18th-century English actor, playwright, and author
Theophilus Cibber
(25 or 26 November 1703
[1]
? October 1758) was an English actor, playwright, author, and son of the actor-manager
Colley Cibber
.
He began acting at an early age, and followed his father into theatrical management. In 1727,
Alexander Pope
satirised Theophilus Cibber in his
Dunciad
as a youth who "thrusts his person full into your face" (III 132). On the stage, he was famous for playing Pistol in
Henry IV, Part 2
, and some of the comic roles his father had played when younger, but unsympathetic critics accused him of overemphasis.
[2]
His private life later led Theophilus into bad reputation and scandal. He died in a shipwreck while bound for Ireland and a season in
Dublin
.
[
citation needed
]
Early life and career
[
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]
Theophilus Cibber was born during the
Great Storm of 1703
and began acting in the
Drury Lane Theatre
at the age of 16 in 1721.
[3]
As a young man, Cibber was a notorious rake, and associated with young men of a similar mind and reputation, such as the
Duke of Wharton
.
[3]
As the son of
Catherine
and Colley Cibber, one of the theatre's managers, Theophilus became involved in the management of Drury Lane. In 1723, he became manager of the summer season, and in 1727 became assistant manager during the regular season.
[2]
In 1732, one of the managers,
Barton Booth
, sold his share to John Highmore, and another of the managers,
Robert Wilks
, fell ill and died. Cibber senior became disenchanted by the involvement of Wilks' widow, through her representative John Ellys, in the management of the company. He dropped out of the management and leased his share in the company to his son.
[4]
Cibber junior took the lead in the management of the theatre during the 1732?33 season, until he fell ill.
[5]
The actions of Ellys and Highmore in his absence, which appear to have been largely centred on saving or making money, irritated Theophilus and friction grew between them.
[6]
The other managers approached Cibber senior and offered to buy out his share. Without consulting Theophilus, Colley Cibber sold them his share for 3,000 guineas, and they promptly gave Theophilus his notice.
[7]
Theophilus led the
actors in a walkout
and they set themselves up as rival, but informal, company of players in the
Haymarket
. The Cibbers applied for a
letters patent
to perform at the Haymarket, but it was refused, and the Drury Lane managers attempted to shut down Cibber by conspiring in the arrest of his leading actor,
John Harper
, on a charge of vagrancy.
[8]
Public opinion swung to Theophilus' side, and Harper was released. The Drury Lane managers were defeated, and Theophilus regained control of the company on his own terms.
[9]
Theophilus married actress
Jane Johnson
and they had four children: Colley George in 1726, Catherine in 1727, Jane in 1729, and Elizabeth in 1732. Colley George and Catherine died in infancy, and their mother died at the age of 26 just after the birth of Elizabeth from puerperal fever.
[10]
Jane and Elizabeth were raised in the house of their grandfather, Colley Cibber.
[11]
Adultery case scandal
[
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]
Two years after the death of his first wife, Jane, Cibber married the singer and actress
Susannah Maria Arne
, the sister of musician
Thomas Arne
on 21 April 1734.
[12]
Unusually, Susannah Maria insisted on a prenuptial agreement that protected her own property and income by placing it in the hands of two trustees, who released it to her in small amounts. Theophilus had no access to the money, and the agreement stipulated that if she died without children, then the money was to be inherited by her parents rather than her husband.
[13]
They had two children, Susannah in 1735 and Caius-Gabriel in 1736, but both died aged less than a year.
[11]
Both Theophilus and Susannah Maria were members of the Drury Lane theatre company managed by Cibber. From 1735, Cibber began drawing his wife's earnings from the theatre personally, ignoring the marriage settlement, and by 1737 he was even selling her clothes and personal effects to make money.
[14]
In 1738, the couple were involved in a notorious lawsuit which drew public attention to Cibber's connivance in his wife's adultery. The Cibbers had established a
menage a trois
with John Sloper, a country squire, from whom Theophilus accepted money.
[15]
The three of them set up house together in
Kensington
, for which Sloper paid the rent and maintenance, until Cibber slipped away to France to escape his creditors.
