Swiss political party
The
Swiss People's Party
(
German
:
Schweizerische Volkspartei
,
SVP
;
Romansh
:
Partida populara Svizra
,
PPS
), also known as the
Democratic Union of the Centre
(
French
:
Union democratique du centre
,
UDC
;
Italian
:
Unione Democratica di Centro
,
UDC
), is a
national-conservative
[15]
and
right-wing populist
[16]
political party in
Switzerland
. Chaired by
Marcel Dettling
, it is the largest party in the
Federal Assembly
, with 62 members of the
National Council
[17]
and 6 of the
Council of States
.
The SVP originated in 1971 as a merger of the
Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents
(BGB) and the
Democratic Party
, while the BGB, in turn, had been founded in the context of the emerging local farmers' parties in the late 1910s. The SVP initially did not enjoy any increased support beyond that of the BGB, retaining around 11% of the vote through the 1970s and 1980s. This changed however during the 1990s, when the party underwent deep structural and ideological changes under the influence of
Christoph Blocher
; the SVP then became the strongest party in Switzerland by the 2000s.
In line with the changes fostered by Blocher, the party started to focus increasingly on issues such as
Euroscepticism
[19]
and opposition to mass
immigration
.
[20]
Its vote share of 28.9% in the
2007 federal election
was the highest vote ever recorded for a single party in Switzerland
[21]
until
2015
, when it surpassed its own record with 29.4%.
[22]
Blocher's failure to win re-election as a
Federal Councillor
led to moderates within the party splitting to form the
Conservative Democratic Party
(BDP), which later merged with the
Christian Democratic People's Party
into
The Centre
. As of 2019
[update]
, the party is the largest in the
National Council
with 53 seats. It has eight seats in the
Council of States
.
[23]
History
[
edit
]
Background, farmers' parties
[
edit
]
The early origins of the SVP go back to the late 1910s, when numerous
cantonal
farmers' parties were founded in
agrarian
,
Protestant
, German-speaking parts of Switzerland. While the
Free Democratic Party
had earlier been a popular party for farmers, this changed during
World War I
when the party had mainly defended the interests of industrialists and consumer circles.
When
proportional representation
was introduced in 1919, the new farmers' parties won significant electoral support, especially in
Zurich
and
Bern
, and eventually also gained representation in parliament and government.
By 1929, the coalition of farmers' parties had gained enough influence to get one of their leaders,
Rudolf Minger
, elected to the Federal Council.
In 1936, a representative party was founded on the national level, called the
Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents
(BGB). During the 1930s, the BGB entered the mainstream of Swiss politics as a right-wing
conservative
party in the
bourgeois
bloc. While the party opposed any kind of
socialist
ideas such as
internationalism
and
anti-militarism
, it sought to represent local Swiss traders and farmers against big business and international capital.
The BGB contributed strongly to the establishment of the Swiss national ideology known as the
Geistige Landesverteidigung
(Spiritual Defence of the Nation), which was largely responsible for the growing Swiss sociocultural and political cohesion from the 1930s. In the party's fight against
left-wing
ideologies, sections of party officials and farmers voiced sympathy with, or failed to distance themselves from, emerging
fascist
movements.
After
World War II
, the BGB contributed to the establishment of the characteristic Swiss post-war consensual politics, social agreements and economic growth policies. The party continued to be a reliable political partner with the
Swiss Conservative People's Party
and the
Free Democratic Party.
Early years (1971?1980s)
[
edit
]
In 1971, the BGB changed its name to the Swiss People's Party (SVP) after it merged with the
Democratic Party
from
Glarus
and
Grisons
.
The Democratic Party had been supported particularly by workers, and the SVP sought to expand its electoral base towards these, as the traditional BGB base in the rural population had started to lose its importance in the post-war era. As the Democratic Party had represented
centrist
,
social-liberal
positions, the course of the SVP shifted towards the political centre following internal debates.
The new party however continued to see its level of support at around 11%, the same as the former BGB throughout the post-war era. Internal debates continued, and the 1980s saw growing conflicts between the Bern and Zurich cantonal branches, where the former branch represented the centrist faction, and the latter looked to put new issues on the political agenda.
When the young entrepreneur
Christoph Blocher
was elected president of the Zurich SVP in 1977, he declared his intent to oversee significant change in the political line of the Zurich SVP, bringing an end to debates that aimed to open the party up to a wide array of opinions. Blocher soon consolidated his power in Zurich, and began to renew the organisational structures, activities, campaigning style and political agenda of the local branch.
