American evangelical and singer (1942?2007)
Tammy Faye Messner
|
---|
Messner in 2004
|
Born
| Tamara Faye LaValley
(
1942-03-07
)
March 7, 1942
|
---|
Died
| July 20, 2007
(2007-07-20)
(aged 65)
|
---|
Occupations
| - Evangelist
- singer
- entrepreneur
- author
- television personality
|
---|
Years active
| 1962?2007
|
---|
Spouses
| -
(
m.
1961;
div.
1992)
-
|
---|
Children
| 2, including
Jay Bakker
|
---|
Tamara Faye Messner
(nee
LaValley
, formerly
Bakker
; March 7, 1942 ? July 20, 2007) was an American evangelist. She co-founded the televangelist program
The PTL Club
with her husband
Jim Bakker
in 1974.
[1]
They had hosted their own puppet-show series for local programming in the early 1960s; Messner also had a career as a recording artist.
[1]
In 1978, she and Bakker built
Heritage USA
, a Christian theme park.
[1]
During her career Messner was noted for her eccentric and glamorous persona, as well as for moral views that diverged from those of many mainstream evangelists, particularly her advocacy for
LGBT
persons and reaching out to
HIV/AIDS
patients at the height of the AIDS epidemic.
[2]
[3]
She released three autobiographies during her lifetime,
I Gotta Be Me
in 1978,
[4]
Tammy: Telling it My Way
in 1996, and
I Will Survive and You Will Too!
in 2003.
[5]
Jim Bakker was indicted, convicted, and imprisoned on numerous counts of fraud and conspiracy in 1989, resulting in the dissolution of
The PTL Club
.
[1]
She divorced Bakker in 1992, while he was in prison, and married
Roe Messner
.
[6]
She was diagnosed with colon cancer in 1996, from which she suffered intermittently for over a decade before dying of the disease in 2007.
[6]
Biography
[
edit
]
1942?1959: Early life
[
edit
]
She was born
Tamara Faye LaValley
in
International Falls, Minnesota
, to
Pentecostal
preachers Rachel Minnie (
nee
Fairchild; 1919?1992) and Carl Oliver LaValley,
[7]
who married in 1941. Shortly after she was born, a painful divorce soured her mother against ministers,
[8]
alienating her from the church. Both of her parents remarried, her mother to Fred Willard Grover, forming a large blended family, of which she was the eldest.
[9]
1960?1973: Marriage to Jim Bakker; early work
[
edit
]
In 1960, she met
Jim Bakker
while they were students at
North Central Bible College
in
Minneapolis
, Minnesota.
[10]
Tammy Faye worked in a boutique for a time while Jim found work in a restaurant inside a department store in Minneapolis. They were married on April 1, 1961. The next year, they moved to
South Carolina
, where they began their ministry together, initially traveling around the United States; Jim preached, while Tammy Faye sang songs and played the
accordion
.
[9]
In 1970, she gave birth to their daughter Tammy Sue "Sissy" Bakker, and in 1975 gave birth to their son
Jamie Charles Bakker
.
Jim and Tammy Faye had been involved with television from the time of their departure from Minneapolis until they moved to the
Charlotte
area via
Virginia Beach, Virginia
, where they were founding members of
The 700 Club
.
[11]
[9]
While in Portsmouth, they were hosts of the popular children's show
Jim and Tammy
. They then created a puppet ministry for children on
Pat Robertson
's
Christian Broadcasting Network
(CBN), which ran from 1964 to 1973.
[11]
1974?1987:
The PTL Club
[
edit
]
Jim and Tammy Faye co-founded
The PTL Club
(Praise The Lord) in 1974, a
televangelist
Christian news program that they initially hosted in an abandoned furniture store in Charlotte.
[11]
The series mixed "glitzy entertainment with down-home family values" and preached a
"
'prosperity gospel' which put a divine seal of approval on both the growing affluence of American evangelicals and the showy lifestyles of their television ministers."
[11]
The PTL Club
soon grew into its own network and a corporate enterprise within a year of its founding, generating $120 million annually in the 1970s.
[11]
In 1978, the Bakkers used $200 million of PTL funds to build
Heritage USA
, a Christian retreat and
theme park
that, at the time, ranked alongside
Disney World
and
Disneyland
as one of the most popular theme parks in the United States.
