinguishing sex characteristics. In Neolithic
Italy
, female images are found in a domestic context, while images that combine sexual characteristics appear in burials or religious settings. In Neolithic
Greece
and
Cyprus
, figures are often dual-sexed or without identifying sexual characteristics.
[4]
3rd millennium BCE
[
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]
29th century BCE ? 25th century BCE
[
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]
- c. 2900 BCE ? c. 2500 BCE
? A burial of a suburb of
Prague
, Czech Republic, a male is buried in the outfit usually reserved for women. Archaeologists speculate that the burial corresponds to a
transgender
person or someone of the third sex.
[5]
24th century BCE
[
edit
]
23rd century BCE or 23rd century BCE ? 22nd century BCE
[
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]
- 2284 BCE ? 2246 BCE
or
2184 BCE
?
Pepi II Neferkare
, who ruled the
Kingdom of Egypt
as an absolute monarch under the title of
Pharaoh of Egypt
, is believed to have had a homosexual interpretation around nocturnal visits to his
General Sasenet
. though critics argue that it was more likely that the story was intended to tarnish the reputation of the Pharaoh by associating him with homosexuality.
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
2nd millennium BCE
[
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]
18th century BCE
[
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]
15th century BCE ? 12th century BCE
[
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]
"If a man tells another man, either privately or in a brawl, "Your wife is promiscuous; I will bring charges against her myself," but he is unable to substantiate the charge, and cannot prove it, he is to be caned, be sentenced to a month's hard labor for the king, be cut off, and pay one talent of lead."
"If a man has secretly started a rumour about his neighbor saying, "He has allowed men to have sex with him," or in a quarrel has told him in the presence of others, "Men have sex with you," and then, "I will bring charges against you myself," but is then unable to substantiate the charge, and cannot prove it, that man is to be caned, be sentenced to a month's hard labour for the king, be cut off, and pay one talent of lead."
"If a man has had sex with his neighbor he has been charged and convicted, he is to be considered defiled and made into a eunuch."
"If a man violates his own mother, it is a capital crime. If a man violates his daughter, it is a capital crime. If a man violates his son, it is capital crime."
1st millennium BCE
[
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]
10th century BCE ? 6th century BCE
[
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]
- c. 1000 BCE ? c. 500 BCE
? The
Vendidad
dates from this period
[18]
[19]
and within the text it states the following:
"
Ahura Mazda
answered: 'The man that lies with mankind as man lies with womankind, or as woman lies with mankind, is the man that is a
Daeva
; this one is the man that is a worshipper of the Daevas, that is a male
paramour
of the Daevas, that is a female paramour of the Daevas, that is a wife to the Daeva; this is the man that is as bad as a Daeva, that is in his whole being a Daeva; this is the man that is a Daeva before he dies, and becomes one of the unseen Daevas after death: so is he, whether he has lain with mankind as mankind, or as womankind."
[20]
?
Avesta
,
Vendidad
, Fargard 8. Funerals and purification, unlawful sex, Section V (32) Unlawful lusts.
The guilty may be killed by any one, without an order from the
Dastur
, and by this execution an ordinary capital crime may be redeemed.
[20]
7th century BCE
[
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]
- c. 700 BCE
? The custom of
castrating
homosexual (and straight) slaves and house servants is introduced into
Anshan
from conquered territories of the
Neo-Assyrian Empire
and the
Median Empire
.
[21]
- c. 630 BCE
?
Dorian
aristocrats in
Crete
adopt formal relations between adult aristocrats and adolescent boys; an inscription from Crete is the oldest record of the social institution of
paiderastia
among the Greeks
[22]
(see
Cretan pederasty
). Marriage between men in Greece was not legally recognized, but men might form lifelong relationships originating in
paiderastia
("pederasty," without the pejorative connotations of the English word). These partnerships were not dissimilar to heterosexual marriages except that the older person served as educator or mentor.
[23]
- Sappho
, a Greek lyric poet born on the island of
Lesbos
, was born between 630 and 612 BCE, and died around 570 BCE. The
Alexandrians
included her in the list of nine lyric poets. She was famous for her lesbian themes, giving her name and that of her homeland to the very definition of
lesbianism
(and the lesser used term of "sapphism"). She was exiled c. 600 BCE unrelated to lesbianism. She was later permitted to return.
6th century BCE
[
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]
- 534 ? 492 BCE
?
Duke Ling of Wey
and
Mizi Xia
had a loving same-sex relationship, where various plays and stories have commemorated their love story in the phrase, "the bitten peach".
[24]
- c. 540 ? 530 BCE
? Wall paintings from the
Etruscan
Tomb of the Bulls
(Italian:
Tomba dei Tori
), found in 1892 in the Monterozzi
necropolis
,
Tarquinia
, depict homosexual intercourse. The tomb is named for the pair of bulls who watch human sex scenes, one between a man and a woman, and the other between two men; these may be
apotropaic
, or embody aspects of the cycle of regeneration and the afterlife. The three-chamber tomb was inscribed with the name of the deceased for whom it was originally built, Aranth Spurianas or Arath Spuriana, and also depicts
Achilles
killing the
Trojan
prince
Troilus
, along with indications of
Apollo
cult.
[25]
- 521 BCE
? The
Achaemenid Empire
crucifies
Polycrates
and suppresses pederasty in
Samos
, which causes pederastic poets
Ibycus
and
Anacreon
to flee Samos.
[26]
[27]
5th century BCE
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]
4th century BCE
[
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]
- 385 BCE
? Plato publishes
Symposium
in which
Phaedrus
,
Eryximachus
,
Aristophanes
and other Greek intellectuals argue that love between males is the highest form, while sex with women is lustful and utilitarian.
[30]
Socrates
, however, differs.
[31]
He demonstrates extreme self-control when seduced by the beautiful
Alcibiades
.
[32]
- 350 BCE
? Plato publishes
Laws
in which the Athenian stranger and his companions criticize homosexuality as being lustful and wrong for society because it does not further the species and may lead to irresponsible citizenry.
[33]
- 346 BCE
-
Aeschines
' speech
Against Timarchus
, who was on trial for male prostitution, reveals Athenian attitudes to homosexuality.