The young members of the party was boosted with the establishment of a cantonal
Young SVP
(JSVP) in 1977, as well as political training courses. The ideology of the Zurich branch was also reinforced, and the rhetoric hardened, which resulted in the best election result for the Zurich branch in fifty years in the
1979 federal election
, with an increase from 11.3% to 14.5%. This was contrasted with the stable level in the other cantons, although the support also stagnated in Zurich through the 1980s.
Rise of the new SVP (1990s?present)
[
edit
]
The struggle between the SVP's largest branches of
Bern
and
Zurich
continued into the early 1990s. While the Bern-oriented faction represented the old moderate style, the Zurich-oriented wing led by Christoph Blocher represented a new radical
right-wing populist
agenda. The Zurich wing began to politicise
asylum
issues, and the question of
European integration
started to dominate Swiss political debates. They also adopted more confrontational methods.
The Zurich wing subsequently started to gain ground in the party at the expense of the Bern wing, and the party became increasingly centralised as a national party, in contrast to the traditional Swiss system of parties with loose organisational structures and weak central powers.
During the 1990s, the party also doubled its number of cantonal branches (to eventually be represented in all cantons), which strengthened the power of the Zurich wing, since most new sections supported their agenda.
In 1991, the party for the first time became the strongest party in Zurich, with 20.2% of the vote.
The party broke through in the early 1990s in both Zurich and Switzerland as a whole, and experienced dramatically increasing results in elections.
From being the smallest of the four governing parties at the start of the 1990s, the party by the end of the decade emerged as the strongest party in Switzerland.
At the same time, the party expanded its electoral base towards new voter demographics.
The SVP in general won its best results in cantons where the cantonal branches adopted the agenda of the Zurich wing.
In the
1999 federal election
, the SVP for the first time became the strongest party in Switzerland with 22.5% of the vote, a 12.6% share increase. This was the biggest increase of votes for any party in the entire history of the Swiss proportional electoral system, which was introduced in 1919.
As a result of the remarkable increase in the SVP's popularity, the party gained a second ministerial position in the
Federal Council
in 2003, which was taken by
Christoph Blocher
. Before this, the only SVP Federal Councillor had always been from the moderate Bern wing.
[note 2]
The
2007 federal election
still confirmed the SVP as the strongest party in Switzerland with 28.9% of the vote and 62 seats in the National Council, the largest share of the vote for any single party ever in Switzerland.
[42]
However, the Federal Council refused to re-elect Blocher, who was replaced by
Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf
of the moderate Graubunden branch.
[42]
In response, the national SVP withdrew its support from Widmer-Schlumpf and its other Federal Councillor, fellow SVP moderate
Samuel Schmid
, from the party, along with Widmer-Schlumpf's whole cantonal section.
[42]
[44]
The SVP thus formed the first opposition group in Switzerland since the 1950s.
[42]
In 2008, the SVP demanded that Widmer-Schlumpf resign from the Federal Council and leave the party. When she refused, the SVP demanded that its Grisons branch expel her. Since Swiss parties are legally federations of cantonal parties, the federal SVP could not expel her itself. The Grisons branch stood by Widmer-Schlumpf, leading the SVP to expel it from the party. Shortly afterward, the Grisons branch reorganised itself as the
Conservative Democratic Party
(BDP). Soon afterward, virtually all of the SVP's Bern branch, including Schmid, defected to the new party.
[44]
The SVP regained its position in government in late 2008, when Schmid was forced to resign due to a political scandal, and was replaced with
Ueli Maurer
.
[44]
[46]
The
2011 federal election
put an end to the continuous progression of the SVP since 1987. The party drew 26.6% percent of the vote, a 2.3-point decrease from the previous elections in 2007. This loss could be partly attributed to the split of the BDP, which gained 5.4% of the vote in 2011. However the SVP rebounded strongly in the
2015 federal election
, gathering a record 29.4% of the national vote and 65 seats in parliament.
[47]
Media attributed the rise to concerns over the
European migrant crisis
.
[22]
[20]
[48]
[49]
The party received the highest proportion of votes of any Swiss political party since 1919, when
proportional representation
was first introduced,
[50]
and it received more seats in the National Council than any other political party since 1963, when the number of seats was set at 200.