[11]
Throughout the series, Tammy Faye provided a sentimental and emotive touch to stories,
[9]
and also often sang Christian songs.
[11]
She was also noted for her candid discussion of topics considered
taboo
amongst many of her Evangelist peers, ranging from
penile implants
to acceptance and compassion for the
LGBT
community.
[11]
At the height of the
AIDS epidemic
in the mid-1980s, she conducted an emotional interview with Steven Pieters, a
gay
Christian minister with
AIDS
on "Tammy's House Party," a segment of
The PTL Club
, during which they discussed his sexuality,
coming out
, diagnosis with AIDS, and the death of his partner.
[12]
During the program, Tammy Faye addressed her viewership, saying: "How sad that we as Christians, who are to be the salt of the earth, we who are supposed to be able to love everyone, are afraid so badly of an AIDS patient that we will not go up and put our arm around them and tell them that we care."
[12]
Throughout the AIDS epidemic, she advocated for viewers of
The PTL Club
to follow Christ and show compassion and pray for the ill,
[13]
and also invited drug addicts onto the show to interview them about substance abuse.
[11]
In 1987, it was reported that Tammy Faye was herself being treated for a prescription drug addiction.
[14]
Bakker's friend, the Reverend
Mel White
, commented on her presence on
The PTL Club
:
Her fans were people who grew up in a very fundamentalist tradition, not being able to wear make-up, or dance, or go out in public. So here comes Tammy, with her dyed hair and make-up, her ebullient spirit and outspoken ways with both men and women. She talked about sex, and flirted with Jimmy. She took on the caricature of an obedient wife, and blasted it. You have never seen
Pat Robertson
's wife, or
Jerry Falwell
's wife. They stay at home, doing what those wives do.
[11]
1988?1995: Collapse of
The PTL Club
and aftermath
[
edit
]
The Bakkers' control of PTL collapsed in 1987 after revelations that $287,000 had been paid from the organization to buy the silence of
Jessica Hahn
,
[15]
who claims
Jim Bakker
raped her.
[16]
In his 1997 book,
I Was Wrong
, Jim Bakker disputed Hahn's account, claiming that he was "set up" and that their sex was consensual.
The revelations invited scrutiny of the Bakkers, and charges made about their opulent lives, including media reports of an air-conditioned doghouse at their
Tega Cay, South Carolina
, lakefront parsonage as well as gold-plated bathroom fixtures, dominated newscasts in the 1980s. When asked about her income, Tammy Faye told reporters in 1986: "We don't get what
Johnny Carson
makes, and we work a lot harder than him."
[18]
The couple's Tega Cay home was later sold by the ministry and burned to the ground not long thereafter. Jim wrote in his book
I Was Wrong
that he watched the home burn on live television while incarcerated.
[19]
The
Charlotte Observer
subsequently ran exposes of PTL's finances and management practices. PTL went bankrupt after being taken over by
Lynchburg, Virginia
-based Baptist televangelist
Jerry Falwell
, who offered to step in following the scandals in 1988.
[20]
Tammy Faye stood by Jim Bakker through the scandal, including several instances when she cried on camera. In 1989, Bakker was sentenced to 45 years in prison on 24 fraud and conspiracy counts (he served 5). In 1992, while Jim was in prison, Tammy Faye filed for divorce, saying in a letter to the New Covenant Church in
Orlando, Florida
: "For years I have been pretending that everything is all right, when in fact I hurt all the time... I cannot pretend anymore."
[21]
On October 3, 1993, she married property developer
Roe Messner
in
Rancho Mirage, California
, after he divorced his first wife. They moved to the Charlotte suburb of
Matthews, North Carolina
.
[6]
Tammy Faye and Roe were neighbors to Christian recording star and friend David L Cook.
[22]
Roe, who had a contracting business, Messner Enterprises in
Andover, Kansas
, had built much of Heritage USA as well as many large churches and had been a family friend to the Bakkers throughout the PTL years.
[23]
Roe was the one who produced the money for the $265,000 payment to Hahn, later billing PTL for work never completed on the Jerusalem Amphitheater at
Heritage USA
.
