Short story by Jorge Luis Borges
"The Library of Babel"
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![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/The_library_of_babel_-_bookcover.jpg/220px-The_library_of_babel_-_bookcover.jpg) English language cover
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Original title
| La biblioteca de Babel
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Translator
| numerous
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Country
| Argentina
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Language
| Spanish
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Genre(s)
| Fantasy
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Published in
| El Jardin de senderos que se bifurcan
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Publisher
| Editorial Sur
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Publication date
| 1941
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Published in English
| 1962
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"
The Library of Babel
" (
Spanish
:
La biblioteca de Babel
) is a
short story
by
Argentine
author and
librarian
Jorge Luis Borges
(1899?1986), conceiving of a
universe
in the form of a vast library containing all possible 410-page books of a certain format and
character set
.
The story was originally published in
Spanish
in Borges'
1941
collection of stories
El jardin de senderos que se bifurcan
(
The Garden of Forking Paths
). That entire book was, in turn, included within his much-reprinted
Ficciones
(
1944
). Two
English-language
translations
appeared approximately simultaneously in
1962
, one by James E. Irby in a diverse collection of Borges's works titled
Labyrinths
and the other by Anthony Kerrigan as part of a collaborative translation of the entirety of
Ficciones
.
Plot
[
edit
]
Borges' narrator describes how his
universe
consists of an enormous expanse of adjacent
hexagonal
rooms. In each room, there is an entrance on one wall, the bare necessities for
human
survival on another wall, and four walls of bookshelves. Though the order and content of the books are random and apparently completely meaningless, the inhabitants believe that the books contain every possible ordering of just 25 basic
characters
(22 letters, the period, the comma, and space). Though the vast majority of the books in this universe are pure
gibberish
, the library also must contain, somewhere, every coherent book ever written, or that might ever be written, and every possible
permutation
or slightly erroneous version of every one of those books. The narrator notes that the library must contain all useful information, including predictions of the future, biographies of any person, and translations of every book in all
languages
. Conversely, for many of the texts, some language could be devised that would make it readable with any of a vast number of different contents.
Despite?indeed, because of?this glut of information, all books are totally useless to the reader, leaving the librarians in a state of suicidal despair. This leads some librarians to
superstitious
and
cult
-like behaviors, such as the "Purifiers", who arbitrarily destroy books they deem nonsense as they scour through the library seeking the "Crimson Hexagon" and its illustrated, magical books. Others believe that since all books exist in the library, somewhere one of the books must be a perfect index of the library's contents; some even believe that a
messianic figure
known as the "Man of the Book" has read it, and they travel through the library seeking him.
Themes
[
edit
]
Borges in 1967
The story repeats the theme of Borges'
1939
essay "
The Total Library
" ("La Biblioteca Total"), which in turn acknowledges the earlier development of this theme by
Kurd Lasswitz
in his
1901
story "The Universal Library" ("Die Universalbibliothek"):
Certain examples that
Aristotle
attributes to
Democritus
and
Leucippus
clearly prefigure it, but its belated inventor is
Gustav Theodor Fechner
, and its first exponent,
Kurd Lasswitz
. [...] In his book
The Race with the Tortoise
(Berlin, 1919), Dr
Theodor Wolff
suggests that it is a derivation from, or a parody of,
Ramon Llull
's thinking machine [...] The elements of his game are the universal orthographic symbols, not the words of a language [...] Lasswitz arrives at twenty-five symbols (twenty-two letters, the space, the period, the comma), whose recombinations and repetitions encompass everything possible to express in all languages. The totality of such variations would form a Total Library of astronomical size. Lasswitz urges mankind to construct that inhuman library, which chance would organize and which would eliminate intelligence. (Wolff's
The Race with the Tortoise
expounds the execution and the dimensions of that impossible enterprise.)
