Ethnic group
Ethnic group
Assyrians in Syria
(
Syriac
:
??????? ??????
,
Arabic
:
????????? ?? ?????
) also known as
Syriacs
are an
ethnic
and linguistic minority that are
indigenous
to
Upper Mesopotamia
, the north-eastern half of Syria. Syrian-Assyrians are people of
Assyrian descent
living in
Syria
, and those in the
Assyrian diaspora
who are of Syrian-Assyrian heritage.
They live primarily in
Al-Hasakah Governorate
, with a significant presence in
Hasakah
city and the cities of
Qamishli
,
Malikiyah
,
Ras al-Ayn
, and
Qahtaniyah
, as well as in
Tell Tamer
and nearby villages. Some have migrated to
Damascus
and other western cities beyond the border of their indigenous Mesopotamia at the
Euphrates River
.
[7]
[8]
They share a common history and
ethnic identity
, rooted in shared
linguistic
,
cultural
and
religious traditions
, with
Assyrians in Turkey
,
Assyrians in Iraq
and
Assyrians in Iran
, as well as with the
Assyrian diaspora
.
History
[
edit
]
Ancient history
[
edit
]
During the
Old Assyrian Empire
(2000?1750 BC),
Middle Assyrian Empire
(1365?1020 BC) and
Neo Assyrian Empire
(911?599 BC) much of, and often the entirety of the modern country of
Syria
, was under Assyrian rule, which founded in Northwestern
Mesopotamia
(modern-day
Iraq
). The northeastern part of the land became an integral part of Assyria proper during the 2nd millennium BC. Thus the presence of originally
Akkadian
-speaking and later
Eastern Aramaic
-speaking Assyrians in the northeastern part of the modern country dates back over 4000 years, where they lived alongside a diverse set of other peoples such as
Hittites
,
Hurrians
and
Amorites
throughout the ages. Traces of the long era of Assyrian settlement can be seen at numerous archaeological sites across the region. Important Assyrian cities in the region in ancient times include
Til-Barsip
,
Carchemish
,
Guzana
,
Shubat-Enlil
and
Dur-Katlimmu
.
The northeast of modern-day Syria was a part of
Achaemenid Assyria
(
Athura
) which was a geographical area within the
Achaemenid Empire
in
Mesopotamia
between 546 and 332 BC, then
Seleucid Syria
(312-150 BC), when the name
Syria
which was originally a 9th-century BC
Indo-European
corruption of
Assyria
and had hitherto referred only to
Assyria
itself, also became applied to a region long known as
Aramea
/
Eber Nari
. During the
Parthian Empire
(150 BC-224 AD) and early
Sassanid Empire
(224 -650 AD) (when the land was renamed
Assuristan
) a number of
Neo-Assyrian
kingdoms arose, and parts of northeast Syria became a part of the Neo-Assyrian state of
Osroene
until the mid-3rd century AD.
Christianity
became established amongst the Assyrians as early as the 1st century AD, and the region of
Athura
became the birthplace of
Eastern Christianity
and
Syriac literature
, with the
Assyrian Church of the East
and
Syriac Orthodox Church
being founded in the region.
Middle Ages
[
edit
]
After the
Arab
Islamic Conquest
of the mid-7th century AD, Assyria/Athura/Assuristan was dissolved as a geo-political entity, and the region gradually saw an influx of
Muslim
Arab
,
Turkic
and
Iranic peoples
. However, settlement in the northeastern areas often proved unsustainable in the long-term, leading to numerous episodes of population exodus. In addition to experiencing such destabilising factors such as climate shifts and
over-cultivation of land
, the area was also vulnerable to attack from nomadic peoples. Following the
Mongol
and
Timurid
invasions and subsequent massacre of
Assyrians
, it was left with only a scant permanent population. In the centuries that followed, a number of nomadic and semi-nomadic
Arabic
- and
Kurdish
-speaking tribes wandered the area with their livestock into the 20th century, when most of them were forced to settle by governmental policies.
