Sultan of Mataram (r. 1613?1645)
Anyakrakusuma
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reign
| 1613?1645
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Preceded by
| Anyakrawati
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Succeeded by
| Amangkurat I
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Born
| Raden Mas Jatmika
1593
Kutagede,
Mataram Sultanate
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Died
| 1645 (aged 51?52)
Karta, Mataram Sultanate
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Burial
| Astana Kasultan Agungan
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Queen consort
| Ratu Kulon/West Queen
(first)
Ratu Wetan/East Queen
(second)
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Sampeyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuhun Kangjeng Sultan Agung Adi Prabu Anyakrakusuma Senapati ing Ngalaga Abdurrahman Sayyidin Panatagama Khalifatullah Tanah Jawi
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Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Maulana Matarani al-Jawi
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Dynasty
| Mataram
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Father
| Anyakrawati
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Mother
| Dyah Banawati
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Religion
| Islam
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National Hero of Indonesia
S.K. President No. 106 / TK / 1975 dated November 3, 1975.
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Sultan Anyakrakusuma
is known as
Sultan Agung
(
Javanese
:
???????????????????????????
,
romanized:
Sultan Agung Adi Prabu Anyakrakusuma
) was the third
Sultan of Mataram
in Central
Java
ruling from 1613 to 1645. He was a skilled soldier who conquered neighbouring states and expanded and consolidated his kingdom to its greatest territorial and military power.
Sultan Agung
or
Susuhunan Agung
(literally, "Great Sultan" or "Majestic Sultan") is subject to a substantial amount of literature due to his legacy as a Javanese ruler, a fighter against the incursions of the
Dutch East India Company
, a conqueror, and his existence within a cultural framework where myth and magic are intertwined with verifiable historical events and personages. The Dutch literature wrote his name as
Agoeng de Grote
(literally, "Agung the Great").
For his service as a fighter and cultural observer, Sultan Agung was declared as
National Hero of Indonesia
on November 3, 1975.
Biography
[
edit
]
Early reign
[
edit
]
Rangsang ascended to the throne when he was 20 years old, succeeding his half-brother, Duke Martapura, who became Sultan of Mataram for only one day. Rangsang was technically the fourth Sultan of Mataram, but he was commonly considered the third sultan because the coronation of his intellectually disabled half-brother was just to fulfill his father's promise to his wife, Queen Tulungayu, Duke Martapura's mother.
During Sultan Agung's second year of his reign, Patih Mandaraka died of old age, and his position as
patih
(
viceregent
) was occupied by Tumenggung Singaranu.
The capital of Mataram during his coronation was still located in
Kotagede
. In 1614, the new
Karta Palace
was built in Karta, approximately 5 km in southwest of Kotagede, which began to be occupied four years later.
Territorial conquests
[
edit
]
Sultan Agung became the ruler of Mataram in 1613. In the following year he attacked
Surabaya
, as well as
Malang
which lies south of Surabaya, and the eastern end of
Java island
, but failed to conquer them both. He was however able to extract a significant indemnity and used this in 1615, to conquer Wirasaba (present-day
Mojoagung
, near Mojokerto), an operation which he led.
In 1616, Surabaya attempted to attack Mataram in retaliation, but lacking allies the Surabaya army was crushed by Sultan Agung's forces in Siwalan,
Panjang
(near
Surakarta
). The coastal city of
Lasem
, near
Rembang
, was conquered later in 1616, and
Pasuruan
, southeast of Surabaya, was taken in 1617.
Tuban
, one of the oldest and biggest cities on the coast of
Java
, was taken in 1619.
Surabaya had been Mataram's most formidable adversary thus far. Agung's grandfather,
Senopati
(Senapati), had not felt strong enough to attack this powerful city, and his father, Panembahan Seda Krapyak, attacked it to no avail. Sultan Agung weakened Surabaya by capturing
Sukadana
, Surabaya's ally in southwest
Kalimantan
, in 1622, and also captured the island of
Madura
, another ally of Surabaya, in 1624 after a fierce battle. After five years of war, Agung finally conquered Surabaya in a siege in 1625. With Surabaya brought into the empire, the Mataram kingdom encompassed all of central and eastern Java (plus Madura), except for the west end of Java and its mountainous south. In the west,
Banten
and the Dutch settlement in
Batavia
remained outside Agung's control.