[22]
The SVP
gained
a second member in the
Federal Council
again, with
Guy Parmelin
replacing
Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf
after the party's election gains.
[51]
[52]
Ideology
[
edit
]
The SVP adheres to
national conservatism
,
[53]
aiming at the preservation of Switzerland's political
sovereignty
and a conservative society.
Furthermore, the party promotes the principle of individual responsibility and is skeptical toward any expansion of governmental services. This stance is most evident in the rejection of an accession of
Switzerland to the European Union
, the rejection of military involvement abroad, and the rejection of increases in government spending on social welfare and education. The SVP "does not reject either democracy or the liberal order," and the terms "right-wing populist" or "far-right" are rarely used to describe it in Switzerland.
[54]
[55]
The emphasis of the party's policies lies in foreign policy, immigration and homeland security policy as well as tax and social welfare policy. Among political opponents, the SVP has gained a reputation as a party that maintains a hard-line stance.
Foreign policy
[
edit
]
In its foreign policy the SVP opposes the growing involvement of Switzerland in
intergovernmental
and especially
supranational organisations
, including the
UN
,
EEA
,
EU
, Schengen and Dublin treaties, and closer ties with
NATO
. The party stands for a strict neutrality of the country and the preservation of the strong role of the
Swiss Armed Forces
as the institution responsible for national defense. They believe that the army should remain a
militia
force and should never become involved in interventions abroad.
In June and July 2010, the party used the
silly season
for floating the notion of a
"Greater Switzerland"
, where instead of Switzerland joining the EU, the border regions of Switzerland's neighbours would join Switzerland, submitted in July in the form of a motion to the Federal Council by
Dominique Baettig
, signed by 26 SVP Councillors.
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
Some, such as newspaper
Die Welt
, have also speculated that the initiative could be a response to the suggestion by
Muammar al-Gaddafi
to
dissolve Switzerland and divide its territory among its neighbouring countries
.
[60]
Another key concern of the SVP is what it alleges is an increasing influence of the
judiciary
on politics. According to the SVP, this influence, especially through
international law
, increasingly puts the Swiss
direct democracy
in question. Public law which is legitimate by direct democracy standards should be agreed upon by the federal court. The European law, which according to the SVP is not democratically legitimate, shall always be subordinate to the Swiss law. The SVP also criticises the judiciary as undemocratic because the courts have made decisions against the will of the majority.
Immigration and Islam
[
edit
]
In its immigration policy the party commits itself to make asylum laws stricter and to reduce immigration. The SVP warns of immigration into the social welfare system and criticises the high proportion of foreigners among the
public insurance
benefit recipients and other social
welfare
programs. It addresses fears of a loss of prosperity in Switzerland due to immigrants.
[63]
According to the opinion of the party, such benefits amount to waste of taxpayers' money. Numerous SVP members have shown themselves to be
critical of Islam
[64]
by having participated in the
minaret controversy
, during which they pushed for an initiative to ban the construction of minarets. In November 2009 this ban won the majority vote (57.5%) and became an amendment to the Swiss Constitution. However, the four existing minarets are not affected by the new legislation. The party has been active in the
counter-jihad
movement, participating in the 2010 international counter-jihad conference.
[65]
Other recent victories of the SVP in regards to immigration policy include the federal popular initiatives "
for the expulsion of criminal foreigners
" (52.3%), and "
Against mass immigration
" (50.3%) in 2010 and 2014 respectively, all injecting counter-jihad policies into the political mainstream.
[66]
The 2014 referendum resulted in a narrow victory for the SVP. Following the vote, the Swiss government entered into negotiations with the EU and, in 2016, concluded an agreement that would provide for preferences for Swiss citizens in hiring. The SVP criticized the agreement as weak.
[67]
In response, in 2020, the party placed the ballot a
referendum
called the "For Moderate Immigration" initiative, which would terminate the Free Movement of Persons bilateral agreement within one year of passage. It would also bar the government from concluding any agreements that would grant the free movement of people to foreign nationals. The initiative was opposed by the other major parties in Switzerland.
[68]
Other parties were concerned that because of the "guillotine clause" in the bilateral agreements, this would terminate all of the Bilateral I agreements with the EU which include provisions on the reduction of trade barriers as well as barriers in agriculture, land transport and civil aviation.
[69]
Swiss voters rejected the referendum with 61.7% against. Only four cantons voted in favor.