[1]
Many of Borges' signature motifs are featured in the story, including
infinity
,
reality
,
cabalistic reasoning
, and
labyrinths
. The concept of the library is often compared to
Borel's dactylographic monkey theorem
. There is no reference to monkeys or typewriters in "The Library of Babel", although Borges had mentioned that analogy in "The Total Library": "[A] half-dozen monkeys provided with typewriters would, in a few eternities, produce all the books in the
British Museum
." In this story, the closest equivalent is the line, "A blasphemous sect suggested [...] that all men should juggle letters and symbols until they constructed, by an improbable gift of chance, these canonical books." Borges makes an oblique reference to reproducing Shakespeare, as the only decipherable sentence in one of the books in the library, "O time thy pyramids", is surely taken from Shakespeare's
Sonnet 123
which opens with the lines "No Time, thou shalt not boast that I do change, Thy pyramids...".
Borges would examine a similar idea in his 1976 story, "
The Book of Sand
", in which there is an infinite book (or book with an indefinite number of pages) rather than an infinite library. Moreover, the story's
Book of Sand
is said to be written in an unknown alphabet and its content is not obviously random. In The Library of Babel, Borges interpolates Italian mathematician
Bonaventura Cavalieri
's suggestion that any solid body could be conceptualized as the superimposition of an infinite number of planes.
The concept of the library is also overtly analogous to the view of the universe as a
sphere
having its center everywhere and its
circumference
nowhere. The
mathematician
and
philosopher
Blaise Pascal
employed this
metaphor
, and in an earlier essay Borges noted that Pascal's manuscript called the sphere
effroyable,
or "frightful".
In any case, a library containing
all
possible books, arranged at random, might as well be a library containing
zero
books, as any true information would be buried in, and rendered indistinguishable from, all possible forms of false information; the experience of opening to any page of any of the library's books has been simulated by websites which create screenfuls of random letters.
[2]
The quote at the beginning of the story, "By this art you may contemplate the variation of the twenty-three letters," is from
Robert Burton
's 1621
The Anatomy of Melancholy
.
Philosophical implications
[
edit
]
Infinite extent
[
edit
]
In mainstream theories of natural language syntax, every syntactically valid utterance can be extended to produce a new, longer one, because of
recursion
.
[3]
However, the books in the Library of Babel are of bounded length ("each book is of four hundred and ten pages; each page, of forty lines, each line, of some eighty letters"), so the Library can only contain a finite number of distinct strings. Borges' narrator notes this fact, but believes that the Library is nevertheless infinite; he speculates that it repeats itself periodically, giving an eventual "order" to the "disorder" of the seemingly random arrangement of books. Mathematics professor William Goldbloom Bloch confirms the narrator's intuition, deducing in his popular mathematics book
The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel
that the library's structure necessarily has at least one room whose shelves are not full (because the number of books per room does not divide the total number of books evenly), and the rooms on each floor of the library must either be connected into a single
Hamiltonian cycle
, or possibly be disconnected into subsets that cannot reach each other.
[4]
Quine's reduction
[
edit
]
W. V. O. Quine
notes that the Library of Babel is finite, and that any text that does not fit in a single book can be reconstructed by finding a second book with the continuation. The size of the alphabet can be reduced by using
Morse code
even though it makes the books more verbose; the size of the books can also be reduced by splitting each into multiple volumes and discarding the duplicates. Writes Quine, "The ultimate absurdity is now staring us in the face: a universal library of two volumes, one containing a single dot and the other a dash. Persistent repetition and alternation of the two are sufficient, we well know, for spelling out any and every truth. The miracle of the finite but universal library is a mere inflation of the miracle of binary notation: everything worth saying, and everything else as well, can be said with two characters."
[5]
Comparison with biology
[
edit
]
The full possible set of protein sequences (
protein sequence space
) has been compared to the Library of Babel.
[6]
[7]
In the
Library of Babel
, finding any book that made sense was almost impossible due to the sheer number and lack of order. The same would be true of protein sequences if it were not for natural selection, which has picked out only protein sequences that make sense. Additionally, each protein sequence is surrounded by a set of neighbors (point mutants) that are likely to have at least some function.
Daniel Dennett
's 1995 book
Darwin's Dangerous Idea
includes an elaboration of the Library of Babel concept to imagine the set of all possible genetic sequences, which he calls the Library of Mendel, in order to illustrate the mathematics of
genetic variation
. Dennett uses this concept again later in the book to imagine all possible algorithms that can be included in his
Toshiba
computer, which he calls the Library of Toshiba. He describes the Library of Mendel and the Library of Toshiba as subsets within the Library of Babel.