[34]
- 338 BCE
? The
Sacred Band of Thebes
, a previously undefeated elite battalion made up of one hundred and fifty pederastic couples, is destroyed by the forces of
Philip II of Macedon
who bemoans their loss and praises their honour.
[35]
- 330 BCE
?
Bagoas
, favorite
catamite
to King
Darius III
, becomes catamite to King
Alexander III of Macedon
.
[21]
[36]
3rd or 2nd century BCE
[
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]
- 227 BCE
,
226 BCE
,
216 BCE
, or
149 BCE
? During the
Roman Republic
, the
Lex Scantinia
imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime
(
stuprum
)
against a
freeborn youth
; infrequently mentioned or enforced, it may also have been used to prosecute
male citizens
who willingly took the passive role in
homosexual relations
.
[37]
It is unclear whether the penalty was death or a fine. For an
adult male citizen
to desire and engage in same-sex relations was considered natural and socially acceptable, as long as his partner was a male
prostitute
,
slave
or
infamis
, a person excluded from the legal protections accorded a citizen. In the
Imperial period
, the
Lex Scantinia
was revived by
Domitian
as part of his program of judicial and moral reform.
[38]
1st century BCE
[
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]
- c. 90s ? 80s BCE
?
Quintus Lutatius Catulus
was among a circle of poets who made short, light
Hellenistic poems
fashionable in the
late Republic
. Both his surviving
epigrams
address a male as an object of desire, signaling a new homoerotic aesthetic in Roman culture.
[39]
- 57 ? 54 BCE
?
Catullus
writes the
Carmina
, including love poems to Juventius, boasting of sexual prowess with youth and violent invectives against "passive" homosexuals.
- c. 50 BCE
? The
Lex Julia de vi publica
, a
Roman Republic
law, was passed to define rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone" and the rapist was subject to execution. Men who had been raped were exempt from the loss of legal or social standing suffered by those who submitted their bodies to use for the pleasure of others; a male prostitute or entertainer was
infamis
and excluded from the legal protections extended to citizens in good standing. As a matter of law, a
slave
could not be raped; he was considered property and not
legally a person
. The slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
- 46 BCE
?
Lucius Antonius
, the brother of Mark Antony, accuses
Gaius Octavius
for having "given himself to
Aulus Hirtius
in
Spain
for three hundred thousand
sesterces
."
[43]
- 44 BCE
? After the
assassination
of
Dictator
and
Consul
Gaius Julius Caesar
, Gaius Octavius is publicly named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir. According to
Mark Antony
, he charged that Octavius had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favors.
[43]
- 42 ? 39 BCE
?
Virgil
writes the
Eclogues
, with Eclogue 2 a notable example of homoerotic Latin literature.
- 27 BCE
? The
Roman Empire
is established under the rule of
Augustus
. The first recorded same-sex marriage occurs during his reign, homosexual prostitution is taxed, and if someone is caught being sexually passive with another male, a Roman citizen could lose his citizenship.
[44]
- 26, 25 and 18 BCE
?
Tibullus
writes his elegies, with references to homosexuality.
- 7 ? 1 BCE
?
Emperor Ai of Han
had a loving same-sex relationship with
Dong Xian
. In one historical record, Emperor Ai cut his own sleeves to not wake up his beloved Dong Xian.
[45]
Common Era
[
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]
1st millennium
[
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]
1st century
[
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]
- 79
? The eruption of
Mount Vesuvius
buries the coastal resorts of
Pompeii
and
Herculaneum
, preserving a rich collection of
Roman erotic art
, including representations of
male-male
and
female-female
.
- 98
?
Trajan
, one of the most beloved of Roman emperors, begins his reign. Trajan was well known for his homosexuality and fondness for young males. This was used to advantage by the king of
Edessa
,
Abgar VII
, who, after incurring the anger of Trajan for some misdeed, sent his handsome young son to make his apologies, thereby obtaining pardon.
[50]
- Publius Cornelius Tacitus
writes
Germania
. In
Germania
, Tacitus writes that the punishment for those who engage in "bodily infamy" among the
Germanic peoples
is to "smother in mud and bogs under an heap of hurdles." Tacitus also writes in
Germania
that the Germanic warrior-chieftains and their retinues were "in times of peace, beauty, and in times of war, a defense". Tacitus later wrote in
Germania
that priests of the
Swabian
sub-tribe, the Naharvali
[51]
or
Nahanarvali
, who "dress as women" to perform their priestly duties.
[52]
2nd century
[
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]
- c. 200
? The
Outlines of Pyrrhonism
is published. In the book,
Sextus Empiricus
states that "amongst the
Persians
it is the habit to indulge in intercourse with males, but amongst the
Romans
it is forbidden by law to do so". He also stated in the book that "amongst us
sodomy
is regarded as shameful or rather illegal, but by the
Germanic
they say, it is not looked on as shameful but as a customary thing. It is said, too, that in
Thebes
long ago this practice was not held to be shameful, and they say that
Meriones
the
Cretan
was so called by way of indicating the Cretans' customed and some refer to this the burning love of
Achilles
for
Patroclus
. And what wonder, when both the adherents of the
Cynic philosophy
and the followers of
Zeno of Citium
,
Cleanthes
and
Chrysippus
, declare that this practice is indifferent?".
[53]
[54]
2nd century ? 3rd century
[
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]
3rd century
[
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]
- 218 ? 222
? Roman emperor
Elagabalus
's reign begins. At different times, Elagabalus marries five women and a man named
Zoticus
, an athlete from
Smyrna
, in a lavish public ceremony at Rome;
[56]
but the Syrian's most stable relationship is with the chariot driver
Hierocles
, and
Cassius Dio
says Elagabalus delighted in being called Hierocles' mistress, wife, and queen.
[57]
The emperor wears makeup and wigs, prefers to be called a lady and not a lord, and offers vast sums to any physician who can provide them with a vagina;
[58]
[57]
for this reason, the emperor is seen by some writers as an early transgender figure and one of the first on record as seeking
sex reassignment surgery
.