[15]
In the Bakkers' fraud trial, Roe Messner testified for Bakker's defense, saying that Bakker had no knowledge of the payment to Jessica Hahn, and that Falwell had sent him to the Bakker home in
Palm Springs, California
, to offer generous compensation "if he kept his mouth shut."
[24]
1996?2007: Later life and illness
[
edit
]
In 1996, Roe Messner was convicted of bankruptcy fraud, having claimed to owe nearly $30 million to over 300 creditors in 1990. As he faced sentencing in 1996, he said he could not afford to treat his prostate cancer because he lacked health insurance.
[25]
He was sentenced to and served 27 months in prison.
[9]
With her first husband fresh out of jail and her current partner now serving his sentence, Tammy Faye was diagnosed with
colon cancer
in 1996, and she re-entered the public eye in a series of books, movies, and television appearances.
[26]
That year she published her autobiography,
Tammy: Telling It My Way
, and co-hosted a TV talk show titled
The Jim J. and Tammy Faye Show
with
Jim J. Bullock
.
[27]
She appeared twice on
The Drew Carey Show
in
1996
and 1999, playing the mother of character
Mimi Bobeck
(
Kathy Kinney
), who was also known for wearing excessive amounts of makeup.
[28]
On September 11, 2003, Messner published a new autobiography,
I Will Survive... and You Will, Too!
, in which she described her battles with cancer
[29]
and her life with Roe Messner.
[30]
She was the subject of a documentary titled
The Eyes of Tammy Faye
(2000), narrated by
RuPaul
,
[11]
and a follow-up film titled
Tammy Faye: Death Defying
(2004).
[31]
Despite her background in
Christian fundamentalism
, Messner became a gay icon after parting from PTL, appearing in
Gay Pride
marches with figures such as
Lady Bunny
and
Bruce Vilanch
. Unlike many American Christian fundamentalists, she "had long refused to denounce homosexuals" and publicly expressed compassion toward, and urged support for Americans with HIV/AIDS when it was still a much-feared and unknown disease.
[13]
[32]
She was benevolently referred to as "the ultimate drag queen,"
[33]
and said in her last interview with
Larry King
that, "When I went – when we lost everything, it was the gay people that came to my rescue, and I will always love them for that."
[34]
In early 2004, she appeared on the second season of the
VH1
reality television series
The Surreal Life
. The show chronicled a twelve-day period wherein she,
Ron Jeremy
,
Vanilla Ice
,
Traci Bingham
,
Erik Estrada
, and
Trishelle Cannatella
lived together in a Los Angeles house and were assigned various tasks and activities.
[35]
Together, the six put on a children's play and managed a restaurant for a day. She also attended a
book signing
for her best-seller,
I Will Survive... And You Will Too
.
[36]
At the end of the show, Messner said she thought of Vanilla Ice and Trishelle Cannatella as her children and could relate to them deeply because she had similar feelings and problems when she was their age.
In July 2007, on more solid financial footing, the Messners relocated to
Loch Lloyd, Missouri
, a suburb of
Kansas City
. Jim Bakker had relocated his operations to
Branson, Missouri
, in 2003. She told
Entertainment Tonight
they had moved to the "dream house" to be closer to Roe's children and grandchildren from his first marriage.
[37]
Death
[
edit
]
Messner's 11 years with cancer were highly publicized. She was first diagnosed with
colon cancer
in March 1996, but later revealed she had endured bleeding for a year out of embarrassment at the prospect of seeing a male doctor.
[26]
The disease went into remission by the end of that year.
[38]
In March 2004, Messner made an appearance on
Larry King Live
and announced that she had inoperable lung cancer and would soon begin chemotherapy.
[39]
She continued to receive chemotherapy throughout mid-2004. In November 2004, also on
Larry King Live
, she announced that she was cancer-free once again. She described the details of her chemotherapy and continued to appear regularly on King's show.
[40]
A television documentary of her struggle with cancer was produced in 2004.
[41]
It was on King's program again that she announced in July 2005 that her cancer had returned.
[42]
In a March 2006 appearance on the show, she said she was continuing to suffer from lung cancer, which had reached
stage 4
, and that she was continuing to receive treatment for it. She also mentioned having difficulty swallowing food, suffering from
panic attacks
, and enduring substantial weight loss. As her health continued to worsen, a "Talk of the Town" article in an October 2006 issue of
The New Yorker
stated that she was dying in
hospice care
, and a December 2006 article in Walter Scott's column in
Parade
reported that her son Jay was "at a North Carolina hospice with his mom, [who is] gravely ill with colon cancer".