[70]
[71]
Economy
[
edit
]
The SVP supports
supply-side economics
. Thus it is a proponent of lower taxes and is against
deficit spending
. The SVP is not as liberal in terms of its agricultural policy since, in consideration of it being the most popular party among farmers, it refuses to reduce
agricultural subsidies
or curtail the current system of direct payments to farmers, to ensure larger farming businesses do not dominate the marketplace. The expansion of the
Schengen Area
eastward was looked at skeptically by the SVP, which it associated with economic immigration and higher crime rates.
Environment
[
edit
]
In terms of the environment, transportation and energy policy the SVP opposes governmental measures for
environmental protection
. In its transportation policy, the party therefore endorses the expansion of the
Swiss motorway network
and is against the preference of
public transportation
over individual transportation. It supports the construction of
megaprojects
such as
AlpTransit
but criticizes the cost increases and demands more transparency. In the scope of
environmentalism
and energy policy, the SVP is against the
carbon tax
and supports the use of
nuclear energy
. In the context of reductions of CO
2
emissions, the SVP cites the limited impact of Switzerland and instead supports globally, and legally binding agreements to address
global climate change
.
Social policy
[
edit
]
In social welfare policy the SVP rejects expansion of the
welfare state
, and stands for a conservative society.
[72]
It opposes the public financing of
maternity leave
and
nursery schools
. In its education policy, it opposes tendencies to shift the responsibility of the upbringing of children from families to public institutions. The party claims an excessive influence of anti-authoritarian ideas originating from the
protests of 1968
. In general, the party supports strengthening
crime prevention
measures against social crimes and, especially in the areas of social welfare policy and education policy, a return to
meritocracy
.
The SVP is skeptical toward governmental support of gender equality, and the SVP has the smallest proportion of women among parties represented in the
Federal Assembly of Switzerland
. It was the only major party represented in the Assembly to oppose the
legalization of same-sex marriage
.
Election results
[
edit
]
National Council
[
edit
]
Popular vote, 1919?2019. The SVP (until 1971 BGB, in dark green) in 1999 reduced to insignificance the right-wing
Swiss Democrats
and
Freedom Party
, which had reached their apex in 1991.
The Swiss People's Party is the largest party in the northeast of the country, including Zurich and Bern, and is the largest party in ten cantonal legislatures (coloured green above, as of 2022).
Map of Swiss cantons shaded by the party that won the most votes in elections to the National Council in 2015. The Swiss People's Party received the most votes in 16 of the 26 Swiss cantons (coloured green above).
Election
|
Votes
|
%
|
Seats
|
+/?
|
1971
|
217,908
|
11.1 (#4)
|
|
New
|
1975
|
190,445
|
9.9 (#4)
|
|
2
|
1979
|
210,425
|
11.6 (#4)
|
|
2
|
1983
|
215,457
|
11.1 (#4)
|
|
|
1987
|
211,535
|
11.0 (#4)
|
|
2
|
1991
|
240,353
|
11.9 (#4)
|
|
|
1995
|
280,420
|
14.9 (#4)
|
|
4
|
1999
|
440,159
|
22.5 (#1)
|
|
15
|
2003
|
561,817
|
26.6 (#1)
|
|
11
|
2007
|
672,562
|
28.9 (#1)
|
|
7
|
2011
|
641,106
|
26.6 (#1)
|
|
8
|
2015
|
740,954
|
29.4 (#1)
|
|
11
|
2019
|
620,343
|
25.59 (#1)
|
|
12
|
2023
|
713,471
|
27.93 (#1)
|
|
9
|
Party strength over time
[
edit
]
Canton
|
1971
|
1975
|
1979
|
1983
|
1987
|
1991
|
1995
|
1999
|
2003
|
2007
|
2011
|
2015
|
2019
|
2023