[58]
[57]
[59]
[60]
- 222 ? 235
? Roman emperor
Severus Alexander
deported homosexuals who were active in public life. According to Christius, Alexander increased the penalties for homosexuality throughout the
Roman Empire
. According to
Augustan History
, Alexander decreed that the taxes on pimps, prostitutes, and
exoleti
should not be deposited in the public purse; instead, he ordered that these taxes should be used for restoring the
theatre of Marcellus
, the
Circus Maximus
, the
amphitheatre
, and the stadium build by
Domitian
in the
Campus Martius
. According to
Ælius Lampridus
, Alexander even contemplated making male prostitution illegal.
[39]
[61]
[62]
- 244 ? 249
? Roman emperor
Marcus Julius Philippus
either attempted to or did outlaw
male prostitution
throughout the
Roman Empire
.
[33]
4th century
[
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]
- 305 ? 306
?
Council of Elvira
(now
Granada
, Spain). This council was representative of the Western European Church and among other things, it barred pederasts the right to Communion.
- 314
?
Council of Ancyra
(now
Ankara
, Turkey). This council was representative of the Eastern European Church and it excluded the
Sacraments
for 15 years to unmarried men under the age of 20 who were caught in homosexual acts, and excluded the man for life if he was married and over the age of 50.
- 306 ? 337
? The
Life of Constantine
mentions a temple at
Aphaca
in
Phoenicia
, on a remote summit of Mount Libanus, being used by effeminate homosexual pagan priests, and says that this temple was destroyed by the command of
Roman emperor
Constantine I
. It also states that Constantine passed a law ordering the extermination of effeminate homosexual pagan priests in
Egypt
.
[39]
[64]
- 337
?
Constantius II
and
Constans I
become the
62nd Emperor
of the
Roman Empire
. During their reigns, they both engaged in same-sex relationships.
[65]
[66]
[67]
- 342
? The Roman emperors Constantius II and Constans I issue the following imperial decree for the Roman Empire:
[68]
[69]
"When a man marries in the manner of a woman, a woman about to renounce men, what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment."
- 350
? Roman emperor Constans I is assassinated.
- 361
? Roman emperor Constantius II dies.
- c. 380s
?
Ammianus Marcellinus
publishes
Res Gestae
. In
Res Gestae
, Marcellinus writes that the
Persians
"are extravagantly given to venery, and are hardly contented with a multitude of concubines; they are far from immoral relations with boys." Also in
Res Gestae
, Marcellinus writes that "We have learned that these
Taifali
were a shameful folk, so sunken in a life of shame and obscenity, that in their country the boys are coupled with the men in a union of unmentionable lust, to consume the flower of their youth in the polluted intercourse of those paramours."
[70]
[71]
- 390
? The Roman emperors
Valentinian II
,
Theodosius I
and
Arcadius
issue the following imperial decrees for the Roman Empire:
[72]
"We cannot tolerate the city of
Rome
, mother of all virtues, being stained any longer by the contamination of male effeminacy, nor can we allow that agrarian strength, which comes down from the founders, to be softly broken by the people, thus heaping shame on the centuries of our founders and the princes, Orientius, dearly and beloved and favoured. Your laudable experience will therefore punish among revenging flames, in the presence of the people, as required by the grossness of the crime, all those who have given themselves up to the infamy of condemning their manly body, transformed into a feminine one, to bear practices reserved for the other sex, which have nothing different from women, carried forth ? we are ashamed to say ? from male brothels, so that all may know that the house of the manly soul must be sacrosanct to all, and that he who basely abandons his own sex cannot aspire to that of another without undergoing the supreme punishment."
?
Collatio Mosaic and Roman Laws
[39]
"All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people."
- 390 ? 405
?
Nonnus
'
Dionysiaca
is the last known piece of Western literature for nearly 1,000 years to celebrate homosexual passion.
[33]
6th century
[
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]
"In criminal cases public prosecutions take place under various statutes, including the
Lex Julia de adulteris
, "...which punishes with death, not only those who violate the marriages of others, but also those who dare to commit acts of vile lust with men."
7th century
[
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]
- 654
? The
Visigothic Kingdom
criminalized
sodomy
and the punishment for it is
castration
. This is the first European secular law to criminalize sodomy.
[79]
[80]
- 693
? In
Iberia
, Visigothic ruler
Egica
of Hispania and Septimania, demanded that a Church council confront the occurrence of homosexuality in the Kingdom. The
Sixteenth Council of Toledo
issued a statement in response, which was adopted by Egica, stating that homosexual acts be punished by
castration
, exclusion from
Communion
, hair shearing, one hundred lashes, and banishment into
exile
.
[33]
8th century
[
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]
9th century
[
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]
2nd millennium
[
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]
11th century
[
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]
- 1007
? The Decretum of
Burchard of Worms
equates homosexual acts with sexual transgressions such as
adultery
and argues, therefore, that it should have the same
penance
(generally
fasting
).
[33]
- 1051
?
Peter Damian
writes the treatise
Liber Gomorrhianus
, in which he argues for stricter punishments for clerics failing their duty against "vices of nature."
[83]
- 1061
? Pedro Dias and Muno Vandilas are married by a priest at a chapel in the
Kingdom of Leon
.
[84]
- 1100
?
Ivo of Chartres
tries to convince
Pope Urban II
about homosexuality risks. Ivo accused Rodolfo, archbishop of
Tours
, of convincing the King of France to appoint a certain Giovanni as bishop of
Orleans
. Giovanni was well known as Rodolfo's lover and had relations with the king himself, a fact of which the king openly boasted. Pope Urban, however, didn't consider this as a decisive fact: Giovanni ruled as bishop for almost forty years, and Rodolfo continued to be well known and respected.
[85]
12th century
[
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]
13th century
[
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]
- 1232
?
Pope Gregory IX
starts the
Inquisition
in the Italian City-States. Some cities called for banishment and/or
amputation
as punishments for 1st- and 2nd-offending sodomites and burning for the 3rd or habitual offenders.
[
citation needed
]
- 1260
? In the
Kingdom of France
, first-offending sodomites lost their testicles, second offenders lost their member, and third offenders were burned. Women caught in same-sex acts could be mutilated and executed as well.
[33]
- 1265
?
Thomas Aquinas
argues that sodomy is second only to
bestiality
in the ranking of sins of lust.
- 1283
? The
Coutumes de Beauvaisis
dictats that convicted sodomites should not only be burned but also that their property would be forfeited.
