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Alternate term for or form of artificial intelligence
Synthetic intelligence
(
SI
) is an alternative/opposite term for
artificial intelligence
emphasizing that the intelligence of machines need not be an imitation or in any way artificial; it can be a genuine form of intelligence.
[1]
John Haugeland
proposes an analogy with
simulated diamonds
and
synthetic diamonds
?only the synthetic diamond is truly a diamond.
[1]
Synthetic means that which is produced by synthesis, combining parts to form a whole; colloquially, a human-made version of that which has arisen naturally. A "synthetic intelligence" would therefore be or appear human-made, but not a simulation.
Definition
[
edit
]
The term was used by Haugeland in 1986 to describe artificial intelligence research up to that point,
[1]
which he called "
good old fashioned artificial intelligence
" or "GOFAI". AI's first generation of researchers firmly believed their techniques would lead to real, human-like intelligence in machines.
[3]
After the first
AI winter
, many AI researchers shifted their focus from
artificial general intelligence
to finding solutions for specific individual problems, such as
machine learning
, an approach to which some popular sources refer as "
weak AI
" or "applied AI."
[4]
The term "synthetic AI" is now sometimes used by researchers in the field to separate their work (using
subsymbolism
,
emergence
,
Psi-Theory
, or other relatively new methods to define and create "true"
intelligence
) from previous attempts, particularly those of GOFAI or weak AI.
[5]
[6]
Sources disagree about exactly what constitutes "real" intelligence as opposed to "simulated" intelligence and therefore whether there is a meaningful distinction between artificial intelligence and synthetic intelligence. Russell and Norvig present this example:
- "Can machines fly?" The answer is yes, because airplanes fly.
- "Can machines swim?" The answer is no, because submarines don't swim.
- "Can machines think?" Is this question like the first, or like the second?
Drew McDermott
firmly believes that "thinking" should be construed like "flying". While discussing the electronic chess champion
Deep Blue
, he argues "Saying Deep Blue doesn't really think about chess is like saying an airplane doesn't really fly because it doesn't flap its wings."
[9]
Edsger Dijkstra
agrees that some find "the question whether machines can think as relevant as the question whether submarines can swim."
John Searle
, on the other hand, suggests that a thinking machine is, at best, a
simulation
, and writes "No one supposes that computer simulations of a five-alarm fire will burn the neighborhood down or that a computer simulation of a rainstorm will leave us all drenched."
The essential difference between a simulated mind and a real mind is one of the key points of his
Chinese room
argument.
Daniel Dennett
believes that this is basically a disagreement about
semantics
, peripheral to the central questions of the
philosophy of artificial intelligence
. He notes that even a chemically perfect imitation of a
Chateau Latour
is still a fake, but that any
vodka
is real, no matter who made it.
Similarly, a perfect, molecule-by-molecule recreation of an original
Picasso
would be considered a "forgery", but any image of the
Coca-Cola logo
is completely real and subject to
trademark laws
. Russell and Norvig comment "we can conclude that in some cases, the behavior of an artifact is important, while in others it is the artifact's pedigree that matters. Which one is important in which case seems to be a matter of convention. But for artificial minds, there is no convention."
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- Dennett, Daniel
(1978),
Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology
, The MIT Press,
ISBN
978-0-262-54037-7
.
- Dijkstra, Edsger
(1986),
Science fiction and science reality in computing
- Haugeland, John
(1985),
Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea
, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press,
ISBN
978-0-262-08153-5
.
- Law, Diane
(1994),
Searle, Subsymbolic Functionalism and Synthetic Intelligence
(PDF)
.
- McDermott, Drew
(14 May 1997),
"How Intelligent is Deep Blue"
,
New York Times
, archived from
the original
on 4 October 2007
, retrieved
8 December
2007
.
- Russell, Stuart J.
;
Norvig, Peter
(2003),
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
(2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
ISBN
0-13-790395-2
.
- Poole, David
; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998),
Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach
, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 1
.
- Searle, John
(1980),
"Minds, Brains and Programs"
,
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
,
3
(3): 417?457,
doi
:
10.1017/S0140525X00005756
,
S2CID
55303721
, archived from
the original
on 23 August 2000
.
External links
[
edit
]
- Artificial Intelligence
at
Curlie
- What Is AI?
? An introduction to artificial intelligence by
John McCarthy
?a co-founder of the field, and the person who coined the term.
- Barr, Avron; Feigenbaum, Edward A. (1981).
The Handbook of artificial intelligence, volume 1
. Stanford, CA; Los Altos, CA: HeurisTech Press; William Kaufmann.
ISBN
978-0-86576-004-2
.
- Barr, Avron; Feigenbaum, Edward A. (1982).
The Handbook of artificial intelligence, volume 2
. Stanford, CA; Los Altos, CA: HeurisTech Press; William Kaufmann.
ISBN
978-0-86576-006-6
.
- Cohen, Paul R.; Feigenbaum, Edward A. (1982).
The Handbook of artificial intelligence, volume 3
. Stanford, CA; Los Altos, CA: HeurisTech Press; William Kaufmann.
ISBN
978-0-86576-007-3
.
- Barr, Avron; Cohen, Paul R.; Feigenbaum, Edward A. (Edward Albert) (1989).
Handbook of artificial intelligence, volume 4
. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
ISBN
978-0-201-51731-6
.
- "Artificial Intelligence"
.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
.
- Thomason, Richmond.
"Logic and Artificial Intelligence"
. In
Zalta, Edward N.
(ed.).
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
.
- Difference between AI and SI
? The key difference between AI and SI is that AI refers to developing computer systems that can mimic
human intelligence
, while SI involves the creation of entirely synthetic intelligent systems
[1]
that are not based on biological structures or processes.
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