|
Percentage of the total vote for the Swiss People's Party in Federal Elections 1971?2019
[73]
Switzerland
|
11.1
|
9.9
|
11.6
|
11.1
|
11.0
|
11.9
|
14.9
|
22.5
|
26.7
|
28.9
|
26.6
|
29.4
|
25.6
|
27.9
|
Zurich
|
12.2
|
11.3
|
14.5
|
13.8
|
15.2
|
20.2
|
25.5
|
32.5
|
33.4
|
33.9
|
29.8
|
30.7
|
26.7
|
27.4
|
Bern
|
29.2
|
27.1
|
31.5
|
29.0
|
27.8
|
26.3
|
26.0
|
28.6
|
29.6
|
33.6
|
29.0
|
33.1
|
30.0
|
30.9
|
Lucerne
|
*
a
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
14.1
|
22.8
|
22.9
|
25.3
|
25.1
|
28.5
|
24.7
|
25.8
|
Uri
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
31.3
|
*
|
*
|
44.1
|
36.3
|
35.3
|
Schwyz
|
*
|
3.0
|
*
|
6.5
|
7.6
|
9.2
|
21.5
|
35.9
|
43.6
|
45.0
|
38.0
|
42.6
|
36.9
|
35.9
|
Obwalden
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
33.6
|
32.9
|
43.1
|
34.5
|
37.3
|
52.3
|
Nidwalden
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
45.2
|
82.8
|
64.2
|
40.0
|
Glarus
|
*
|
*
|
81.8
|
92.3
|
85.6
|
42.8
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
35.1
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
42.6
|
Zug
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
15.2
|
21.4
|
27.7
|
29.1
|
28.3
|
30.5
|
26.6
|
30.2
|
Fribourg
|
8.7
|
4.3
|
6.4
|
8.8
|
8.9
|
9.7
|
8.3
|
11.4
|
21.4
|
22.0
|
21.4
|
25.9
|
20.2
|
25.8
|
Solothurn
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
6.7
|
18.6
|
22.5
|
27.1
|
24.3
|
28.8
|
25.9
|
28.7
|
Basel-Stadt
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
2.0
|
*
|
13.6
|
18.6
|
18.5
|
16.5
|
17.6
|
12.4
|
13.6
|
Basel-Landschaft
|
11.8
|
10.7
|
10.6
|
11.2
|
12.0
|
12.3
|
10.8
|
18.0
|
26.5
|
28.5
|
26.9
|
29.8
|
25.1
|
28.9
|
Schaffhausen
|
*
|
*
|
21.1
|
22.6
|
23.5
|
19.2
|
20.4
|
26.0
|
28.5
|
39.1
|
39.9
|
45.3
|
39.5
|
39.1
|
Appenzell A.Rh.
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
22.0
|
37.5
|
38.3
|
*
|
30.5
|
36.1
|
49.5
|
47.7
|
Appenzell I.Rh.
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
25.7
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
29.1
|
2.4
|
St. Gallen
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
1.9
|
*
|
*
|
8.4
|
27.6
|
33.1
|
35.8
|
31.5
|
35.8
|
31.3
|
34.5
|
Graubunden
|
34.0
|
26.9
|
21.1
|
22.0
|
20.0
|
19.5
|
26.9
|
27.0
|
33.8
|
34.7
|
24.5
|
29.7
|
29.9
|
30.6
|
Aargau
|
12.5
|
12.8
|
13.9
|
14.1
|
15.7
|
17.9
|
19.8
|
31.8
|
34.6
|
36.2
|
34.7
|
38.0
|
31.5
|
35.5
|
Thurgau
|
26.0
|
25.1
|
26.4
|
22.8
|
21.7
|
23.7
|
27.0
|
33.2
|
41.0
|
42.3
|
38.7
|
39.9
|
36.7
|
40.3
|
Ticino
|
2.4
|
*
|
2.3
|
2.1
|
1.3
|
1.0
|
1.5
|
5.3
|
7.6
|
8.7
|
9.7
|
11.3
|
11.7
|
15.1
|
Vaud
|
7.7
|
8.0
|
6.8
|
6.2
|
6.2
|
7.3
|
7.8
|
10.7
|
20.3
|
22.4
|
22.9
|
22.6
|
17.4
|
19.2
|
Valais
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
9.0
|
13.4
|
16.6
|
19.7
|
22.1
|
19.8
|
24.5
|
Neuchatel
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
22.5
|
23.2
|
21.4
|
20.4
|
12.7
|
17.3
|
Geneve
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
1.1
|
*
|
7.5
|
18.3
|
21.1
|
16.0
|
17.6
|
13.7
|
15.3
|
Jura
|
b
|
b
|
*
|
2.0
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
7.2
|
8.3
|
13.7
|
15.5
|
12.8
|
14.5
|
19.1
|
- 1.
^a
* indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.
- 2.
^b
Part of the Canton of Bern until 1979.
Leadership
[
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See also
[
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]
Notes
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References
[
edit
]
- ^
The Swiss Confederation ? A Brief Guide
. Federal Chancellery. 2015. p. 18. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 20 December 2016
. Retrieved
14 December
2016
.