Influence on later writers
[
edit
]
- Umberto Eco
's postmodern novel
The Name of the Rose
(1980) features a labyrinthine library, presided over by a blind monk named Jorge of Burgos. The room is, however, octagonal in shape.
- Russell Standish's
Theory of Nothing
[8]
uses the concept of the Library of Babel to illustrate how an
ultimate ensemble
containing all possible descriptions would in sum contain zero information and would thus be the simplest possible explanation for the existence of the universe. This theory, therefore, implies the reality of all universes.
- The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel
(2008) by
William Goldbloom Bloch
explores the short story from a mathematical perspective. Bloch analyzes the hypothetical library presented by Borges using the ideas of
topology
,
information theory
, and geometry.
[9]
[10]
- In
Greg Bear
's novel
City at the End of Time
(2008), the sum-runners carried by the protagonists are intended by their creator to be combined to form a 'Babel', an infinite library containing every possible permutation of every possible character in every possible language. Bear has stated that this was inspired by Borges, who is also namechecked in the novel. Borges is described as an unknown Argentinian who commissioned an encyclopedia of impossible things, a reference to either "
Tlon, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius
" or the
Book of Imaginary Beings
.
[
citation needed
]
- The Library of Babel
, a website created by
Jonathan Basile
, emulates an English-language version of Borges' library. An algorithm he created generates a "book" by iterating every permutation of 29 characters: the 26 English letters, space, comma, and period. Each book is marked by a coordinate, corresponding to its place on the hexagonal library (hexagon name, wall number, shelf number, and book name) so that every book can be found at the same place every time. The website is said to contain "all possible pages of 3200 characters, about 10
4677
books".
[11]
For example, a coordinate may look like "389fj39l-w4-s5-v32" where, "389fj39l" is the hexagon name, "w4" specifies wall 4, "s5" specifies shelf 5, and "v32" specifies volume 32.
- In
Steven L. Peck
's novella
A Short Stay In Hell
(2009), the protagonist must find the book of his life's story in a library containing every possible book. Borges' story is mentioned directly, although the library is structured very differently. It is also explicitly finite in size, though it is more than a million
orders of magnitude
larger than the
observable universe
.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Borges, Jorge Luis.
The Total Library: Non-Fiction 1922?1986.
Allen Lane The Penguin Press, London, 2000. Pages 214?216. Translated by Eliot Weinberger.
- ^
See
https://libraryofbabel.info/
- ^
Noam, Chomsky (1969) [1965].
Aspects of the theory of syntax
(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.
ISBN
9780262030113
.
OCLC
12964950
.
- ^
Hayes, Brian
(January?February 2009), "Books-a-million (review of
The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel
)",
American Scientist
,
97
(1): 78?79,
doi
:
10.1511/2009.76.78
,
JSTOR
27859279
- ^
W.V.O Quine.
"Universal Library"
. Archived from
the original
on 2014-06-28
. Retrieved
May 10,
2018
.
- ^
Arnold, FH (2000). "The Library of Maynard-Smith: My Search for Meaning in the protein universe".
Advances in Protein Chemistry
.
55
: ix?xi.
doi
:
10.1016/s0065-3233(01)55000-7
.
PMID
11050930
.
- ^
Ostermeier, M (March 2007). "Beyond cataloging the Library of Babel".
Chemistry & Biology
.
14
(3): 237?8.
doi
:
10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.03.002
.
PMID
17379136
.
- ^
"Theory of Nothing"
. Hpcoders.com.au. May 29, 2011
. Retrieved
May 10,
2018
.
- ^
Bloch, William Goldbloom (2008).
The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel
. Oxford University Press.
- ^
"William Goldbloom Bloch's home page"
. Faculty.wheatoncollege.edu
. Retrieved
May 10,
2018
.
- ^
Sturgeon, Johnathon (2015-04-23).
"Brooklyn Author Recreates Borges' Library of Babel as Infinite Website"
.
Flavorwire
. Retrieved
2020-11-22
.
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