14th century
[
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]
- 1308?14
?
Philip IV of France
orders the arrest of all
Templars
on charges of heresy, idolatry and sodomy, but these charges are only a pretext to seize the riches of the order. Order leaders are sentenced to death and burned at the stake on 18 March 1314 by
Notre Dame
.
- 1321
? Dante's
Inferno
places sodomites in the Seventh Circle.
- 1327
? The deposed King
Edward II of England
is killed, allegedly by forcing a red-hot poker through his rectum. Edward II had a history of conflict with the nobility, who repeatedly banished his former lover
Piers Gaveston
, the
Earl of Cornwall
.
[
citation needed
]
- 1347
? Rolandino Roncaglia is tried for sodomy, an event that caused a sensation in Italy. He confessed he "had never had sexual intercourse, neither with his wife nor with any other woman, because he had never felt any carnal appetite, nor could he ever have an erection of his virile member". After his wife died of plague, Rolandino started to prostitute himself, wearing female dresses because "since he has female look, voice and movements ? although he does not have a female orifice, but has a male member and testicles ? many persons considered him to be a woman because of his appearance".
[86]
- 1351
? Buddhist temple murals depicting same-sex relationships were commissioned and painted in
Thailand
.
[87]
- 1357
? King Gongmin of Goryeo, known for having male lovers, ascended to the throne in
Korea
.
[82]
- 1370s
? Jan van Aersdone and Willem Case were two men executed in
Antwerp
in the 1370s. The charge against them was same sex intercourse which was illegal and strenuously vilified in
medieval Europe
.
[
citation needed
]
Aersdone and Case stand out because records of their names have survived. One other couple still known by name from the 14th century were Giovanni Braganza and Nicoleto Marmagna of
Venice
.
[88]
- 1395
?
John Rykener
, known also as Johannes Richer and Eleanor, was a
transvestite
prostitute
working mainly in
London
(near
Cheapside
), but also active in
Oxford
. He was arrested in 1395 for
cross-dressing
and interrogated.
15th century
[
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]
- 1424
?
Bernardino of Siena
preached for three days in
Florence
, Italy, against homosexuality and other forms of lust, culminating in a pyre in which burned cosmetics, wigs and all sorts of articles for the beautification. He calls for
sodomites
to be ostracized from society, and these sermons alongside measures by other clergy of the time strengthens opinion against homosexuals and encourages the authorities to increase the measures of persecution.
[88]
[89]
- 1431
?
Nezahualcoyotl
,
Tlatoani
of
Texcoco
, enacted laws making homosexuality a capital punishment by hanging in Texcoco.
[90]
[91]
- 1432
? In Florence the first organization specifically intended to prosecute sodomy is established, the "Night Officials", which over the next 70 years arrest about 10,000 men and boys, succeeding in getting about 2,000 convicted, with most then paying fines.
- 1436
?
Royal Noble Consort Sun
is banished from the
Joseon
court after it is discovered that she has been sleeping with her maid. The official decree blames her demotion on receiving visitors without her husband's permission and instructing her maids to sing men's songs.
[92]
- 1451
?
Pope Nicholas V
enables the papal Inquisition to persecute men who practice sodomy.
- 1471
?
1493
? According to
Garcilaso de la Vega
's
Real Reviews of the Incas
,
during the reign of
Sapa Inca
Topa Inca Yupanqui
or Tupac Inca Yupanqui, he persecuted homosexuals. Yupanqui's general, Auqui Tatu, burned alive in public square all those for whom there was even circumstantial evidence of sodomy in [H]acari valley, threatening to burn down whole towns if anyone engaged in sodomy. In
Chincha
, Yupanqui burned alive large numbers, pulling down their houses and any trees they had planted.
[93]
- 1475
? In
Peru
, a chronicle written under the Capac Yupanqui government describes the persecution of homosexuals with public burnings and destruction of homes (a practice usually reserved for conquered tribes).
- 1476
? Florentine court records of 1476 show that
Leonardo da Vinci
and three other young men were charged with
sodomy
twice, and acquitted.
[94]
- 1483
? The
Spanish Inquisition
begins. Sodomites were stoned, castrated, and burned. Between 1540 and 1700, more than 1,600 people were prosecuted for sodomy.
[33]
- 1492
?
Desiderius Erasmus
writes a series of love letters to a fellow monk while at a monastery in Steyn in the Netherlands.
[95]
- 1494
?
Girolamo Savonarola
criticizes the population of Florence for its "horrible sins" (mainly homosexuality and gambling) and exhorts them to give up their young and beardless lovers.
- 1497
? In Spain, the
King of Aragon
Ferdinand
and
Queen of Castile
and
Leon
Isabella
strengthen the sodomy laws hitherto applied only in the cities. An increase is made in the severity of the crime equating to treason or heresy, and the amount of evidence required for conviction is lowered, with torture permitted to extract confession. The property of the defendant is also confiscated.
15th century ? 16th century
[
edit
]
- 1493
?
1525
? According to Garcilaso de la Vega's
Real Reviews of the Incas,
during his reign, Sapa Inca
Huayna Capac
merely "bade" the people of
Tumbez
to give up sodomy and did not take any measures against the Matna, who "practiced sodomy more openly and shamelessly than all the other tribes."
[96]
16th century
[
edit
]
- 1502
? A charge is brought against the Italian artist
Sandro Botticelli
on the grounds of sodomy.
[97]
- 1505
?
1521
? The
Zhengde Emperor
of the
Ming dynasty
had a same-sex relationship with the Muslim leader Sayyid Husain, although no evidence supporting this claim exists in Chinese sources
[98]
[99]
- 1512
? Revolt of the Compagnacci in Florence
[100]
- 1513
?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
, a conquistador in modern-day Panama is described as throwing forty homosexual Indians to his dogs.
[101]
- 1519
?
Ferdinand Magellan
sentences the death penalty against his own crew when they arrived it Rio de Janeiro, after he deemed them as having a homosexual relationship
[102]
- 1523
? First of several charges of sodomy brought against the Florentine artist
Benvenuto Cellini
.