[43]
Messner was a guest by phone on
Larry King Live
in December 2006, and said that she was receiving hospice care in her home. She appeared in her son Jay's documentary series
One Punk Under God
, wherein they talked about her cancer treatments. In one episode, she required the use of oxygen in order to talk.
In May 2007, she issued a statement on her website saying that chemotherapy had stopped, and she urged her fans to continue to pray for her.
[44]
The story was reported on
NBC
's
The Today Show
, and a feature in which fans and well-wishers could post get-well messages to Tammy was added to her website.
[45]
On July 18, 2007, Messner made her final appearance on
Larry King Live
. At the time, she said she weighed 65 pounds (29.5 kg) and was unable to eat solid food. Messner's husband later said that he believed she chose to do the interview to say a final goodbye to her fans.
[40]
On July 20, 2007, Messner died at her home in
Loch Lloyd
, near Kansas City, Missouri, after an eleven-year bout with cancer. She was 65 years old.
[46]
A family service was held on the morning of July 21, at the Messner family plot in
Waldron, Kansas
.
[47]
The ceremony was officiated by Rev. Randy McCain, the pastor of Open Door Community Church in
Sherwood, Arkansas
.
[48]
According to CNN, the family requested that King officially report the news of her death.
[49]
Her remains were cremated and her ashes were returned to Waldron Cemetery where they were subsequently buried.
[50]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
In June 2006, a
stage musical
titled
The Gospel According to Tammy Faye
opened at the
Cincinnati Fringe Festival
and was subsequently developed as a larger professional production. The show features songs by
J. T. Buck
and a book by Fernando Dovalina. The musical is described as a
fantasia
which takes a balanced and fair look at its subject. The impetus for the show was provided by a lengthy interview that Messner gave the authors in March 2005.
[51]
[52]
The musical aired in August 2006 in
Portland, Oregon
and
Hood River, Oregon
, and it was presented on stage at
Houston
's
Alley Theatre
at the end of July 2007 under direction of Les R. Wood. Industry readings presented by the Columbia Gorge Repertory Company were held at the Manhattan Theatre Club in December 2007, the cast including Tony nominee
Sally Mayes
and veteran Broadway performers William Youmans, Ken Land, Julie Foldesi, James T. Lane and Heather Parcells. The readings were directed by Mindy Cooper. Seth Farber provided musical direction.
Another musical following her life, titled
Big Tent
, debuted in May 2007, at
off-Broadway
's
New World Stages
, in New York City. The show features music and lyrics by Ben Cohn and Sean McDaniel, a book by
Jeffery Self
, and direction by
Ryan J. Davis
.
[53]
A star-studded concert of songs from the show opened in February 2008, at New York's Metropolitan Room.
[54]
A play about her final hours,
Tammy Faye's Final Audition
by Merri Biechler, premiered at the Cincinnati Fringe Festival in June 2015. The play takes place in a fevered dream at the end of her life, wherein she enlists the men in her life for one final TV talk show audition.
[55]
A musical about the life of
BeBe Winans
,
Born for This
, debuted on June 25, 2018, at the Emerson Cutler Majestic Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts. Tammy Faye and Jim Bakker appear as supporting characters who give BeBe and his sister
CeCe
their first big break as singers on
The PTL Club
.
[56]
At one time, Broadway actress
Kristin Chenoweth
was planning a musical based on Messner's life.
[57]
In the 2021 movie
The Eyes of Tammy Faye
, based on the 2000 documentary of the same name,
Jessica Chastain
plays Tammy Faye, with
Andrew Garfield
as Jim.
The Eyes of Tammy Faye
opened on September 17, 2021.
[58]
Chastain won a
Critics Choice Award
, a
Screen Actors Guild Award
, and the
Academy Award for Best Actress
for her performance.
[59]
British playwright
James Graham
also wrote the book for a new musical about Tammy Faye, with music by
Elton John
and lyrics by
Jake Shears
.
