Daily newspaper published in California
The Mercury News
(formerly
San Jose Mercury News
, often locally known as
The Merc
) is a morning
daily newspaper
published in
San Jose, California
, in the
San Francisco Bay Area
. It is published by the
Bay Area News Group
, a subsidiary of
Media News Group
which in turn is controlled by
Alden Global Capital
, a vulture fund.
[6]
[7]
As of March 2013
[update]
, it was the
fifth largest daily newspaper in the United States
, with a daily circulation of 611,194.
[8]
[9]
As of 2018
[update]
, the paper has a circulation of 324,500 daily and 415,200 on Sundays.
[10]
As of 2021,
[update]
this further declined. The Bay Area News Group no longer reports its circulation, but rather "readership". For 2021, they reported a "readership" of 312,700 adults daily.
[11]
First published in 1851, the
Mercury News
is the last remaining English-language daily newspaper covering the
Santa Clara Valley
. It became the
Mercury News
in 1983 after a series of mergers. During much of the 20th century, it was owned by
Knight Ridder
. Because of its location in
Silicon Valley
, the
Mercury News
has covered many of the key events in the history of computing, and was a pioneer in delivering news online.
[12]
It was the first American newspaper to publish in three languages (English, Spanish, and Vietnamese).
[13]
Name
[
edit
]
The paper's name derives from the
San Jose Mercury
and
San Jose News
, two daily newspapers that merged to form the
Mercury News
.
The
San Jose Mercury
'
s name was a play on words. The word "mercury" refers to the importance of the
mercury
industry during the
California Gold Rush
. At the time, the nearby
New Almaden
mine (now
Almaden Quicksilver County Park
) was North America's largest producer of mercury, which was needed for
hydraulic gold mining
. In addition,
Mercury
is the Roman messenger of the gods as well as the god of commerce and thieves, known for his swiftness, so
the name
Mercury
is commonly used for newspapers
without the quicksilver association.
[2]
Coverage
[
edit
]
The paper's local coverage and circulation is concentrated in
Santa Clara County
and
San Mateo County
. With the
Mercury News
,
East Bay Times
,
Marin Independent Journal
, and
Silicon Valley Community Newspapers
, the
Bay Area News Group
covers much of the
San Francisco Bay Area
with the notable exception of
San Francisco
itself.
[6]
The
Mercury News
'
s predecessor, the
Weekly Visitor
, began as a
Whig
paper in the early 1850s but quickly switched its affiliation to the
Democratic Party
.
[14]
The paper remained a conservative voice through the mid 20th century, when it supported pro-growth city leaders and pursued a staunchly pro-growth, anti-union agenda.
[12]
It became considerably more moderate in the 1970s, reflecting new ownership and changes to the local political landscape.
It endorsed
John B. Anderson
for president in 1980 and endorsed Democratic presidential candidates in every election from
1992
through 2016.
[16]
History
[
edit
]
Early history
[
edit
]
The newspaper now known as the
Mercury News
began in 1851 or 1852.
[note 1]
California legislators had just moved the state capital from San Jose to
Vallejo
, leading to the failure of San Jose's first two newspapers, the
Argus
and
State Journal
. A group of three businessmen led by John C. Emerson bought the papers' presses to found the
San Jose Weekly Visitor
.
[2]
The
Weekly Visitor
began as a
Whig
paper but quickly switched its affiliation to the
Democratic Party
. It was renamed the
Santa Clara Register
in 1852. The following year,
Francis B. Murdoch
took over the paper, merging it into the
San Jose Telegraph
.
[14]
[19]
W. A. Slocum assumed control of the
Telegraph
in 1860 and merged it with the
San Jose Mercury
or
Weekly Mercury
to become the
Telegraph and Mercury
. William N. Slocum soon dropped
Telegraph
from the name.
[20]
By this point, the
Mercury
was one of two newspapers publishing in San Jose.
[14]
Owen ownership
[
edit
]
James Jerome Owen
? a
forty-niner
and former Republican
New York assemblyman
? became the
Mercury
'
s publisher in the spring of 1861, later acquiring a controlling interest in the paper along with a partner, Benjamin H. Cottle.