[103]
- 1526
? The founder and first emperor of the
Mughal Empire
, Emperor
Babur
, had a long-term loving relationship with his male lover
Baburi Andijani
, who was already an adult when Emperor Babur founded his dynasty.
[104]
- 1532
? The
Holy Roman Empire
makes sodomy punishable by death.
[33]
The Florentine artist
Michelangelo
begins writing over 300 love poems dedicated to
Tommaso dei Cavalieri
.
[105]
- 1533
? King
Henry VIII
passes the
Buggery Act 1533
making anal intercourse punishable by death throughout England.
[106]
- 1542
? Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca documents same sex marriages and men "who dress like women and perform the office of women, but use the bow and carry big loads" among a Native American tribe in his publication,
The Journey of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions from Florida to the Pacific 1528?1536
.
- 1543
? Henry VIII gives royal assent to the
Laws in Wales Act 1542
, extending the
buggery
law into Wales.
- 1553
?
Mary Tudor
ascends the English throne and removes all of the laws that had been passed by Henry VIII during the
English Reformation
of the 1530s.
- 1558?1563
?
Elizabeth I
reinstates Henry VIII's old laws, including the
Buggery Act 1533
.
[33]
- 1561
? process of Wojciech z Poznania, who married Sebastian Słodownik, and lived with him for 2 years in
Pozna?
. Both had female partners. On his return to
Krakow
, he married Wawrzyniec Włoszek. Wojciech, considered in public opinion as a woman, was burned for 'crimes against nature'.
[107]
- 1590
? The
Boxer Codex
records
same-sex marriage
as normalized in pre-colonial
Philippines
[108]
17th century
[
edit
]
- 17th century
? Hu Tianbao of Fujian was executed by the Chinese government. The people of Fujian later deified him as the god of homosexual love, building a temple in his honor and calling him
Tu'er Shen
.
[109]
- 1610
? The
Colony of Virginia
enacts a military order that criminalizes male sodomy, making it punishable by death.
[110]
This order ends later the same year, when martial law is terminated upon the change in control of the Virginia Colony.
[110]
- 1620
?
Brandenburg-Prussia
criminalizes sodomy, making it punishable by death.
[33]
- 1624
?
Richard Cornish
of the
Virginia Colony
is tried and hanged for sodomy.
[111]
- 1648
? The first known prosecution for lesbian activity in North America occurs in March when
Sarah White Norman
is charged with "
Lewd behaviour
with each other upon a bed" with
Mary Vincent Hammon
in
Plymouth, Massachusetts
. Hammon was under 16 and not prosecuted.
[112]
- 1648
? In Canada's first-ever criminal trial for the crime of homosexuality, a gay military drummer stationed at the French garrison in
Ville-Marie
,
New France
is sentenced to death by the local
Sulpician
priests.
[113]
After an intervention by the
Jesuits
in
Quebec City
, the drummer's life is spared on the condition that he accept the position of New France's first permanent
executioner
.
[113]
- 1655
? The
Connecticut Colony
passes a law against sodomy, which includes a punishment for lesbian intercourse as well.
[114]
- 1661
? The
Colony of Virginia
enacts
English common law
, thus criminalizing male-to-male sodomy again.
[110]
- 1683
? The
Kingdom of Denmark
criminalizes "relations against nature", making it punishable by death.
[115]
- 1688
?
1704
? Kagemachaya(
ja
), a Japanese gay bar, first opens in Japan.
[116]
18th century
[
edit
]
19th century
[
edit
]
20th century
[
edit
]
3rd millennium
[
edit
]
21st century
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Homosexuality and the Law: A Dictionary
. Abc-Clio. 2001.
ISBN
9781576072677
.
- ^
Mussi, Margherita (31 October 2001).
Earliest Italy: An Overview of the Italian Paleolithic and Mesolithic
. Kluwer Academic. pp. 343?344.
ISBN
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.
- ^
a
b
Schott, Landon (2016). "In the Beginning: Sexual History".
Gay Awareness: Discovering the Heart of the Father and the Mind of Christ On Sexuality
. Austin, Texas: Famous Publishing.
ISBN
978-1942306481
.
- ^
Talalay, Lauren E. (2005). "The Gendered Sea: Iconography, Gender, and Mediterranean Prehistory".
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ISBN
978-0-631-23267-4
.
- ^
"Grave of stone age transsexual excavated in Prague"
.
Archeology News Network
. Czech Positions. 5 April 2011. Archived from
the original
on 4 February 2014.
- ^
Greenberg, David F. (2008).
The Construction of Homosexuality
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ISBN
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.
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Parkinson, R.B. (1995). "
'Homosexual' Desire and Middle Kingdom Literature".
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.
81
: 57?76.
doi
:
10.2307/3821808
.
JSTOR
3821808
.
- ^
Montserrat, Dominic
(2000).
Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt
. Routledge.
ISBN
978-1-134-69034-3
.
- ^
When writing about homosexuality, Meskell calls it "Another well documented example"
Meskell, Lynn (1999).
Archaeologies of Social Life: Age, Sex, Class Etcetra in Ancient Egypt
. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 95.
ISBN
978-0-631-21298-0
.
- ^
More details at
[1]
&
[2]
- ^
a
b
"[PDF] The Construction of Homosexuality - Free Download PDF"
.
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.
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Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, by Martti Nissinen, Fortress Press, 2004,
p. 24?28
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Halsall, Paul.
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.
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. Archived from
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on 11 September 2015
. Retrieved
16 November
2015
.
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.
- ^
Wilhelm, Amara Das (18 May 2010).
Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex
. Xlibris Corporation.
ISBN
9781453503164
.
- ^
"Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt by Bruce Gerig in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt"
.
epistle.us
.
- ^
Rose, Jenny (2014). "Appendix 1".
Zoroastrianism: An Introduction
. I.B.Tauris.
ISBN
9780857735485
.
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Boyce, Mary (2001).
Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
. Psychology Press. p. 40.
ISBN
9780415239028
.
- ^
a
b
"Vendidad: Fargard 8" [Section V (32) Unlawful lusts.].
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.
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a
b
Wilhelm, Amara Das (8 May 2014).
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(Harvard University Press, 1978, 1898), pp. 205?7
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- ^
Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. Published by the University of California Press. Pages 20-21.