[60]
The musical, titled
Tammy Faye
, opened in October 2022 at the
Almeida Theatre
in London, directed by
Rupert Goold
.
[61]
Select discography
[
edit
]
Year
|
Album
|
Record Label
|
1970
|
Tammy Tammy Tammy
|
Hymntone Records
|
1977
|
Tammy Bakker Sings PTL Club Favorites
|
New Pax Records
|
1978
|
Love Never Gives Up
|
PAX Musical Productions
|
1979
|
We're Blest
|
PTL Club Records & Tapes
|
1980
|
Run Toward the Roar
|
PTL Club Records & Tapes
|
1980
|
The Lord's On My Side
|
PTL Club Records & Tapes
|
1982
|
Tammy Sings... You Can Make It!
|
PTL Club Records & Tapes
|
1982
|
Old Hymns
|
PTL Club Records & Tapes
|
1984
|
In the Upper Room
|
PTL Club Records & Tapes
|
1984
|
Movin' on to Victory
|
PTL Club Records & Tapes
|
1985
|
Don't Give Up!
|
PTL Club Records & Tapes
|
1986
|
Enough is Enough
|
PTL Club Records & Tapes
|
1987
|
The Ballad of Jim & Tammy
(single)
|
Sutra Records
|
1988
|
Peace in the Midst of the Storm
|
Wooded Lake Productions
|
1991
|
Love, Tammy
|
???
|
1996
|
Favorite Songs of Inspiration
|
Inphomation Communications, Inc.
|
Bibliography
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
"30 Years Later, a Look Back at Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker's Scandal-Filled Ministry"
.
Distractify
. January 17, 2019
. Retrieved
July 8,
2019
.
- ^
Abernethy, Michael (July 18, 2010).
"Tammy Faye Never Understood What That Whole Gay Thing Was About"
.
PopMatters
. Retrieved
June 27,
2018
.
- ^
Johnson, M. Alex (July 22, 2007).
"Through it all, Tammy Faye never wavered"
.
NBC News
. Retrieved
June 27,
2018
.
- ^
I Gotta Be Me
Goodreads accessed 2/12/2022
- ^
Amazon Book Listing Tammy Faye Author
accessed 2-12-2021
- ^
a
b
c
Iii, David T. Foster.
"What happened to Tammy Faye Bakker after the PTL scandal?"
.
charlotteobserver
. Retrieved
July 8,
2019
.
- ^
Rachel & Fred Grover Obituaries
- ^
"Obituary: Tammy Faye Messner".
Daily Telegraph
. Vol. 47, no. 317. July 23, 2007. p. 23.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
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"Tammy Faye Bakker, 65, Emotive Evangelist, Dies"
.
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. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018
. Retrieved
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2018
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
)
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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a
b
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g
h
i
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k
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.
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. Retrieved
June 27,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
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(Interview). Interviewed by Tammy Faye Bakker.
Video
on
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.
- ^
a
b
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, Slate.com July 23, 2007; accessed 03 Jan 2018
- ^
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.
UPI
. Retrieved
November 5,
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.
- ^
a
b
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- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
July 29,
2007
.
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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2018
.
- ^
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(1997).
I Was Wrong: The Untold Story of the Shocking Journey from PTL Power to Prison and Beyond
. Thomas Nelson.
ISBN
978-0-7852-7136-9
.
- ^
Ostling, Richard (August 3, 1987).
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.
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. Archived from
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on February 12, 2007
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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"Tammy Faye Messner Dies at 65"
.
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. Associated Press
. Retrieved
June 27,
2018
.
- ^
Gates, Anita (July 22, 2007).
"Tammy Faye Bakker, 65, Emotive Evangelist, Dies"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
July 6,
2019
.
- ^
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.
The Guardian
. July 24, 2007.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
Nowell, Paul.
"Falwell Disputes Builder's Testimony Over Hush Money"
.
AP News
. Archived from
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on June 4, 2023
. Retrieved
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.
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"Chronicle"
.
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. Retrieved
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a
b
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.
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- ^
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.
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. Archived from
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on January 4, 2018
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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I Will Survive and You Will Too!
. Penguin.
ISBN
978-1-101-14408-4
. Retrieved
January 6,
2022
.
- ^
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I Will Survive and You Will Too!