Early modern period
[
edit
]
When the
Ottoman Empire
conducted
ethnic cleansing against its Christian populations
, Kurds were responsible for most of the atrocities against Assyrians.
[10]
[11]
[
better source needed
]
At the onset of the 20th century, Kurdish tribes cooperated with the Ottoman authorities in the genocides against
Armenian
and
Assyrian
Christians in
Upper Mesopotamia
.
[12]
Many Assyrians from
Hakkari
settled in Syria after they were displaced and driven out by
Ottoman Turks
in the early 20th century.
[13]
During the 1930s and 1940s, many Assyrians resettled in northeastern Syrian villages, such as
Tel Tamer
,
Al-Qahtaniyah
,
Al Darbasiyah
,
Al-Malikiyah
,
Qamishli
and a few other small towns in
Al-Hasakah Governorate
.
[14]
Modern history
[
edit
]
Most of the current population of Assyrians in Hasakah dates back to the
French Mandate of Syria
, when refugees from the now-
Turkish
areas north of present-day Syria (such as
Tur Abdin
) were settled together with displaced
Armenians
who had survived the
Assyrian genocide
and
Armenian genocide
in the area by the authorities as part of an effort to promote economic development. Given preferential treatment on the basis of their
Christian
religion by the French, they soon formed most of the new urban elite in the region. An additional influx of Eastern Assyrians began to resettle along the
Khabur River
in 1933 after the massacres of Assyrians in newly independent Iraq (see
Simele massacre
) forced the flight. These were refugees twice over?originally from the highlands of
Hakkari
, they had initially sought refuge amongst other Assyrians in Iraq in the face of the
Assyrian genocide
before the attacks.
[15]
In 1936, religious and political leaders?mainly from the Assyrian and Armenian Christian and Kurdish communities, with a few Arab groups as well?pressured the French authorities to give autonomous status to the Syrian
Al-Jazira province
(nowadays the
Al Hasakah
) for its mixed-ethnic population, like in the
Sanjak of Alexandretta
, the
Alawite State
, or
Jabal al-Druze
. The push for autonomy was marked by civil strife and inter-communal violence in the province, and angry hostility on the part of the mainly Arab nationalists pushing for outright independence for Syria. Long having viewed the settlement of Assyrians and Armenians in the country as the product of French colonialism, they were further incensed by the arrival of additional Assyrian refugees on the Khabur, and mobilized support from many Arab tribes and some Kurdish groups to counter the autonomists. The French forcibly cracked down on both sides as they grew increasingly violent, and the movement for autonomy soon failed. Later on, in 1957, the
Assyrian Democratic Organization
was set up in
Syria
by center-left intellectuals.
[16]
Though officially and incorrectly designated as
Arabs
by the Syrian Arab Nationalist
Baathist
government, the Assyrians are a distinct pre-Arab ethnic group with a history in the region dating perhaps as far back as the 25th century BC. They are a
Syriac
speaking community that traditionally belong to the
Ancient Church of the East
,
Assyrian Church of the East
,
Syriac Orthodox Church
and the
Chaldean Catholic Church
.
[6]
The modern Assyrians are native to "northern
Iraq
, southeastern
Turkey
, northwestern
Iran
and northeastern
Syria
".
[17]
First settled by Assyrians fleeing the
Assyrian genocide
and then the
Simele massacre
, there are over 30 Assyrian villages on the
Khabur river
in Syria. According to a 1994 report they are: Tell Tawil, Tell Um Rafa, Tell Um Keff, Tell Kefdji, Tell Djemaa,
Tell Tamer
, Tell Nasri, Upper Tell Chamran, Lower Tell Chamran, Tell Chamran, Tell Hafian, Tell Talaa, Tell Maghas, Tell Massas, Abu Tine,
Tel Goran
, Fouedate, Dimchij, Kabar Chamie, Tell Balouet (Dezn), Tell Baz, Upper Tell Rouman, Lower Tell Rouman, El-Kharita, Tell Chame, Tell Wardiat, El-Makhada, Taal, Tell Sakra, El-Breij, Arbouche, and Tell Hormiz.