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Stephan Steingraber,
Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting
(Getty Publications, 2006), pp. 67, 70, 91?92; Otto Brendel,
Etruscan Art
, translated by R. Serra Ridgway (Yale University Press, 1978, 1995), pp. 165?170; Fred S. Kleiner,
A History of Roman Art
(Wadsworth, 2007, 2010), p. xxxii.
- ^
Dynes, Wayne R.; Donaldson, Stephen (20 October 1992).
Homosexuality in the Ancient World
. Taylor & Francis.
ISBN
9780815305460
– via Google Books.
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Dynes, Wayne R. (22 March 2016).
"Philosophy"
.
Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
. Vol. II. Routledge. p. 984.
ISBN
9781317368120
– via Google Books.
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Dynes, Wayne R. (22 March 2016).
"Search: 'Holiness Code of Leviticus'
"
.
Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
. Vol. II. Routledge.
ISBN
9781317368120
– via Google Books.
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Herodotus (15 May 2010).
The History
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ISBN
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Plato.
Symposium
. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. 189c
. Retrieved
18 September
2011
– via Internet Classics Archive.
- ^
Plato.
Symposium
. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. 201d
. Retrieved
18 September
2011
– via Internet Classics Archive.
- ^
Plato.
Symposium
. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. 214e
. Retrieved
18 September
2011
– via Internet Classics Archive.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
Fone, Byrne R. S. (2000).
Homophobia: a history
. New York:
Metropolitan Books
.
ISBN
0-8050-4559-7
.
- ^
Joseph Roisman,
Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexandria
, Blackwell, 2011
- ^
Haggerty, George E. (2000).
Gay histories and cultures: an encyclopedia
. Taylor & Francis. p. 418.
ISBN
978-0-8153-1880-4
.
- ^
...with whom Darius was intimate and with whom Alexander would later be intimate... "
Quintus Curtius Rufus
"(BOOK VI. 5.23)
- ^
Thomas A.J. McGinn,
Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome
(Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 140?141.
• Amy Richlin,
The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor
(Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), pp. 86, 224.
• John Boswell,
Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century
(University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 63, 67?68.
• Craig Williams,
Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity
(Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 116.
- ^
Ben Nusbaum, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," in
Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition
(Haworth Press, 2005), p. 231.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Cantarella, Eva (20 October 2017).
Bisexuality in the Ancient World
. Yale University Press.
ISBN
978-0300093025
– via Google Books.
- ^
Digest
48.6.3.4 and 48.6.5.2.
- ^
Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562?563.
[
full citation needed
]
• See also
Digest
48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
- ^
Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 558?561.
[
full citation needed
]
- ^
a
b
Suetonius,
Augustus
68
,
71
- ^
Myers, JoAnne (19 September 2013).
Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements
. Scarecrow Press.
ISBN
9780810874688
– via Google Books.
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Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press.
- ^
Denny, Dallas (13 May 2013).
Current Concepts in Transgender Identity
. Routledge. pp. 4?5.
ISBN
978-1-134-82110-5
.
- ^
a
b
Chrystal, Paul (15 October 2015).
In Bed with the Romans
.
Amberley Publishing
.
ISBN
978-1-4456-4352-6
.
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Younger, John (7 October 2004).
Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z
. Routledge. p. 165.
ISBN
9781134547029
– via Google Books.
- ^
Ornamentis
Augustarum
:
Suetonius
,
Life of Nero
28?29
, discussed by Craig A. Williams,
Roman Homosexuality
(Oxford University Press, 1999), p. pp. 284, 400, 424.
- ^
Dio Cassius
, Epitome of Book 68.6.4; 68.21.2?6.21.3
- ^
For the spelling, see Hans-Werner Goetz, Jorg Jarnut, Walter Pohl (eds.),
Regna and Gentes: The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early ...
(2003,
ISBN
9004125248
), page 62.
- ^
"Homosexuality and the Weerdinge Bog Men"
.
www.connellodonovan.com
. Archived from
the original
on 27 October 2016.
- ^
"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"
.
sourcebooks.fordham.edu
. Archived from
the original
on 19 October 2016.
- ^
Younger, John (7 October 2004).
Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z
. Routledge. p. 93.
ISBN
9781134547029
– via Google Books.
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Prioreschi, Plinio (20 October 1996).
A History of Medicine: Roman medicine
. Horatius Press.
ISBN
9781888456035
– via Google Books.
- ^
Augustan History
, Life of Elagabalus
10
- ^
a
b
c
Varner, Eric (2008). "Transcending Gender: Assimilation, Identity, and Roman Imperial Portraits".
Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Supplementary Volume
.
7
. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press: 200?201.
ISSN
1940-0977
.
JSTOR
40379354
.
OCLC
263448435
.
Elagabalus is also alleged to have appeared as Venus and to have depilated his entire body. ... Dio recounts an exchange between Elagabalus and the well-endowed Aurelius Zoticus: when Zoticus addressed the emperor as 'my lord,' Elagabalus responded, 'Don't call me lord, I am a lady.' Dio concludes his anecdote by having Elagabalus asking his physicians to give him the equivalent of a woman's vagina by means of a surgical incision.
- ^
a
b
Tess de'Carlo (2018)
Trans History
. Lulu,com.
ISBN
978-1-387-84635-1
, p. 32.
[
self-published source
]
- ^
Godbout, Louis (2004).
"Elagabalus"
(PDF)
.
GLBTQ: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture
. Chicago: glbtq, Inc
. Retrieved
6 August
2007
.
- ^
Benjamin, Harry; Green, Richard (1966).
The Transsexual Phenomenon, Appendix C: Transsexualism: Mythological, Historical, and Cross-Cultural Aspects
. New York: The Julian Press, Inc. Archived from
the original
on 17 July 2007
. Retrieved
3 August
2007
.
- ^
a
b
"A History of Homophobia: 3 The Later Roman Empire & The Early Middle Eages"
.
rictornorton.co.uk
. Archived from
the original
on 21 January 2017.
[
self-published source
]
- ^
Hirschfeld, Magnus (20 October 2017).
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.
Prometheus Books
.
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9781615926985
– via Google Books.
- ^
"Internet History Sourcebooks"
.
sourcebooks.fordham.edu
. Archived from
the original
on 19 October 2016.