. Penguin. p. 4.
ISBN
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.
- ^
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"Tammy Faye: Death Defying"
.
Variety
. Penske Media Corporation
. Retrieved
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2022
.
- ^
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Tammy's `Eyes' have it
Archived
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, Baltimore Sun, accessed 03 July 2018
- ^
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. p. 7.
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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.
www.cbsnews.com
. CBS Corporation
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.
- ^
Aarthun, Sarah. (June 23, 2007).
Tammy Faye is leaving Charlotte area
. The Charlotte Observer
Archived
June 26, 2007, at the
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- ^
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.
Fox News
. May 10, 2007.
- ^
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.
CNN
. March 19, 2004
. Retrieved
June 2,
2021
.
- ^
a
b
Funk, Tim (February 15, 2018).
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.
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.
- ^
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.
Fox News
. July 22, 2007.
- ^
"Tammy Faye Says Lung Cancer Has Returned"
. Greenwich Time. Associated Press. July 20, 2005. Archived from
the original
on April 15, 2008
. Retrieved
May 10,
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.
- ^
Walter Scott (December 10, 2006).
"Personality Parade"
. Parade
. Retrieved
July 25,
2007
.
- ^
Tammy Faye Messner (May 10, 2007).
"Message to fans"
.
TammyFaye.com
. Archived from
the original
on March 11, 2012
. Retrieved
July 25,
2007
.
- ^
"Well Wishes for Tammy Faye's"
.
TammyFaye.com
. Archived from
the original
on July 21, 2007
. Retrieved
July 25,
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.
- ^
Gaines, Anita (July 22, 2007).
"Tammy Faye Bakker, 65, Emotive Evangelist, Dies"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
"Miners Trapped in Utah; Roe Messner Interview"
.
CNN
. August 7, 2007.
- ^
Stone, Andrea (July 23, 2007).
"Tributes Pour In For Tammy Faye Messner"
.
ABC News
. Retrieved
June 2,
2021
.
- ^
"Tammy Faye Messner dies"
.
CNN
. July 21, 2007
. Retrieved
July 25,
2007
.
- ^
"Public Memorial Planned For Tammy Faye"
.
CBS News
. July 21, 2007.
- ^
'Gospel According to Tammy Faye' New Musical Reading",
Broadway World News
, December 5, 2007.
- ^
Lindsay Wise, "On stage, Tammy Faye lives on: Musical creators say show is a good way to say goodbye",
Houston Chronicle
, July 22, 2007.
- ^
"New Musical 'Big Tent' Covers Life of Tammy Faye Bakker"
.
Broadway World
. Retrieved
January 18,
2019
.
- ^
Playbill News: Block, Arcelus, Hocking, Stanek and More Set for Tammy Faye Sings Concert
Archived
January 27, 2008, at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Epple, Aaron.
"Cincinnati Fringe Festival returns for its 12th year"
.
Journal-News
. Liberty Township, Butler County, Ohio. Archived from
the original
on August 17, 2016
. Retrieved
July 7,
2016
.
- ^
Aucoin, Don.
"Stage Review: A spirited but flawed 'Born for This'
"
.
The Boston Globe
. Retrieved
July 23,
2018
.
- ^
Logan Culwell-Block (January 18, 2019).
"Kristin Chenoweth on Why She's Bringing the Story of Tammy Faye Bakker to the Stage"
.
Playbill
. Retrieved
September 3,
2021
.
- ^
"Praise the Lord, We've Got an Eyes of Tammy Faye Trailer"
. June 9, 2021.
- ^
Pulver, Andrew (March 27, 2022).
"Jessica Chastain wins best actress Oscar for The Eyes of Tammy Faye"
.
The Guardian
. London, United Kingdom
. Retrieved
March 27,
2022
.
- ^
"James Graham reveals Covid crisis accelerated Elton John musical collaboration"
.
TheGuardian.com
. December 31, 2020.
- ^
Sherwood, Harriet (August 23, 2022).
"Musical Tammy Faye tells gay icon's life story with score by Elton John"
.
The Guardian
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Bekkering, Denis (2018).
American Televangelism and Participatory Cultures: Fans, Brands, and Play With Religious "Fakes"
. Palgrave Macmillan.
External links
[
edit
]
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