- ^
Skenderovic 2009
, p. 124: "... and prefers to use terms such as 'national-conservative' or 'conservative-right' in defining the SVP. In particular, 'national-conservative' has gained prominence among the definitions used in Swiss research on the SVP.".
- ^
Mazzoleni, Oskar (2007),
"The Swiss People's Party and the Foreign and Security Policy Since the 1990s"
,
Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right
, Ashgate, p. 223,
ISBN
9780754648512
- ^
Switzerland: Selected Issues (EPub)
. International Monetary Fund. 10 June 2005. pp. 97?.
ISBN
978-1-4527-0409-8
. Retrieved
19 July
2013
.
- ^
Aleks Szczerbiak; Paul Taggart (2008).
Opposing Europe?: The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism: Volume 2: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives
. Oxford University Press. pp. 70?.
ISBN
978-0-19-925835-2
.
- ^
- ^
"Far-right parties in Italy's neighbors call for border checks over coronavirus"
.
Reuters
. 28 February 2020.
The far-right Swiss People's Party also called for 'strict border control immediately'.
- ^
"Most Swiss 'reject far-right plan to end free movement with EU'
"
.
The Guardian
. 5 January 2020.
The vote was put on the agenda by the far-right People's party, which is the largest in parliament and has two of seven seats in the federal cabinet.
- ^
Michael Shields (28 February 2020).
"Chances of Swiss-EU treaty deal this month have vanished, sources say"
.
Reuters
.
President Ueli Mauer of the far-right Swiss People's Party is seeking to meet von der Leyen, whom he knows from when both were defense ministers of their neighboring countries.
- ^
McGann, Anthony J.; Kitschelt, Herbert (2005). "The Radical Right in The Alps".
Party Politics
.
11
(2). SAGE Publications: 147?171.
doi
:
10.1177/1354068805049734
.
ISSN
1354-0688
.
S2CID
143347776
.
- ^
Daniel Kubler; Urs Scheuss; Philippe Rochat (2013).
"The Metropolitan Bases of Political Cleavage in Switzerland"
. In Jefferey M. Sellers; Daniel Kubler; R. Alan Walks; Melanie Walter-Rogg (eds.).
The Political Ecology of the Metropolis: Metropolitan Sources of Electoral Behaviour in Eleven Countries
. ECPR Press. p. 211.
ISBN
978-1-907301-44-5
.
- ^
Bayer, Lili (19 October 2023).
"Switzerland election: 'immigration and energy security' issues boost populist Swiss People's party, candidate says ? as it happened"
.
the Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
8 December
2023
.
- ^
"Election 2015 results in graphics"
. Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from
the original
on 19 October 2015
. Retrieved
21 October
2015
.
- ^
Alexandre Afonso.
"What does the Swiss immigration vote mean for Britain and the European Union?"
.
Political Studies Association
. Archived from
the original
on 29 March 2016.
- ^
a
b
"Anti-immigration SVP wins Swiss election in big swing to right"
.
BBC News
. 19 October 2015
. Retrieved
19 October
2015
.
- ^
"Record poll win for Swiss right"
.
BBC News
. 22 October 2007
. Retrieved
15 February
2011
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Anti-immigration party wins Swiss election in 'slide to the Right'
"
.
The Daily Telegraph
. Reuters. 19 October 2015.
Archived
from the original on 12 January 2022
. Retrieved
19 October
2015
.
- ^
"Die Sitzordnung im Standerat"
.
www.parlament.ch
. Retrieved
24 October
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Far-right leaves Swiss government"
.
BBC News
. 13 December 2007
. Retrieved
2 February
2011
.
- ^
a
b
c
Magone, Jose M.; Magone, Jose (2009).
Comparative European Politics: An Introduction
. Taylor & Francis. p. 428.
ISBN
978-0-415-41892-8
.
- ^
"Swiss far-right win cabinet post"
.
BBC News
. 10 December 2008
. Retrieved
2 February
2011
.
- ^
Bundesamt fur Statistik.
"Nationalratswahlen: Ubersicht Schweiz"
. Retrieved
19 October
2015
.
- ^
Larson, Nina (19 October 2015).
"Swiss parliament shifts to right in vote dominated by migrant fears"
. Yahoo!. AFP
. Retrieved
19 October
2015
.