[22]
[14]
The paper published daily as the
San Jose Daily Mercury
for three months in the fall of 1861, then from August 1869 to April 1870 with the addition of J. J. Conmy as partner
[24]
and again from March 11, 1872, after the purchase of the
Daily Guide
.
[22]
In 1878, Owen formed the
Mercury Printing and Publishing Company
.
In 1881, Owen proposed to light San Jose with a
moonlight tower
. The
San Jose electric light tower
was dedicated that year. The
Mercury
boasted that San Jose was the first town west of the
Rocky Mountains
lighted by electricity.
[26]
The
Mercury
merged with the Times Publishing Company, which was owned by
Charles M. Shortridge
, in 1884.
[27]
[28]
[29]
The
Daily Morning Times
and
Daily Mercury
briefly became the
Times-Mercury
, while the
Weekly Times
and
Weekly Mercury
briefly become the
Times-Weekly Mercury
.
[30]
In 1885, both publications adopted the
San Jose Mercury
name.
[31]
That year, Owen sold his interest in the paper and moved to San Francisco.
[22]
Hayes ownership
[
edit
]
In late 1900,
Everis A. Hayes
and his brother Jay purchased the
Mercury
. In August 1901, they purchased the
San Jose Daily Herald
, an evening paper, and formed the Mercury Herald Company.
[32]
In 1913, the two papers were consolidated into a single morning paper, the
San Jose Mercury Herald
.
[33]
In 1942, the Mercury Herald Company purchased the
San Jose News
(which was founded in 1851) but continued to publish both papers, the
Mercury Herald
in the morning and the
News
in the evening, with a combined Sunday edition called the
Mercury Herald News
.
[33]
The
Herald
name was dropped in 1950.
[34]
Ridder ownership
[
edit
]
Herman Ridder
's Northwest Publications (later Ridder Publications) purchased the
Mercury
and
News
in 1952.
[35]
During the mid 20th century, the papers took largely conservative, pro-growth positions. Publisher Joe Ridder was a vocal proponent of San Jose City Manager
A. P. Hamann
's development agenda, which emphasized
urban sprawl
within an ever-expanding city limits. Ridder counted on increasing population to lead to increased newspaper subscriptions and advertising sales. The paper supported a series of
general obligation bonds
worth $134 million (equivalent to $854 million in 2023), most of it spent on capital improvements that benefited real estate developers. It also supported a revision to the city charter that introduced a
direct mayoral elections
and abolished the
vote of confidence
for city manager.
By 1967, the
Mercury
had risen to rank among the top six largest morning newspapers in the country by circulation, boosted by unabated growth into the suburbs, while the
News
ran the most advertising of any evening newspaper in the country.
[12]
In February 1967, the
Mercury
and
News
moved from a cramped former grocery store in downtown San Jose to a 36-acre (15 ha) campus in suburban North San Jose. A 185,000-square-foot (17,200 m
2
) main building could contain more presses to serve a booming population. The newly built complex cost $1 million (equivalent to $6.97 million in 2023) and was called the largest one-story newspaper plant in the world. Civic leaders criticized the move as emblematic of the
urban decay
that downtown San Jose was experiencing.
[37]
[4]
[38]
Knight Ridder ownership
[
edit
]
In 1974, Ridder merged with Knight Newspapers to form
Knight Ridder
. Joe Ridder was forced to retire in 1977. His nephew, P. Anthony "Tony" Ridder, succeeded him as publisher. Tony Ridder placed an emphasis on improving the papers' reportage, to better reflect Knight's reputation for investigative journalism.
[12]
After the merger, the papers moderated their formerly staunch pro-growth agenda, and coverage of local issues became more balanced. The editorial board expressed only minimal opposition to a 1978 measure that abolished
at-large
city council elections, seen as favorable to deep-pocketed developers, in favor of council districts.
It supported the desegregation of
San Jose Unified School District
and in 1978 argued against
Proposition 13
. In the 1980s, Ridder supported Mayor
Tom McEnery
's efforts to redevelop the downtown area, including the construction of
San Jose Arena
and
The Tech Museum of Innovation
.
[12]
In 1983, the
Mercury
and
News
merged into a single seven-day paper, the
San Jose Mercury News
, with separate morning and afternoon editions.
[40]
The afternoon edition was discontinued in 1995, leaving only the morning edition.