[16]
To his dismay, Susannah Maria wrote him a letter to say that she was leaving him for Sloper.
[17]
Cibber returned to England, and began negotiating a settlement with Susannah Maria and Sloper, punctuated by an absurd but successful attempt to abduct Susannah Maria from Sloper's country house that ended with all three of them staying at the same inn, despite Sloper firing a pistol over Cibber's head.
[18]
Theophilus confined his wife to a house in Wild Court, Great Wild Street, from where she was rescued by her brother Thomas who broke in and knocked out the guard.
[19]
Theophilus had Thomas imprisoned in
Bridewell
temporarily, and Susannah Maria returned to Sloper.
[19]
Becoming greedy, Cibber sued Sloper for £5,000 damages for
criminal conversation
, which he described as threatening "his peace of mind, his happiness, and his hopes of posterity". The prosecution produced witnesses, lodging house keepers Mr and Mrs Hayes, who admitted to spying on Sloper and Mrs Cibber through a wainscot partition, thus establishing adultery beyond doubt. Sloper's defence counsel rebutted by calling the Kensington housekeeper, Anne Hopson, who testified that Cibber received money from Sloper with full knowledge of his wife's affair.
[20]
The defence said of Cibber: "He takes his money, lets him maintain his family, resigns his wife to him, and then comes to court for justice, for reparation in damages." Counsel concluded that "there is no denomination in coin small enough to give in damages." The jury concurred, and awarded Cibber a nominal £10.
[20]
Decline
[
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]
Sloper retired to the country, and Susannah gave up performing for a while. When Cibber appeared as Lord Foppington in
The Relapse
at Drury Lane, he was pelted with fruit and garbage.
[21]
The following year, 1739, Cibber brought an action against Sloper for £10,000 for "detaining" his wife. This time he was awarded £500.
[22]
Susannah went to Ireland and a concert season with
Handel
while the scandal died down, but later returned to have a successful career at Drury Lane, working with
David Garrick
and becoming famous as a
tragic
actress. Cibber lost his influence in the theatre and spent his remaining years switching from venue to venue, taking the occasional part.
[21]
His exaggerated acting style was out of fashion and unpopular, and he drank to excess.
[23]
His father died on 11 December 1757, leaving Theophilus just £50 in his will, and the following day Theophilus wrote to the
Lord Chamberlain
, the Duke of Newcastle, asking for work in a theatre.
[24]
Theophilus' eulogy to his father, delivered on stage dressed in mourning, was not a success, and he was forced to look for work elsewhere.
[25]
Thomas Sheridan
offered him work at the
Smock Alley Theatre
in
Dublin
. On the trip to Ireland, his ship, the
Dublin Trader
with about 60 passengers on board, foundered in a storm, and was wrecked on the Scottish coast.
[26]
He was lost at sea.
[27]
Authorship
[
edit
]
At the age of 17, Cibber adapted
Shakespeare's
Henry VI,
An Historical Tragedy of the Civil Wars in Reign of King Henry VI
.
[2]
Later, he adapted
Romeo and Juliet
, in which he played Romeo opposite his 14-year-old daughter, Jenny, as Juliet.
[28]
Theophilus' plays, which include the ballad opera
Patie and Peggie
, the comedy
The Lover
, the farce
The Auction
and the
pantomime
The Harlot's Progress
, are of no great merit.
[28]
They were published in a modern edition by David Mann in 1981.
Theophilus' authorship of
Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland, to the Time of Dean Swift
(1753) is disputed;
Samuel Johnson
claimed that it was written by
Robert Shiels
.
[28]
Most of the text is lifted from earlier works by Gerard Langbaine and
Giles Jacob
. Other works in Theophilus' name are
A Letter from Theophilus Cibber to John Highmore
(1733),
A Lick at a Liar: or Calumny Detected. Being an Occasional Letter to a Friend
(1752),
An Epistle from Mr Theophilus Cibber to David Garrick, esq.
(1755), and
Two Dissertations on the Theatres
(1756), which despite the title was in three parts.