- ^
DiMaio,
Constans I (337?350 A.D.)
- ^
Canduci
, p. 131.
sfn error: no target: CITEREFCanduci (
help
)
- ^
"The Historic Origins of Church Condemnation of Homosexuality"
. Well.com
. Retrieved
12 June
2018
.
- ^
Theodosian Code
9.7.3: "When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion (quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment."
- ^
"People with a History: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans* History Sourcebook ? Justinian I: Novel 77 (538) and Novel 141 (544 CE)"
.
Internet History Sourcebooks Project
.
Fordham University
.
- ^
"LacusCurtius ? Ammianus Marcellinus ? Book XXIII"
.
penelope.uchicago.edu
.
- ^
"LacusCurtius ? Ammianus Marcellinus ? Book XXXI"
.
penelope.uchicago.edu
.
- ^
Theodosian Code
9.7.6: "All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people."
- ^
Dynes, Wayne R. (22 March 2016).
"Search: 'Visigothic 506'
"
.
Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
. Vol. II. Routledge.
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9781317368120
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- ^
"Corpus Iuris Civilis: The Digest and Codex: Marriage Laws"
(PDF)
.
- ^
Laura Swan,
The Forgotten Desert Mothers
(2001,
ISBN
0809140160
), pages 72?73
- ^
Dale Albert Johnson,
Corpus Syriacum Johnsoni I
(2015,
ISBN
1312855347
), page 344-8
- ^
Conner, Randy P.; Sparks, David Hatfield; Sparks, Mariya; Anzaldua, Gloria (1997),
Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Lore
, Cassell, p. 57,
ISBN
0-304-33760-9
- ^
Visigothic Code 3.5.5, 3.5.6
;
"The doctrine of the orthodox faith requires us to place our censure upon vicious practices, and to restrain those who are addicted to carnal offences. For we counsel well for the benefit of our people and our country, when we take measures to utterly extirpate the crimes of wicked men, and put an end to the evil deeds of vice. For this reason we shall attempt to abolish the horrible crime of sodomy, which is as contrary to Divine precept as it is to chastity. And although the authority of the
Holy Scriptures
, and the censure of earthly laws, alike, prohibit offences of this kind, it is nevertheless necessary to condemn them by a new decree; lest if timely correction be deferred, still greater vices may arise. Therefore, we establish by this law, that if any man whosoever, of any age, or race, whether he belongs to the clergy, or to the laity, should be convicted, by competent evidence, of the commission of the crime of
sodomy
, he shall, by order of the king, or of any judge, not only suffer
emasculation
, but also the penalty prescribed by
ecclesiastical
decree for such offences, and promulgated in the third year of our reign."
- ^
"SGS ? Europe and homosexuality"
.
- ^
"Burned for Sodomy"
.
Queer Saints and Martyrs
. 9 October 2012. Archived from
the original
on 13 March 2016.
- ^
David Bromell. Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History, London, 2000 (Ed. Wotherspoon and Aldrich)
- ^
a
b
Hyung-Ki Choi; et al.
"South Korea (Taehan Min'guk)"
.
International Encyclopedia of Sexuality
.
Continuum Publishing Company
. Archived from
the original
on 10 January 2007
. Retrieved
1 January
2007
.
- ^
PETRI DAMIANI Liber gomorrhianus, ad Leonem IX Rom. Pon. in Patrologiae Cursus completus...accurante J.P., MIGNE, series secunda, tomus CXLV, col. 161; CANOSA, Romano, Storia di una grande paura La sodomia a Firenze e a Venezia nel quattrocento, Feltrinelli, Milano 1991, pp.13?14
- ^
M.J.A. (27 February 2011).
"El primer matrimonio homosexual de Galicia se oficio en 1061 en Rairiz de Veiga"
[The first homosexual marriage in Galicia was held in 1061 in Rairiz de Veiga].
FarodeVigo
(in Spanish)
. Retrieved
27 February
2011
.
- ^
Opera Omnia
.
Archived
22 October 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"storia completa qui"
. Archived from
the original
on 11 May 2015
. Retrieved
6 October
2014
.
- ^
Osthananda, Kamori (29 June 2021).
"Thai LGBTQ+ history through the looking glass: religious freedom and LGBTQ+ rights in Thailand"
. Thai Enquirer
. Retrieved
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2023
.
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a
b
Crompton, Louis (2003).
Homosexuality and Civilization
. Cambridge & London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
- ^
For more documented detail about Bernardino's lengthy campaign against homosexuality, see
Franco Mormando (1999). "Chapter 3: Even The Devil Flees in Horror at the Sight of This Sin: Sodomy and Sodomites".
The Preacher's Demons: Bernardino of Siena and the Social Underworld of Early Renaissance Italy
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- ^
Lee, Jongsoo (2008).
The Allure of Nezahualcoyotl: Pre-Hispanic History, Religion, and Nahua Poetics
. UNM Press.
ISBN
978-0826343376
.
- ^
"Nezahualcoyotl's Law Code (1431)"
.
Duhaime.org
. Archived from
the original
on 27 February 2017.
- ^
世宗實錄
[
Veritable Records of Sejong
]. Vol. 75. 1454.
- ^
Dynes, Wayne R. (22 March 2016).
Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
. Vol. I. Routledge.
ISBN
9781317368151
– via Google Books.
[
page needed
]
- ^
della Chiesa, Angela Ottino (1967).
The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci
. p. 83.
- ^
Diarmaid MacCulloch (2003). Reformation: A History. pg. 95. MacCulloch says "he fell in love" and further adds in a footnote "There has been much modern embarrassment and obfuscation on Erasmus and Rogerus, but see the sensible comment in J. Huizinga, Erasmus of Rotterdam (London, 1952), pp. 11?12, and from Geoffrey Nutuall, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 26 (1975), 403"
- ^
Dynes, Wayne R. (22 March 2016).
Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
. Vol. I. Routledge.
ISBN
9781317368151
– via Google Books.
[
page needed
]
- ^
Michael Rocke,
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, Oxford University Press, 1996
- ^
Bret Hinsch (1992).
Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China
. University of California Press. p. 142.
ISBN
0-520-07869-1
. Retrieved
28 November
2010
.