The economy of Mataram was centered on agriculture, thus Sultan Agung who was openly contemptuous of trade, saw no need to maintain significant naval forces. This was later to prove costly when in 1629 he attacked and attempted to drive the Dutch out of their base at the coastal city of
Jakarta
. Though he possessed larger and superior land-based forces, the Dutch had decisive advantages in naval power and were able to withstand the
Siege of Batavia
.
After the failure of the siege, Agung turned against the
Balinese
, then controlling Balambangan in East Java, in a "holy war" against infidels. His campaign was successful in Java, but he was unable to extend his power to the island of Bali itself. Bali thus retained its identity as a Hindu state amid the predominantly
Muslim
states of the
archipelago
.
Rebellions
[
edit
]
By 1625, Mataram was the undisputed ruler of most of Java.
[1]
: 31
However, its military strength did not deter Mataram's vassals from rebellion, due to his inability to conquer Batavia. Pajang rebelled in 1617, and
Pati
rebelled in 1627. Following the capture of Surabaya in 1625, expansion halted as the empire was beset by rebellions.
In 1630, Mataram crushed a rebellion in Tembayat (southeast of
Klaten
). However, in 1631?1636, Mataram had to suppress the rebellion of
Sumedang
and
Ukur
in West Java. Agung's attempt to capture Batavia in 1628?1629 and his attempts to drive the Dutch from Java failed.
[2]
[3]
Rebellions continued, the next one was the Giri Kedaton rebellion, whose people were unwilling to submit to Mataram. As Mataram's troops still respected
Giri Kedaton
's soldiers which was considered the descendant of
Sunan Giri
, a member of the
Walisanga
, Sultan Agung assigned
Pangeran Pekik
, a descendant of
Sunan Ampel
(Sunan Giri's father-in-law), to suppress the rebellion. Pangeran Pekik himself had been married to Queen Pandansari, Sultan Agung's sister, in 1633. The Giri Kedaton rebellion would be completely suppressed by them three years later.
[
citation needed
]
Death
[
edit
]
In 1632 Sultan Agung began building
Imogiri
, his burial place, about 15 kilometers south of
Yogyakarta
. Imogiri remains the resting place of most of the royalty of Yogyakarta and
Surakarta
to this day. In Agung's complex, Sultan Agung, Queen Batang, and their sons are also buried. Agung died in the spring of 1645, leaving behind an empire that covered most of Java and stretched to its neighboring islands.
In accordance with his will, Sultan Agung was succeeded by his son, RM. Sayidin, styled
Amangkurat I
.
Administration
[
edit
]
Sultan Agung's major legacy lies however in the administrative reforms he undertook in the conquered territories. The ever-increasing large territorial extent of these territories led him to create an innovative and rational administrative structure.
[4]
Apart from his conquests, the sultan also sought to rationalize and improve the internal government of his kingdom. He reformed the tax code and brought the courts and judicial system more in line with Quranic precepts. He commissioned the building of the Karta Palace in 1614, the Royal Graveyard of
Imogiri
, as well as other social and civic structures within the kingdom.
He created "provinces" by appointing people as
adipati
(equivalent to
Duke
) at the head of territories called
kadipaten
(
Duchy
), particularly those territories in the western part of Java, where Mataram was facing Banten and Batavia, two places that resisted his wars of conquest. A
kabupaten
like
Karawang
, for instance, was created when Sultan Agung appointed Prince Kertabumi as its first
adipati
in 1636.
Remnants of administrative structures during the colonial period
[
edit
]
When the
Dutch East India Company
(VOC) took control of Mataram territories, it kept the
kadipaten
structure. Under the colonial administration of the VOC,
adipati
, now called
bupati
, were called
regenten,
and
kadipaten
, now
kabupaten
,
regentschappen
. The title of a
bupati
consisted generally of a formal name, for instance, "Sastradiningrat" in the case of Karawang, preceded by "Raden Aria Adipati", hence "Raden Aria Adipati Sastradiningrat" (shortened into R. A. A. Sastradiningrat). The word
adipati
survived in the colonial system.
The Dutch had grouped
kabupaten
into regions under a
resident
, called
residenties
. The Indonesian government kept the
kabupaten
but disbanded the
residenties
in the 1950s, resulting in
kabupaten
being administrative subdivisions directly under a province. The laws on regional autonomy promulgated in 1999 give a high degree of autonomy to the
kabupaten
, not to the provinces.