[18]
About 9,000 ethnic Assyrians moved from northern Iraq to join already extant Assyrian populations in northeastern Syria following the
Simele massacre
of 1933. They settled in the Jazirah near Tall Tamir on the upper Khabur River. The French established this Assyrian settlement with the assistance of the League of Nations, and in 1942 it became an integral part of Syria. The Assyrian settlement on the Khabur valley consists of about 20 villages, primarily agricultural. They have faced severe economic pressures over the years, despite owning their own irrigated lands, and some of them immigrated to the US, where there exists a large community.
[6]
In an interview with
Aid to the Church in Need
, bishop Jules Boutros, of the
Syriac Catholic Church
, said most young Syriacs were trying to get out of Syria. "Most of our young people are trying to get out of Iraq and Syria. (...) Things are worse in Syria, because the war is still going on. Military service is the biggest issue for our young men, because you have to serve for 9 or 10 years. After that time, if you return alive, you need to start from zero. This is in all of Syria. Things are worse in the Kurdish controlled area. Our young men have to serve with the Kurdish military, and then with the Syrian military. That is why in Syria it is so rare to find young men, they are all leaving. After five years abroad, if they pay US$8,000 dollars they can return without their military service. We are losing an entire generation."
[7]
Culture
[
edit
]
Assyrians celebrate religious holidays such as
Easter
and
Christmas
, as well as feasts of saints venerated in their respective churches.
All Assyrians celebrate
Assyrian New Year
, known as Ha b'Nison or Kha b'Nisan, on the 1st of April each year to celebrate the turn of the new year in the ancient Assyrian calendar. Assyrian New Year festivities have previously been outlawed in Syria.
[19]
Religion
[
edit
]
The majority of Assyrians in Syria adhere to both the East and West Syriac Rite. These include the following churches:
Catholic Assyrians
[
edit
]
Chaldean Catholic Church
[
edit
]
The presence of the
Chaldean Catholic Church
dates back to the 16th century when Assyrians from
Diyarbakir
migrated to
Aleppo
.
The
Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Aleppo
, under the tenure of the Bishop of Aleppo, Mar Antony Audo, was established in 1957 and is divided into 14 parishes.
Syriac Catholic Church
[
edit
]
There are four
dioceses
of the
Syriac Catholic Church
in Syria including the:
Orthodox Assyrians
[
edit
]
Syriac Orthodox Church
[
edit
]
The
Syriac Orthodox Church's
patriarchal seat is located in
Damascus
after being transferred in 1959.
The Syriac Orthodox Church in Syria is represented by the Patriarch,
Ignatius Aphrem II
, with three archbishopric's located across Syria in the following:
- Patriarchal Office Director in Damascus Archbishop Timotheus Matta Al-Khoury.
- Archbishopric of Jazirah and Euphrates under the spiritual guidance and direction of acting Archbishop Maurice Amsih.
- Archbishopric of Aleppo under the spiritual guidance and direction of Archbishop Yohanna Ibrahim.
- Archbishopric of Homs & Hama under the spiritual guidance and direction of Archbishop Selwanos Petros AL-Nemeh.
- Patriarchal Vicariate for the Archdiocese of Damascus under the spiritual guidance and direction of Archbishop Timothius Matta AlKhouri.
In the mid-1970s, it was estimated that 82,000 Syriac Orthodox lived in Syria.
Demographics
[
edit
]
In 2018 Professor John Shoup stated that the Assyrian population in Syria formed 4% of the country's total population, making them the fourth largest ethnic group in the country.
[5]
Politics
[
edit
]
Assyrian Democratic Organization
[
edit
]
The
Assyrian Democratic Organization
(ADO), more commonly known as "Mtakasto", was founded in 1957 and serves as the oldest Assyrian political party in Syria. The principles of the party are based around huyodo/khoyada, unity, and gained a foothold amongst western Assyrian youth.
[22]
Gabriel Moushe Gawrieh
, the current leader of the party, was detained by the Syrian government and imprisoned for 2 years, until his release in June 2016.