[12]
In the 1980s and 1990s, the
Mercury News
published
West
magazine as a Sunday insert.
Coverage of ethnic communities
[
edit
]
In the 1990s, the
Mercury News
expanded its coverage of the area's ethnic communities, to national acclaim,
[41]
hiring Vietnamese-speaking reporters for the first time.
[12]
In 1994, it became the first of two American dailies to open a
foreign bureau
in Vietnam after the
Vietnam War
.
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
A
foreign correspondent
stationed at the
Hanoi
bureau held an annual
town hall meeting
with the Vietnamese-American community in San Jose. Initially, community members staged protests accusing the paper of siding with the Communist government in Vietnam by opening the bureau.
[46]
The
Mercury News
launched the free, Spanish-language weekly
Nuevo Mundo
(New World) in 1996
[47]
and the free, Vietnamese-language weekly
Viet Mercury
in 1999.
[48]
Viet Mercury
was the first Vietnamese-language newspaper published by an English-language daily.
[43]
It competed against a crowded field of 14 Vietnamese-owned
community newspapers
, including four dailies.
[49]
Growth alongside the technology industry
[
edit
]
The
Mercury News
benefited from its status as the major daily newspaper in
Silicon Valley
during the
dot-com bubble
. It led the news industry in business coverage of the valley's high-tech industry, attracting readers from around the world.
Time
called the
Mercury News
the most technologically savvy newspaper in the country.
[12]
The tech industry's growth fueled growth in the paper's
classified advertising
, particularly for employment listings. For 20 years, the
Mercury News
was one of the country's top newspapers in the amount of advertising it ran.
[50]
The
Mercury News
was one of the first daily newspapers in the United States to have an online presence, and was the first to deliver full content and breaking news online. It launched a service called Mercury Center on
America Online
in 1993, followed by the country's first news website in 1995 (see
§ Online presence
). Mercury Center shut down its AOL service in July 1996, leaving only the website.
[50]
[51]
[52]
At its peak in 2001, the
Mercury News
had 400 employees in its newsroom, 15 bureaus, $288 million in annual revenue, and profit margins above 30%. In 1998, Knight Ridder moved its headquarters from
Miami
to the
Knight-Ridder Building
in San Jose, which was seen as an acknowledgment of the central role that online news would play in the company's future. Mercury Center ended its paywall in May 1998, after posting 1.2 million monthly unique visitors the previous year. By 2000, the paper had a Sunday circulation of 327,000 and $341 million in annual revenue, $118 million of it from job listings.
[50]
In 2001, circulation rose to 289,413 daily and 332,669 Sundays.
[12]
Flush times come to an end
[
edit
]
The collapse of the dot-com bubble impacted the classified advertising that sustained the newspaper's business operations. Additionally, newspapers across the industry faced serious competition to their job listings from websites such as
Monster.com
,
CareerBuilder
, and
Craigslist
.
[50]
[12]
Cost-cutting began affecting the initiatives the paper had started in the 1990s. In June 2005, the
Mercury News
closed its Hanoi bureau.
[45]
On October 21, it also announced the closure of
Nuevo Mundo
and the sale of
Viet Mercury
to a group of Vietnamese-American businessmen; however, the deal fell through, and
Viet Mercury
published its final issue on November 11, 2005.
Digital First ownership
[
edit
]
On March 13, 2006,
The McClatchy Company
purchased Knight Ridder for $4.5 billion. In a surprise move, McClatchy immediately put the
Mercury News
and 11 other newspapers back up for sale.
[53]
[54]
[12]
On April 26,
Denver
-based
MediaNews Group
(now Digital First Media) announced a planned $1 billion purchase of the
Mercury News
, two other California newspapers, and the
St. Paul Pioneer Press
, with the three California papers to be added to the
California Newspapers Partnership
(CNP).
[55]
[50]
However, on June 12, 2006, federal regulators from the
U.S. Department of Justice
asked for more time to review the purchase, citing possible antitrust concerns over MediaNews' ownership of other newspapers in the region.
[56]
Although approval by regulators and completion of MediaNews' acquisition was announced on August 2, 2006, a lawsuit claiming antitrust violations by MediaNews and the
Hearst Corporation
had also been filed in July 2006.