- ^
Societe francaise des seiziemistes (1997).
Nouvelle revue du XVIe siecle, Volumes 15?16
. Droz. p. 14
. Retrieved
28 November
2010
.
- ^
Michael Rocke,
Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male culture in Renaissance Florence
, Oxford University Press, 1996, 228-229.
- ^
Alfonso G. Jimenez de Sandi Valle, Luis Alberto de la Garza Becerra and Napoleon Glockner Corte. LGBT Pride Parade in Mexico City. National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), 2009. 25 p.
- ^
Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2022). Straits: Beyond the Myth of Magellan. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- ^
I. Arnaldi, La vita violenta di Benvenuto Cellini, Bari, 1986
- ^
Babur, Emperor of Hindustan (2002).
The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor
. translated, edited and annotated by W. M. Thackston. Modern Library. p. 89.
ISBN
0-375-76137-3
.
- ^
Michelangelo Buonarroti; Symonds, John Addington (1904).
Sonnets. now for the first time translated into rhymed English
. London: Smith, Elder, & Co.
- ^
R v Jacobs
(1817) Russ & Ry 331 confirmed that buggery related only to intercourse
per anum
by a man with a man or woman or intercourse
per anum
or
per vaginum
by either
a man or a woman with an animal
. Other forms of "unnatural intercourse" may amount to
indecent assault
or
gross indecency
, but do not constitute buggery. See generally, Smith & Hogan,
Criminal Law
(10th ed),
ISBN
0-406-94801-1
- ^
Lewandowski, Piotr (2014).
Grzech sodomii w przestrzeni politycznej, prawnej i społecznej Polski nowo?ytnej
. e-bookowo.
ISBN
9788378594239
.
- ^
Donoso, et al. (2021). Boxer Codex: A Modern Spanish Transcription and English Translation of 16th-Century Exploration Accounts of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Academica Filipina+.
- ^
Szonyi, Michael (June 1998). "The Cult of Hu Tianbao and the Eighteenth-Century Discourse of Homosexuality". Late Imperial China. 19 (1): 1?25.
- ^
a
b
c
"The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States ? Virginia"
.
- ^
Godbeer, Richard (2002).
Sexual revolution in early America
. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
ISBN
0-8018-6800-9
.
p.123
- ^
Borris, Kenneth (2004).
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. New York: Routledge.
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.
Denmark Today
. 4 December 2014. Archived from
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"The Raid of Mother Clap's Molly House"
. Retrieved
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Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China
. Internet Archive. Berkeley : University of California Press.
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.
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. Retrieved
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"??????????? (???????????????) ????????????????????"
.
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. Retrieved
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2017
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"Der Schwule Fritz"
[The Gay Fritz].
Suddeutsche Zeitung
(in German). Archived from
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on 17 February 2021.
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"The Elastic Closet: A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942?present"
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[3]
Sources
[
edit
]
- Sabo, Adriana; Vuleti?, Aleksandra; Stoli?, Ana; Burmaz, Branko; Zec, Dejan; Dui?in, Dragana; Stojanovi?, Dragana; đuri?, Dubravka; Maljkovi?, Du?an; Erdei, Ildiko; Bari?i?, Jasmina; Petrovi?, Jelena; Vi?nji?, Jelena; Blagojevi?, Jelisaveta; Lon?arevi?, Katarina; Radulovi?, Lidija; Kapetanovi?, Milorad; Jovanovi?, Neboj?a; Savi?, Neboj?a; Kne?evi?, Nenad; Dimitrijevi?, Olga; Dimitrov, Slav?o; Go?anin, Sonja; Bojanin, Stanoje; Kalini?, Tanja; Bjeli?i?, Vladimir; Jovanovi?, Vladimir; Ivanovi?, Zorica (2014). Blagojevi?, Jelisaveta; Dimitrijevi?, Olga; Stoli?, Ana; đuri?, Dubravka; Lon?arevi?, Katarina; Ivanovi?, Zorica; Radmanovi?, Mane; Popovi?, Tatjana; Savanovi?, Aleksandra; Kne?evi?, Nenad (eds.).
MEđU NAMA: Neispri?ane pri?e gej i lezbejskih ?ivota -
zbornik tekstova
[
BETWEEN US: Untold stories of gay and lesbian lives
] (in Croatian). Belgrade: Hartefakt Fond.
ISBN
978-86-914281-4-3
. Retrieved
26 July
2023
.
- Pritchard, James B., ed. (1969). "The Middle Assyrian Laws".
Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament
. Translated by Theophile J. Meek (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 180?188.
ISBN
0-691-03503-2
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Archer, Bert (2004).
The End of Gay: And the Death of Heterosexuality
. Thunder's Mouth Press.
ISBN
1-56025-611-7
.
- Bullough, Vern L. (2002).
Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context
. New York, Harrington Park Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press.
ISBN
1-56023-193-9
.
- Burleson, William E. (2005).
Bi America: Myths, Truths, and Struggles of an Invisible Community
. United Kingdom, Routledge.
ISBN
978-1560234791
- Chauncey, George (1995).
Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890?1940
(Reprint ed.).
Basic Books
.
ISBN
0-465-02621-4
.
- Dapin, Mark, "If at first you don't secede...", The Sydney Morning Herald ? Good Weekend, 12 February 2005, pp 47?50
- Fone, Byrne R. S. (2000).
Homophobia: a history
. New York:
Metropolitan Books
.
ISBN
0-8050-4559-7
.
- Gallo, Marcia M. (2007)
Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement.
California: Seal Press.
ISBN
1580052525
- Hogan, Steve and Lee Hudson (1998).
Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia
. New York, Henry Holt and Company.
ISBN
0-8050-3629-6
.
- Lattas, Judy, "Queer Sovereignty: the Gay & Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands", Cosmopolitan Civil Societies journal, UTS September 2009
- Miller, Neil (1995).
Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present
. New York, Vintage Books.
ISBN
0-09-957691-0
.
- Percy III, William Armstrong (1996).
Pederasty and pedagogy in archaic Greece
.
University of Illinois Press
.
ISBN
0-252-02209-2
.
- Stryker, Susan
(2008).
Transgender History
. New York, Seal Press.
ISBN
978-1-58005-224-5
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