[23]
[24]
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Syrian Civil War
[
edit
]
Assyrians have been caught between different political sides from the onset of the
Syrian Civil War
with some Assyrian groups allying with the
Syrian Government
and others with the Kurdish-led
Syrian Democratic Forces
.
Assyrian militias
[
edit
]
With the onset of the
Syrian Civil War
, Assyrians have formed numerous military forces in order to protect their communities. These range from military groups to police forces concentrated in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, mainly in Qamishli and Khabur. These militias include:
Gozarto Protection Force
[
edit
]
Gozarto Protection Force
(GPF), or Sootoro, are a light infantry militia formed in 2012 that are aligned to the
Syrian Government
. The militia is composed mainly of Assyrians, with a smaller number of Armenians in the group. GPF mainly clash with ISIL, although they have also been involved in clashes with Kurdish forces stationed nearby.
Syriac Military Council
[
edit
]
The
Syriac Military Council
(MFS) are a militia of the
Dawronoye
ideology that are a component of the
Syrian Democratic Forces
(SDF) and under the
Syriac Union Party
. MFS have been involved in numerous offensives alongside the YPG, including some in northern Iraq (
Nineveh
&
Sinjar
). The
Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces
are the female brigade of the MFS and assume guard roles in the Assyrian communities of northeast Syria.
Sutoro
[
edit
]
Sutoro
are the police wing of the Syriac Military Council and have been active in Syria from 2012 onwards. Sutoro police the Assyrian communities of northeast Syria, as well as working in concert with Asayish to safeguard the region.
Khabour Guards
[
edit
]
Khabour Guards
, as well as
Nattoreh
are a militia tied to the
Assyrian Democratic Party
and are active in the Khabur Valley of Syria. Founded in 2012, Khabour Guards have been involved in SDF campaigns and in 2019, merged with the Syriac Military Council to form the Syriac-Assyrian Military Council.
Clashes with Kurdish Forces
[
edit
]
The main group aligned with the Assad-government are the
Sootoro
forces stationed in northeast Syria. In early 2016, Sootoro forces set up checkpoints in the Assyrian-controlled districts of Qamishli due to increasing terrorist attacks targeting Assyrians in the city. Members of Asayish, the security-wing of the YPG, approached the checkpoints and demanded they be dismantled. When Sootoro refused, Asayish fired at Sootoro soldiers, causing several casualties on both sides.
[25]
[26]
Persecution by ISIL
[
edit
]
The
Syrian Civil War
initially put much strain on Assyrians in Syria. As of November 2014, due to occupation by the
ISIL
, only 23 Assyrian and Armenian families remain in the city of
Raqqa
. Christian bibles and holy books have reportedly been burned by ISIL militants.
[27]
[28]
Assyrians kidnapped
[
edit
]
On 23 February 2015, ISIL abducted 232 Assyrians from villages near
Tell Tamer
in the Khabur valley.
[29]
[30]
[31]
According to US diplomat Alberto M. Fernandez, of the 232 of the Assyrians kidnapped in the ISIL attack on the Assyrian Christian farming villages on the banks of the Khabur River in Northeast Syria, 51 were children and 84 women. "Most of them remain in captivity with one account claiming that ISIL is demanding $22 million (or roughly $100,000 per person) for their release."
[32]
On 8 October, ISIL released a video showing three of the Assyrian men kidnapped in Khabur being executed. It was reported that 202 of the 232 kidnapped Assyrians were still in captivity, each one with a demanded ransom of $100,000.
[33]
In early 2016, ISIL freed the remaining 42 hostages in exchange for an undisclosed ransom mediated by the
Assyrian Church of the East
.
[34]
[35]
[36]
Wusta Bombings
[
edit
]
On 30 December 2015, 16 people were killed and 30 wounded when three blasts struck restaurants in the Assyrian district of Wusta in Qamishli. An IS-linked news agency,
Amaq
, said the group carried out the bombings. This prompted the Gozarto Protection Forces to set up checkpoints in the district as the Syrian government, nor the Kurdish-led DFNS could guarantee their safety.