[56]
The suit, which sought to undo the purchase of both the
Mercury News
and the
Contra Costa Times
, was scheduled to go to trial on April 30, 2007. While extending until that date a preliminary injunction that prevented the collaboration of local distribution and national advertising sales by the two media conglomerates, U.S. District Judge Susan Illston on December 19, 2006, expressed doubt over the legality of the purchase.
[57]
On April 25, 2007, days before the trial was scheduled to begin, the parties reached a settlement in which MediaNews preserved its acquisitions.
[58]
The
Mercury News
and
Contra Costa Times
were placed under CNP's local subsidiary, the
Bay Area News Group
. Meanwhile, layoffs continued at the
Mercury News
. Around December 2016, 101 employees were laid off, including 40 in the newsroom.
[50]
In 2013, MediaNews Group and
21st Century Media
merged to form
Digital First Media
.
[59]
In April 2013, MediaNews announced that it would sell the
Mercury News
campus on Ridder Park Drive in North San Jose. County Supervisor
Dave Cortese
approached the
Mercury News
about moving into the former San Jose City Hall on North First Street,
[60]
but the paper ended up returning downtown. In June 2014, printing and production of the
Mercury News
and other daily newspapers moved to Bay Area News Group's
Concord
and
Hayward
facilities. The
Mercury News
moved into a downtown office building that September.
[38]
According to the publishers, the Ridder Park Drive facility had become unnecessarily large for the paper, following the departure of printing operations and other staff reductions that had occurred over the years.
[37]
On April 5, 2016,
Bay Area News Group
consolidated the
San Mateo County Times
and 14 other titles into the
San Jose Mercury News
. The paper's name was shortened to
The Mercury News
.
[61]
[62]
[63]
[12]
Facilities
[
edit
]
The
Mercury News
is the largest tenant in the Towers @ 2nd high-rise office complex in downtown San Jose.
[64]
Business functions occupy the seventh floor of 4 North Second Street, while news staff and executives occupy the eighth floor, for a total of 33,186 square feet (3,083.1 m
2
).
[4]
Printing and production of the
Mercury News
take place at the Bay Area News Group's facilities in
Concord
and
Hayward
in the East Bay.
[38]
Originally, the
Mercury
and
News
published from various locations in downtown San Jose. From February 1967 to September 2014, the papers were headquartered in a 36-acre (15 ha) campus in suburban North San Jose, abutting the Nimitz Freeway (then State Route 17, now
Interstate 880
).
[37]
The Web staff was originally co-located with the newsroom staff but moved to downtown San Jose in December 1996.
[50]
Following the
Mercury News
'
return to the downtown area, Digital First Media sold the suburban campus to
Super Micro Computer, Inc.
, which renamed it "
Supermicro Green Computing Park
".
[2]
Older
San Jose Mercury News
newsboxes have black, white, and green stripes, while newer
Mercury News
newsboxes bear the paper's logo in white against a blue background.
Online presence
[
edit
]
The
Mercury News
operates a paywalled website, which is located at mercurynews.com, sjmercury.com, or sjmn.com. Its SiliconValley.com website focuses on the technology industry in
Silicon Valley
. It also publishes a morning e-mail
newsletter
, Good Morning Silicon Valley, that covers technology news. "Mercury News" and "e-Edition" applications are available for
Android
and
iOS
devices, as well as for the
Kindle Fire
and
Barnes & Noble Nook
.
[65]
[66]
The
Mercury News
was one of the first daily newspapers in the United States to have an online presence and was the first to deliver full content and breaking news online. In 1990, editor Robert Ingle sent a report to Tony Ridder, then the head of
Knight Ridder
, on the company's future in electronic media after the failure of
Viewtron
four years earlier. Ingle proposed a
Mercury Center
online service that would use the newspaper's content to bring together
communities of interest
.
[50]
It launched as part of
America Online
on May 10, 1993, at AOL keyword
MERCURY
. It was the second news service on AOL, after the
Chicago Tribune
opened Chicago Online in 1992.
[51]
[52]
[44]
The paper sent
floppy disks
to subscribers for accessing Mercury Center. The service featured a large amount of content for free: the print paper's full content, supplementary material such as documents and audio clips, stock quotes, and about 200 stories that did not make the print edition. A
forum
enabled readers to converse with each other and give feedback to reporters. However, the service's most popular content lie behind a
paywall
: back issues from 1985 onward and a "NewsHound" clipping service were popular with business users.