[29]
In April 1740, Theophilus' father published an autobiography,
An Apology for the Life of Colley Cibber, Comedian
, which was a commercial success.
[30]
Shortly after its release, Theophilus drew up a proposal for his own autobiography and began to collect advances from prospective subscribers.
[31]
In July,
An Apology for the Life of Mr. T[heophilus] C[ibber], Comedian: Being a Proper Sequel to The Apology for the Life of Mr. Colley Cibber, Comedian, with an Historical View of the Stage to the Present Year / Supposed to be Written by Himself in the Style and Manner of the Poet Laureate
, was published but Theophilus was not the author. It was an anonymous attack against the Cibbers patterned on Colley Cibber's
succes de scandale
autobiography. Theophilus claimed he returned the subscriptions and threatened the publishers with a lawsuit, but nothing came of his threats.
[32]
The author was never discovered, but
Henry Fielding
was suspected.
[33]
Fielding's 20th-century biographer
Wilbur Lucius Cross
thought that Fielding "did not actually write the book, [but] was doubtless in the secret, and may have lent his aid here and there".
[34]
Selected roles
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]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
He was baptised at the Church of
St Martin-in-the-Fields
, London, on 19 December, and the entry in the parish register states that he was born on 25 November (originals and microfilm held at Westminster Archives, Vol. 9-10); however, some secondary sources have given the date as the 26th.
- ^
a
b
c
Barker, p. 166
- ^
a
b
Barker, p. 165
- ^
Barker, p. 167
- ^
Barker, p. 168
- ^
Barker, pp. 168?170
- ^
Barker, p. 170
- ^
Barker, pp. 170?172
- ^
Barker, pp. 172?173
- ^
Ashley, p. 197
- ^
a
b
Koon, p. 185
- ^
Barker, p. 180
- ^
Barker, p. 181
- ^
Barker, pp. 183?184
- ^
Barker, p. 184
- ^
Barker, pp. 184?185
- ^
Barker, p. 185
- ^
Barker, pp. 187?188
- ^
a
b
Barker, p. 188
- ^
a
b
Barker, p. 190
- ^
a
b
Barker, p. 191
- ^
Barker, p. 192
- ^
Ashley, pp. 154?155
- ^
Barker, pp. 257?258
- ^
Ashley, p. 156; Barker, p. 258
- ^
Ashley, p. 156
- ^
Barker, p. 193
- ^
a
b
c
Ashley, p. 199
- ^
Ashley, p. 200
- ^
Barker, p. 194
- ^
Barker, p. 201
- ^
Barker, pp. 201?202
- ^
Ashley, p. 154; Barker, p. 202
- ^
Cross, Wilbur L. (1918)
The History of Henry Fielding
, New Haven, vol. I, p. 284
References
[
edit
]
- Anon. (Theophilus Cibber on the title page) (1740).
An Apology for the Life of Mr. T[heophilus] C[ibber], Comedian: Being a Proper Sequel to The Apology for the Life of Mr. Colley Cibber, Comedian, with an Historical View of the Stage to the Present Year / Supposed to be Written by Himself in the Stile and Manner of the Poet Laureate
. London: Printed for J. Mechell.
- Ashley, Leonard R. N. (1965)
Colley Cibber
, New York: Twayne.
- Barker, Richard Hindry (1939)
Mr Cibber of Drury Lane
, New York: Columbia University Press.
- Cibber, Theophilus (putatively).
Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland, to the Time of Dean Swift
, London.
- Koon, Helene (1986)
Colley Cibber: A Biography
, Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky,
ISBN
0-8131-1551-5
.
- Mann, David (ed.) (1981).
The plays of Theophilus and Susannah Cibber
, New York: Garland Pub.
- Stone, Lawrence (1990).
Road to Divorce:England 1530–1987
, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Truelove, F. (1739).
The Comforts of Matrimony, Exemplified in the Memorable Case and Tryal Lately Brought by T. C. against W. S. Esq. for Criminal Conversation with the Plaintiff's Wife
, London.
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