- ^
"Amid rising fears over refugees, far-right party gains ground in Swiss election"
. Deutsche Welle. 19 October 2015
. Retrieved
19 October
2015
.
- ^
Gerber, Marlene; Mueller, Sean (23 October 2015).
"4 Cool Graphs that Explain Sunday's Swiss Elections"
.
The Washington Post
. Retrieved
13 December
2016
.
- ^
Mombelli, Armando (10 December 2015).
"People's Party Gains Second Seat in Cabinet"
.
Swissinfo
. Retrieved
10 December
2015
.
- ^
Bradley, Simon (10 December 2015).
"Wary Press Split Over Farmer Parmelin"
.
Swissinfo
. Retrieved
10 December
2015
.
- ^
"Switzerland election: Victory for nationalist Swiss People's Party"
.
Belfast Telegraph
. 19 October 2015.
- ^
Santoro, Ivan (28 October 2023).
"Ist das jetzt ein Rechtsrutsch oder ein Rechtsrutschli?"
.
Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF)
(in German)
. Retrieved
29 October
2023
.
- ^
Romy, Katy (22 November 2023).
"Is the Swiss People's Party far-right?"
.
SWI swissinfo.ch
. Retrieved
26 November
2023
.
- ^
Capodici, Vincenzo (22 July 2010).
"
"Kanton Baden-Wurttemberg": Fur Deutschland ein herber Verlust"
.
Basler Zeitung
(in German)
. Retrieved
15 February
2011
.
- ^
Henckel, Elisalex (11 June 2010).
"SVP will Baden-Wurttemberg der Schweiz angliedern"
.
Die Welt
Online
(in German)
. Retrieved
15 February
2011
.
- ^
Henckel, Elisalex (15 July 2010).
"Viele Baden-Wurttemberger waren gerne Schweizer"
.
Die Welt
Online
(in German)
. Retrieved
15 February
2011
.
- ^
Wyborcza, Gazeta (22 July 2010).
"Greater Switzerland just might take off"
.
Presseurop
. Retrieved
15 February
2011
.
- ^
Letvik, Hakon (24 July 2010).
"Ide om Stor-Sveits skaper munterhet"
.
Aftenposten
(in Norwegian). Berlin. Archived from
the original
on 29 June 2011
. Retrieved
15 February
2011
.
- ^
Sciolino, Elaine (8 October 2007).
"Immigration, Black Sheep and Swiss Rage"
.
New York Times
. Schwerzenbach
. Retrieved
15 February
2011
.
- ^
Foulkes, Imogen (6 September 2007).
"Swiss row over black sheep poster"
.
BBC News
. Geneva
. Retrieved
15 February
2011
.
- ^
"Parlamentswahl: Schweiz ruckt weiter nach rechts"
.
tagesschau.de
(in German)
. Retrieved
23 October
2023
.
- ^
Peri Bearman; Rudolph Peters (28 August 2014).
The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law
.
Ashgate Publishing
. p. 261.
ISBN
978-1472403711
.
- ^
Pertwee, Ed (October 2017).
'Green Crescent, Crimson Cross': The Transatlantic 'Counterjihad' and the New Political Theology
(PDF)
. London School of Economics. pp. 6, 101, 129.
- ^
Othen, Christopher (2018).
Soldiers of a Different God: How the Counter-Jihad Movement Created Mayhem, Murder and the Trump Presidency
. Amberley. p. 270.
ISBN
9781445678009
.
- ^
"Switzerland gets ready to vote on ending free movement with EU"
. BBC. 26 September 2020.
- ^
"Komitee prasentiert Argumente gegen Begrenzungsinitiative"
(in German). Swiss Radio and Television. 30 June 2020.
- ^
"
"Gegen Personenfreizugigkeit": SVP lanciert die Kampagne"
(in German). Swiss Radio and Television. 11 August 2020.
- ^
"Vorlage Nr. 631 Provisorisches amtliches Ergebnis"
(in German). Swiss Confederation. 27 September 2020.
- ^
"Swiss Agree on $6.5 Billion for Jets, Reject Immigration Limits"
. Bloomberg. 27 September 2020.
- ^
"Switzerland - Political parties"
.
Norwegian Centre for Research Data
. Retrieved
27 March
2019
.
- ^
Nationalratswahlen: Kantonale Parteistarke (Kanton = 100%)
(Report). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 29 November 2019
. Retrieved
4 December
2019
.
Bibliography
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]
External links
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]
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Other
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