[50]
[67]
Readers could enter alphanumeric codes, which appeared throughout the print paper, to quickly access online versions of articles that did not make print. Examples included
N620
for an article in the news section or
B770
for a press release in the business section. The Mercury Center staff comprised both news reporters and business "senders", who posted
press releases
online in addition to vetted content.
[68]
Initially, the service had difficulty attracting users, prompting the paper to add a telephone and fax hotline, News Call, in November 1993. By early 1994, Mercury Center had added 5,100 subscribers to AOL, representing less than 20% of AOL's 30,000 subscribers in the
San Francisco Bay Area
or less than two percent of the
Mercury News
'
s 282,488 daily subscribers.
[68]
[69]
In December 1994, the
Mercury News
began beta-testing a companion website, Mercury Center Web,
[51]
which on January 20, 1995, became the country's first news website.
[70]
Subscribers no longer needed AOL to access the
Mercury News
'
s online content, and the paper no longer had to share advertising revenue with AOL.
[50]
The site ran on
Netscape
's Netsuite Web server, with connectivity provided by
Netcom
.
[69]
Access to the site cost $4.95 per month, with a discount for print subscribers. In October 1995, CareerBuilder.com launched as a partnership between the
Boston Globe
,
Chicago Tribune
,
Los Angeles Times
,
Mercury News
,
New York Times
, and
Washington Post
. Mercury Center shut down its AOL service in July 1996, leaving only the website.
[50]
In August 1996, the
Mercury News
published "Dark Alliance", a series of investigative articles by reporter
Gary Webb
that claimed
CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking
(see
§ Controversies
). The
Mercury News
promoted the upcoming series on
Usenet newsgroups
weeks in advance. Mercury Center published reporting and supporting material online simultaneously with the print edition. The robust online production drew significant national attention to the series. Within days, more than 2,500 websites linked to Mercury Center's "Dark Alliance" section, and the site received 100,000 daily page views over the usual traffic for weeks. Executive editor
Jerome Ceppos
eventually distanced the paper from the series, but it continued to receive attention, especially from online conspiracy theorists.
[71]
On October 26, 1999, technology columnist
Dan Gillmor
began writing a
blog
,
eJournal
, on the
Mercury News
'
SiliconValley.com website. It is believed to have been the first blog by a journalist at a traditional media company.
[72]
[73]
In the 2000s, he was joined by columnists-turned-bloggers
Tim Kawakami
and John Paczkowski.
Articles dating back to June 1985 can be found online for free on the
Mercury News
website, with full text available on the
NewsLibrary
and
NewsBank
subscription databases.
[74]
NewsBank also hosts the full text of articles from 1886 to 1922. The
San Jose Public Library
's website hosts thousands of news clips of articles from 1920 to 1979.
[75]
Much of Gillmor's
eJournal
is preserved on the Bayosphere website.
[76]
[73]
Awards
[
edit
]
The newspaper has earned several awards, including two
Pulitzer Prizes
, one in 1986 for reporting regarding political corruption in the
Ferdinand Marcos
administration in the
Philippines
, and one in 1990 for their comprehensive coverage of the
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
. Assistant managing editor
David Yarnold
was also a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 2004 for a local corruption investigation.
[77]
The Mercury News was also named one of the five best-designed newspapers in the world by the
Society for News Design
for work done in 2001. In 2007 the newspaper won a
Missouri Lifestyle Journalism Award
for General Excellence, Class IV.
[78]
Various staff writers and designers have received awards for their contributions to
West
magazine, a Sunday insert published by the
Mercury News
in the 1980s and 1990s.
The
Mercury News
website received
EPpy Awards
in 1996, 1999, 2009, 2013, and 2014.
[79]
Controversies
[
edit
]
In August 1996, the
Mercury News
published "Dark Alliance", a series of investigative articles by reporter
Gary Webb
. The series claimed that members of the Nicaraguan
Contras
, an anti-government group organized with the help of the
Central Intelligence Agency
, had been involved in smuggling cocaine into America to support their struggle, and as a result, had played a major role in creating the crack-cocaine epidemic of the 1980s. The series sparked three federal investigations, but other newspapers such as the
Los Angeles Times
later published articles alleging that the series' claims were overstated. Executive editor Jerry Ceppos, who had approved the series, eventually published a column that suggested shortcomings in the series' reporting, editing, and production, while maintaining the story was correct "on many important points".