Culture
[
edit
]
In the environment of Mataram Palace, Sultan Agung established a standard language called Bagongan obliged to be used by Mataram
noblemen
and officials to eradicate imbalance between them. The language was created to form a unity across royal court officials. The
Sundanese language
had been changed since Mataram's rule in West Java, marked by the creation of a refined language only previously known in
Central Java
.
Sultan Agung is also attributed with the founding of the unique
Javanese calendar
? this established a uniquely indigenous calendar that is still in use. Besides that, Sultan Agung had written a mystical manuscript, entitled
Sastra Gending
.
The development of the sacred dance
bedhaya
and important developments in
gamelan
and
wayang
are attributed to the court of Sultan Agung. However, there is almost no historical evidence for the claims of high artistic achievement, and there is little information at all about the arts in the court. Some written evidence comes from a handful of mentions in Dutch accounts, which can be difficult to interpret.
[5]
Legacy
[
edit
]
Sultan Agung is revered in contemporary Java for his unification of Java, modernizing reforms, as well as his wars with the Dutch. In 1975, he was nominated and confirmed as a
National Hero of Indonesia
(
Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia
). His existence within a cultural framework where myth and magic are intertwined and the scarcity of verifiable records of his early life have elevated him to heroic and near-mythical status.
In the syncretic religious culture of Java, with its mixture of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam; pilgrimage to his graveyard complex is considered auspicious, and many make considerable effort to go to Imogiri at appropriate times and days in the
Javanese
and
Islamic calendars
.
His influence and imagination in the popular mind remain strong to the present day, exemplified by the making of the 2018 Indonesian film
Sultan Agung Mataram 1628
.
Family
[
edit
]
His original name was Raden Mas Jatmika, also popularly known as Raden Mas Rangsang. He was the son of Anyakrawati and Ratu Mas Adi Dyah Banawati. His father was Mataram's second monarch, and his mother was the daughter of Prince Benawa, the last Sultan of Pajang.
Another version said that Sultan Agung was the son of Prince Purbaya (Anyakrawati's brother). It was said that Prince Purbaya exchanged the baby born by his wife with the one born by Dyah Banawati. This version is an opinion of a minority whose truth has to be proven.
Like other Mataram's monarchs, Sultan Agung had 2 main queen consorts:
- Ratu Kulon, born as Ratu Mas Tinumpak, daughter of Panembahan Ratu,
Sultan of Cirebon
, who gave birth to RM. Syahwawrat alias Prince Alit.
- Ratu Wetan, daughter of Duke of Batang (Ki Juru Martani's granddaughter), who gave birth to RM. Sayidin (later
Amangkurat I
).
From his
queen consorts
, Sultan Agung has 9
children
:
- Raden Mas Sahwawrat alias Pangeran Temenggong Pajang
- Raden Mas Kasim alias Pangeran Demang Tanpa Nangkil
- Pangeran Ronggo Kajiwan
- Gusti Ratu Ayu Winongan
- Pangeran Ngabehi Loring Pasar
- Pangeran Ngabehi Loring Pasar
- Raden Mas Sayidin (later
Sunan Prabu Amangkurat Agung/Amangkurat I
, Sultan Agung's successor, reigning between 1645 and 1677)
- Gusti Ratu Ayu Wiromantri
- Prince Danupoyo alias Raden Mas Alit
Titles
[
edit
]
In his early reign, Rangsang's title was Susuhunan Anyakrakusuma or Prabu Pandita Anyakrakusuma. After conquering
Madura
in 1624, he changed his title to Susuhunan Agung Anyakrakusuma, abbreviated as Sunan Agung Anyakrakusuma.
In 1640s, he used title Sultan Agung Senapati ing Alaga Abdurrahman. In 1641, Sunan Agung had an Arabic title, Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Maulana of Mataram, bestowed by imams in
Mecca
.
For the sake of convenience, the name used in this article is the most common and popular: Sultan Agung.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Drakeley S.
The History of Indonesia
. Greenwood, 2005.
ISBN
9780313331145
- ^
Montanus, A. "
Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien
", hal. 358
- ^
[1]
[
permanent dead link
]
Afbeelding - AMH (Berkas AMH)
- ^
Bertrand, Romain,
Etat colonial, noblesse et nationalisme a Java
, Paris, 2005.
- ^
Sumarsam
.
Gamelan: Cultural Interaction and Musical Development in Central Java
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995, p. 20.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Pranata,
Sultan Agung Anyokrokusumo
, Jakarta: Yudha Gama (In Indonesian)
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