[37]
[38]
[39]
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
[
edit
]
The decrease of political repression after government withdrawal and the inclusion of Assyrian political and military movements in the
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
has led to greater inclusion of Assyrians in the governance of the region. The
Syriac Union Party
(SUP), committed to the secular leftist "
Dawronoye
" ideology,
[41]
is a part of the governing
Movement for a Democratic Society
(TEV-DEM) coalition. The
Sutoro
is an Assyrian police force, working in concert with the general
Asayish
police force with the mission to police ethnic Assyrian areas and neighbourhoods.
While
Syriac
was an official language of the Jazira Region from the outset, in August 2016, the
Ourhi Centre
in the city of
Qamishli
was started by the Assyrian community, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac-Aramaic an additional language to be taught in public schools,
[42]
[43]
which then started with the 2016/17 academic year.
[44]
With that academic year, states the region's Education Committee, "three curriculums have replaced the old one, to include teaching in three languages: Kurdish, Arabic and Syriac."
[45]
Human rights violation claims
[
edit
]
The region, however, has been accused of closing down 14 Assyrian schools that have refused to adhere to a curriculum produced by the Kurdish-led government. Many Assyrians have rejected the new curriculum, stating that the curriculum is not recognized or accredited elsewhere, while the Syrian government-led curriculum is.
[46]
There is also opposition by Assyrians against the curriculum produced by the region's administration, which some Assyrian leaders say has been an attempt to impose a
Kurdish nationalist
curriculum across the region.
[47]
[48]
In April 2015, David Jendo, the leader of the Khabur Guards, was assassinated after being kidnapped alongside fellow commander, Elias Nasser. Both men were blindfolded and driven to a remote location, supposedly to have an urgent meeting with YPG leadership. Jendo and Nasser were then shot and David Jendo immediately died, while Elias Nasser was severely wounded. Jendo had publicly spoken against the YPG looting Assyrian homes in 2015. The attackers were allegedly arrested and tried in a regional court, resulting in 20 years prison for the two killers, 4 and 1 years respectively for the other two attackers.
[49]
[50]
In November 2015, sixteen Assyrian and Armenian civic and church organizations issued a joint statement protesting Kurdish expropriation of private property. The statement accuses the PYD of human rights violations, expropriation of private property, illegal military conscription and interference in church school curricula.
[51]
Kurds in Syria have been accused of silencing Assyrian critics of their administration, usually using Assyrian proxy forces such as Sutoro to intimidate these critics. On September 30, 2018, prominent Assyrian writer Souleman Yousph was arrested without being informed of charges, in what is alleged to be in response to an article published by Mr. Yousph in which he criticized the de facto Kurdish authorities for closing Assyrian schools, as well as the assault on Issa Rashid, a fellow Assyrian writer. One day after his arrest, Sutoro announced a statement saying that
"Action had to be taken against those spreading lies, that democracy has rules and limitations, and that defamation is punishable by law in Western countries"
.
[52]
[53]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Prior to the start of the war in Syria, it is estimated that the country was home to approximately 200,000 ethnic Assyrians"
[1]
at
Syria: Assyrian Policy Institute
- ^
"The Assyrian population in Iraq, estimated at approximately 200,000, constitutes the largest remaining concentration of the ethnic group in the Middle East."
[2]
at
Assyrian Policy Institute's Erasing the Legacy of the Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria
- ^
"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists"
. Archived from
the original
on 12 November 2020
. Retrieved
24 May
2020
.
- ^
Turkey-Syria deal allows Syriacs to cross border for religious holidays
"An estimated 25,000 Syriacs live in Turkey, while Syria boasts some 877,000."
- ^
a
b
Shoup, John A. (2018), "Syria",
The History of Syria
,
ABC-CLIO
, p. 6,
ISBN
978-1440858352
,
Syria has several other ethnic groups, the Kurds... they make up an estimated 9 percent...Turkomen comprise around 4-5 percent. of the total population. The rest of the ethnic mix of Syria is made of Assyrians (about 4 percent), Armenians (about 2 percent), and Circassians (about 1 percent).