[80]
[81]
The series was turned into a 1998
book by the same name
, also by Webb, and an account of the controversy surrounding the series was published as
Kill the Messenger
in 2006. Both were the basis for the 2014 film
Kill the Messenger
.
Notable people
[
edit
]
The Mercury News
publishes the following community weeklies:
[84]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
An issue from June 4, 1852, is numbered as volume 1, issue 1, but there an issue from February 20 earlier that year was numbered as issue 36.
[17]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Herhold, Scott (January 17, 2014).
"Rebranding of San Jose as 'Silicon Valley' goes too far"
.
The Mercury News
. Bay Area News Group
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June 17,
2018
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- ^
a
b
c
d
Day, Jessica (July 26, 2016).
"Welcome to 750 Ridder Park Drive"
.
750 Ridder Park Drive
.
History San Jose
. Retrieved
June 18,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"Contact Us"
.
The Mercury News
. Bay Area News Group. July 28, 2016
. Retrieved
June 22,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
c
Carey, Pete (June 12, 2014).
"Mercury News announces move to downtown San Jose"
.
San Jose Mercury News
. MediaNews Group
. Retrieved
June 18,
2018
.
- ^
"Bay Area News Group Market Book"
(PDF)
.
Dropbox
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April 21,
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.
- ^
a
b
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.
www.bayareanewsgroup.com
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December 22,
2023
.
- ^
Folkenflik, David (May 21, 2021).
"
'Vulture' Fund Alden Global, Known For Slashing Newsrooms, Buys Tribune Papers"
.
National Public Radio
.
Archived
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. Retrieved
December 1,
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.
- ^
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.
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. Archived from
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on October 16, 2015
. Retrieved
June 21,
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.
- ^
Carey, Pete (April 30, 2013).
"Mercury News scores circulation gain"
.
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. Bay Area News Group
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June 22,
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.
- ^
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. Retrieved
November 17,
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.
- ^
"San Francisco Bay Area News Company"
.
BANG
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
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h
i
j
k
l
"History of 750 Ridder Park Drive"
.
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- ^
"The Mercury News Changes Along with San Jose"
.
750 Ridder Park Drive
. History San Jose.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Beales, Benjamin Bronston (September 1943).
"The San Jose 'Mercury' and the Civil War"
.
California History
.
22
(3).
California Historical Society
: 223?234.
doi
:
10.2307/25155794
.
JSTOR
25155794
.
- ^
Veltman, Noah (May 24, 2017).
"Newspaper presidential endorsements"
. Retrieved
June 21,
2018
.
- ^
"About San Jose weekly visitor. (San Jose [Calif.]) 185?-18??"
.
Chronicling America
. National Digital Newspaper Program
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June 16,
2018
.
- ^
"About San Jose telegraph. (San Jose, Calif.) 1855-1860"
.
Chronicling America
. National Digital Newspaper Program
. Retrieved
June 16,
2018
.
- ^
"About San Jose mercury. (San Jose, Calif.) 18??-1869"
.
Chronicling America
. National Digital Newspaper Program
. Retrieved
June 16,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
c
Gottschalk, Mary (December 8, 2011).
"It's the 130th anniversary of San Jose's once-famous electric tower"
.
San Jose Mercury News
. Knight Ridder
. Retrieved
June 17,
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.
- ^
"About San Jose Daily Mercury. (San Jose, Santa Clara County, Cal.) 1869-1884"
.
Chronicling America
. National Digital Newspaper Program
. Retrieved
June 16,
2018
.
- ^
San Jose Mercury
, December 25, 1881, cited in
Freeberg, Ernest (2013).
The Age of Edison: Electric Light and the Invention of Modern America
. Penguin History of American Life. New York City:
Penguin Books
. pp.
50
?51.
ISBN
978-0-14-312444-3
.
- ^
"Santa Clara County History - History of Santa Clara County, 1922, Chapter 8"
.
SFgenealogy.org
. Retrieved
April 18,
2022
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Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
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