- ^
a
b
c
"Syria - Christians, Armenians and Assyrians"
.
Minority Rights Group International
. 19 June 2015
. Retrieved
27 October
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.
- ^
a
b
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.
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.
- ^
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.
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- ^
Joan A. Argenter, R. McKenna Brown 2004 199" On the Margins of Nations: Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights, Foundation for Endangered Languages. Eds:Joan A. Argenter, R. McKenna Brown
- ^
A brief history of the plight of the Christian Assyrians* in modern day Iraq
Archived
2015-04-17 at the
Wayback Machine
. American Mespopotamian.
- ^
R. S. Stafford (2006).
The Tragedy of the Assyrians
. Gorgias Press, LLC. pp. 24?25.
ISBN
9781593334130
.
- ^
Betts, Robert Brenton, Christians in the Arab East (Atlanta, 1978)
- ^
Dodge, Bayard, "The Settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabur," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, July 1940, pp. 301-320.
- ^
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.
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- ^
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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.
ISBN
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. Retrieved
24 April
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.
- ^
Alberto M. Fernandez.
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(PDF)
.
aina.org
. Retrieved
17 April
2023
.
- ^
El-Deeb, Sarah.
"Syria's tiny Assyrian community celebrates its survival"
.
AP
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10 July
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.
- ^
Travis, Hannibal (20 July 2017).
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. Routledge.
- ^
"Christians Under Threat in Syria"
.
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. Retrieved
10 July
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.
- ^
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.
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the original
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.
- ^
Al Rifai, Diana.
"Assyrians and Kurds clash for first time in north Syria"
.
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- ^
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.
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- ^
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.
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- ^
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.
- ^
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"
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.
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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.
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.
- ^
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.
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- ^
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.
The Guardian
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
"Islamic State 'releases Assyrian Christian hostages'
"
.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
"Islamic State gets millions in ransom money for kidnapped Christians"
.
Chicago Tribune
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
"IS releases last of kidnapped Assyrian Christians after ransom payment"
.
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.
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
Loveluck, Louisa.
"More than 55,000 died in Syria in 2015 as Isil claims twin attacks in Syrian Christian neighbourhood"
.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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.
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- ^
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- ^
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.
- ^
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.
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on 24 September 2016
. Retrieved
24 September
2016
.
- ^
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. The Syrian Observer. 3 October 2016
. Retrieved
5 October
2016
.
- ^
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. ARA News. 7 October 2016. Archived from
the original
on 7 October 2016
. Retrieved
7 October
2016
.
- ^
Souleiman, Delil.
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.
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.
- ^
"Assyrians in Syria Protest PYD's Closure of Schools in Qamishli"
.
Assyrian Policy Institute
. 28 August 2018
. Retrieved
21 June
2019
.
- ^
Safi, Marlo (25 September 2018).
"Closure of Syrian Schools: Another Bleak Sign for Christians in Syria"
.
National Review
. Retrieved
22 June
2019
.
- ^
"Assyrians Under Kurdish Rule: The Situation in Northeastern Syria"
(PDF)
.
Assyrian Confederation of Europe
. Retrieved
24 June
2019
.
- ^
"TRIAL OF MARTYR DAWUD JENDO"
.
Twitter
. Syriac Military Council
. Retrieved
24 June
2019
.
- ^
"Assyrians, Armenians in Syria Protest Kurdish Confiscation of Property"
.
AINA
. Retrieved
24 June
2019
.
- ^
"Prominent Syrian writer Yousph arrested in northeastern Syria, held for five days"
.
Committee to Protect Journalists
. 9 October 2018
. Retrieved
22 June
2019
.
- ^
"Syrien: christlicher Journalist Yusph freigelassen"
.
Vatican News
. 11 October 2018
. Retrieved
22 June
2019
.
Sources
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External links
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1
Under the terms of the Syrian Constitution the Druze community is designated as a part of the Syrian Muslim community.
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